Highlighting supranational institutions? An automated analysis of EU politicisation (2002–2017)

References

• Araújo, Matheus, Julio Reis, Adriano Pereira, and Fabrício Benevenuto (2016). ‘An Evaluation of Machine Translation for Multilingual Sentence-Level Sentiment Analysis’, in Proceedings of the 31st Annual ACM Symposium on Applied Computing, SAC ‘16, 1140–5.
   Google Scholar
• Aslerasouli, Parisa, and Gholam R. Abbasian (2015). ‘Comparison of Google Online Translation and Human Translation with Regard to Soft vs. Hard Science Texts’, Journal of Applied Linguistics and Language Research, 2:3, 169–84.
   Google Scholar
• Boomgaarden, Hajo G., Rens Vliegenthart, Claes H. de Vreese, and Andreas R. T. Schuck (2010). ‘News on the Move: Exogenous Events and News Coverage of the European Union’, Journal of European Public Policy, 17:4, 506–26.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Börzel, Tanja (2005). ‘Mind the Gap! European Integration between Level and Scope’, Journal of European Public Policy, 12:2, 217–36.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braun, Daniela, Sebastian Popa, and Hermann Schmitt (2019). ‘Responding to the Crisis: Eurosceptic Parties of the Left and Right and Their Changing Position towards the European Union’, European Journal of Political Research, 58:3, 797–819.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burscher, Björn, Daan Odijk, Rens Vliegenthart, Maarten de Rijke, and Claes H. de Vreese (2014). ‘Teaching the Computer to Code Frames in News: Comparing Two Supervised Machine Learning Approaches to Frame Analysis’, Communication Methods and Measures, 8:3, 190–206.
   Google Scholar
• Ceron, Andrea, Luigi Curini, and Stefano M. Iacus (2016). ‘First-and Second-Level Agenda Setting in the Twittersphere: An Application to the Italian Political Debate’, Journal of Information Technology & Politics, 13:2, 159–74.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Vreese, Claes H. (2003). Framing Europe: Television News and European Integration. Amsterdam: Aksant.
   Google Scholar
• de Vreese, Claes H., Susan A. Banducci, Holli A. Semetko, and Hajo G. Boomgaarden (2006). ‘The News Coverage of the 2004 European Parliamentary Election Campaign in 25 Countries’, European Union Politics, 7:4, 477–504.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Vries, Catherine E. (2007). ‘Sleeping Giant: Fact or Fairytale? How European Integration Affects National Elections’, European Union Politics, 8:3, 363–85.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Vries, Catherine E. (2018). Euroscepticism and the Future of European Integration. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• De Vries, Erik, Martijn Schoonvelde, and Gijs Schumacher (2018). ‘No Longer Lost in Translation: Evidence That Google Translate Works for Comparative Bag-of-Words Text Applications’, Political Analysis, 26:4, 417–30.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Wilde, Pieter (2011). ‘No Polity for Old Politics? A Framework for Analyzing the Politicization of European Integration’, Journal of European Integration, 33:5, 559–75.
   Google Scholar
• de Wilde, Pieter, Anna Leupold, and Henning Schmidtke (2016). ‘Introduction: The Differentiated Politicisation of European Governance’, West European Politics, 39:1, 3–22.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Wilde, Pieter, and Christopher Lord (2016). ‘Assessing Actually-Existing Trajectories of EU Politicisation’, West European Politics, 39:1, 145–63.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Wilde, Pieter, and Michael Zürn (2012). ‘Can the Politicization of European Integration Be Reversed?’, Journal of Common Market Studies, 50, 137–53.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dutceac Segesten, Anamaria, and Michael Bossetta (2019). ‘Can Euroscepticism Contribute to a European Public Sphere? The Europeanization of Media Discourses on Euroscepticism across Six Countries’, Journal of Common Market Studies, 57:5, 1051–70.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flesher Fominaya, Cristina, and Laurence Cox, eds. (2013). Understanding European Movements: New Social Movements, Global Justice Struggles, Anti-Austerity Protest. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Glavaš, Goran, Nanni Federico, and Simone Paolo Ponzetto (2017). ‘Unsupervised Cross-Lingual Scaling of Political Texts’, in Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 2, 688–93.
   Google Scholar
• Goldberg, Andreas C., Erika J. van Elsas, and Claes H. de Vreese (2020). ‘Mismatch? Comparing Elite and Citizen Polarisation on EU Issues across Four Countries’, Journal of European Public Policy, 27:2, 310–28.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grande, Edgar, and Swen Hutter (2016a). ‘Beyond Authority Transfer: Explaining the Politicisation of Europe’, West European Politics, 39:1, 23–43.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grande, Edgar, and Swen Hutter (2016b). ‘The Politicisation of Europe in Public Debates on Major Integration Steps’, in Swen Hutter, Edgar Grande, and Hanspeter Kriesi (eds.), Politicising Europe: Integration and Mass Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 63–89.
   Google Scholar
• Green-Pedersen, Christoffer (2012). ‘A Giant Fast Asleep? Party Incentives and Politicisation of European Integration’, Political Studies, 60:1, 115–30.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hepp, Andreas, Elsler Monika, Lingenberg Swantje, Mollen Anne, Möller Johanna, Offerhaus Anke, Sword Keith, and Dimitry V. Pospielovsky (2016). The Communicative Construction of Europe: Cultures of Political Discourse, Public Sphere, and the Euro Crisis. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Höglinger, Dominic (2016). Politicizing European Integration – Struggling with the Awakening Giant. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Hooghe, Liesbet, and Gary Marks (2009). ‘A Postfunctionalist Theory of European Integration: From Permissive Consensus to Constraining Dissensus’, British Journal of Political Science, 39:1, 1–23.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hooghe, Liesbet, and Gary Marks (2018). ‘Cleavage Theory Meets Europe’s Crises: Lipset, Rokkan and the Transnational Cleavage’, Journal of European Public Policy, 25:1, 109–35.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu, Minqing, and Bing Liu (2004). ‘Mining and Summarizing Customer Reviews’, in Proceedings of the Tenth ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, Seattle, 168–77.
   Google Scholar
• Hutter, Swen, and Edgar Grande (2014). ‘Politicizing Europe in the National Electoral Arena: A Comparative Analysis of Five West European Countries, 1970–2