References
- Anselmi, Manuel (2017). Populism: An Introduction. London: Routledge.
- Arzheimer, Kai (2009). ‘Contextual Factors and the Extreme Right Vote in Western Europe, 1980–2002’, American Journal of Political Science, 53:2, 259–75.
- Bordo, Michael D., Barry Eichengreen, Douglas A. Irwin, Jeffrey Frankel, and Alan M. Taylor (1999). ‘Is Globalization Today Really Different from Globalization a Hundred Years Ago?’, Brookings Trade Forum, 2, 1–72.
- Bräuninger, Thomas (2005). ‘A Partisan Model of Government Expenditure’, Public Choice, 125:3–4, 409–29.
- Brooks, Clem, and Jeff Manza (2007). Why Welfare States Persist: The Importance of Public Opinion in Democracies. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
- Burgoon, Brian (2009). ‘Globalization and Backlash: Polanyi’s Revenge?’, Review of International Political Economy, 16:2, 145–77.
- Burgoon, Brian (2013). ‘Inequality and Anti-Globalization Backlash by Political Parties’, European Union Politics, 14:3, 408–35.
- Cameron, David R. (1978). ‘The Expansion of the Public Economy: A Comparative Analysis’, American Political Science Review, 72:4, 1243–61.
- Colantone, Italo, and Piero Stanig (2018). ‘The Trade Origins of Economic Nationalism: Import Competition and Voting Behavior in Western Europe’, American Journal of Political Science, 62:4, 936–53.
- Crepaz, Markus M. L., and Regan Damron (2009). ‘Constructing Tolerance: How the Welfare State Shapes Attitudes about Immigrants’, Comparative Political Studies, 42:3, 437–63.
- Dancygier, Rafaela, and Yotam Margalit (2020). ‘The Evolution of the Immigration Debate: Evidence from a New Dataset of Party Positions over the Last Half-Century’, Comparative Political Studies, 53:5, 734–74.
- De Vries, Catherine E. (2018). Euroscepticism and the Future of European Integration. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Ehrlich, Sean D., and Eddie Hearn (2014). ‘Does Compensating the Losers Increase Support for Trade? An Experimental Test of the Embedded Liberalism Thesis’, Foreign Policy Analysis, 10:2, 149–64.
- Esping-Andersen, Gøsta (1990). The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism. Cambridge: Polity Press.
- Garrett, Geoffrey (1998). Partisan Politics in the Global Economy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Halikiopoulou, Daphne, Kyriaki Nanou, and Sofia Vasilopoulou (2012). ‘The Paradox of Nationalism: The Common Denominator of Radical Right and Radical Left Euroscepticism’, European Journal of Political Research, 51:4, 504–39.
- Hanson, Gordon H., Kenneth Scheve, and Matthew J. Slaughter (2007). ‘Public Finance and Individual Preferences over Globalization Strategies’, Economics & Politics, 19:1, 1–33.
- Hays, Jude C. (2009). Globalization and the New Politics of Embedded Liberalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Hix, Simon (1999). The Political System of the European Union. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Hooghe, Liesbet, and Gary Marks (2018). ‘Cleavage Theory Meets Europe’s Crises: Lipset, Rokkan, and the Transnational Cleavage’, Journal of European Public Policy, 25:1, 109–35.
- Hooghe, Liesbet, Gary Marks, and Carole J. Wilson (2002). ‘Does Left/Right Structure Party Positions on European Integration?’, Comparative Political Studies, 35:8, 965–89.
- Karapin, Roger, Hans-Georg Betz, Paul Hainsworth, Herbert Kitschelt, Andrew J. McGann, Peter H. Merkl, and Leonard Weinberg (1998). ‘Radical-Right and Neo-Fascist Political Parties in Western Europe’, Comparative Politics, 30:2, 213–34.
- Katzenstein, Peter J. (1985). Small States in World Markets: Industrial Policy in Europe. New York: Cornell University Press.
- Kitschelt, Herbert, and Anthony J. McGann (1997). The Radical Right in Western Europe: A Comparative Analysis. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
- Klingemann, Hans-Dieter, Richard I. Hofferbert, and Ian Budge (1994). Parties, Policies and Democracy. Boulder: Westview Press.
- Klingemann, Hans-Dieter, Andrea Volkens, Judith Bara, Ian Budge, and Michael D. McDonald (2007). Measuring Policy Preferences II: Estimates for Parties, Electors and Governments in Central and Eastern Europe, European Union and OECD 1990-2003. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Lowe, Will, Kenneth Benoit, Slava Mikhaylov, and Michael Laver (2011). ‘Scaling Policy Preferences from Coded Political Texts’, Legislative Studies Quarterly, 36:1, 123–55.
- McNamara, Kathleen R. (2015). ‘The Forgotten Problem of Embeddedness’, in Matthijs, Matthias and Mark Blyth (eds.), The Future of the Euro. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 21–43.
- Mewes, Jan, and Steffen Mau (2013). ‘Globalization, Socio-Economic Status and Welfare Chauvinism: European Perspectives on Attitudes toward the Exclusion of Immigrants’, International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 54:3, 228–45.
- Milner, Helen V. (2019). ‘Globalisation, Populism and the Decline of the Welfare State’, Survival, 61:2, 91–6.
- Milner, Helen V., and Benjamin Judkins (2004). ‘Partisanship, Trade Policy, and Globalization: Is There a Left-Right Divide on Trade Policy?’, International Studies Quarterly, 48:1, 95–120.
- Mudde, Cas, and Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser (2017). Populism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (2019a). ‘National Accounts at a Glance’, available at https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1787/data-00369-en (accessed 12 March 2019).
- Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (2019b). ‘Social Expenditure - Aggregated Data’, available at https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?datasetcode=SOCX_AGG (accessed 12 March 2019).
- Pierson, Paul (1994). Dismantling the Welfare State? Reagan, Thatcher and the Politics of Retrenchment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Polanyi, Karl (1944). The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time. Boston: Beacon Press.
- Rapp, Carolin (2017). ‘Shaping Tolerant Attitudes towards Immigrants: The Role of Welfare State Expenditures’, Journal of European Social Policy, 27:1, 40–56.
- Rickard, Stephanie J. (2015). ‘Compensating the Losers: An Examination of Congressional Votes on Trade Adjustment Assistance’, International Interactions, 41:1, 46–60.
- Rodrik, Dani (1997). Has Globalization Gone Too Far? Washington: Institute for International Economics.
- Rooduijn, Matthijs, and Brian Burgoon (2018). ‘The Paradox of Well-Being: Do Unfavorable Socioeconomic and Sociocultural Contexts Deepen or Dampen Radical Left and Right Voting among the Less Well-Off?’, Comparative Political Studies, 51:13, 1720–53.
- Rooduijn, Matthijs, Brian Burgoon, Erika J. Van Elsas, and Herman G. Van de Werfhorst (2017). ‘Radical Distinction: Support for Radical Left and Radical Right Parties in Europe’, European Union Politics, 18:4, 536–59.
- Rooduijn, Matthijs, Stijn Van Kessel, Caterina Froio, Andrea Pirro, Sarah De Lange, Daphne Halikiopoulou, Paul Lewis, et al. (2019). ‘The PopuList: An Overview of Populist, Far Right, Far Left and Eurosceptic Parties in Europe’, available at www.popu-list.org (accessed 5 August 2020).
- Ruggie, John Gerard (1982). ‘International Regimes, Transactions, and Change: Embedded Liberalism in the Postwar Economic Order’, International Organization, 36:2, 379–415.
- Sánchez-Cuenca, Ignacio (2000). ‘The Political Basis of Support for European Integration’, European Union Politics, 1:2, 147–71.
- Schmitter, Philippe C., and Wolfgang Streeck (1994). ‘Organized Interests and the Europe of 1992’, in Nelsen, Brent. F. and Alexander C. G. Stubb (eds.), The European Union. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 169–187.
- Schumacher, Gijs, and Kees Van Kersbergen (2016). ‘Do Mainstream Parties Adapt to the Welfare Chauvinism of Populist Parties?’, Party Politics, 22:3, 300–12.
- Scruggs, Lyle, Jahn Detlef, and Kuitto Kati (2017). Comparative Welfare Entitlements Dataset 2: Version 2017-09. University of Connecticut and University of Greifswald, available at http://cwed2.org (accessed in June 2020).
- Snyder, Jack (2019). ‘The Broken Bargain’, Foreign Affairs, available at https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/world/2019-02-12/broken-bargain (accessed 5 August 2020).
- Swank, Duane, and Hans-Georg Betz (2003). ‘Globalization, the Welfare State and Right-Wing Populism in Western Europe’, Socio-Economic Review, 1:2, 215–45.
- Taggart, Paul (1998). ‘A Touchstone of Dissent: Euroscepticism in Contemporary Western European Party Systems’, European Journal of Political Research, 33:3, 363–88.
- Thomson, Robert, Terry Royed, Elin Naurin, Joaquín Artés, Rory Costello, Laurenz Ennser-Jedenastik, Mark Ferguson, et al. (2017). ‘The Fulfillment of Parties’ Election Pledges: A Comparative Study on the Impact of Power Sharing’, American Journal of Political Science, 61:3, 527–42.
- Trubowitz, Peter, and Brian Burgoon (2020). ‘The Retreat of the West’, Perspectives on Politics, 1–21. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537592720001218.
- Van Oorschot, Wim (2006). ‘Making the Difference in Social Europe: Deservingness Perceptions among Citizens of European Welfare States’, Journal of European Social Policy, 16:1, 23–42.
- Van Oorschot, Wim (2008). ‘Solidarity towards Immigrants in European’, International Journal of Social Welfare, 17:1, 3–14.
- Vasilopoulou, Sofia, and Liisa Talving (2020). ‘Poor versus Rich Countries: A Gap in Public Attitudes towards Fiscal Solidarity in the EU’, West European Politics, 43:4, 919–43.
- Veugelers, John, and André Magnan (2005). ‘Conditions of Far-Right Strength in Contemporary Western Europe: An Application of Kitschelt’s Theory’, European Journal of Political Research, 44:6, 837–60.
- Zürn, Michael, Martin Binder, and Matthias Ecker-Ehrhardt (2012). ‘International Authority and Its Politicization’, International Theory, 4:1, 69–106.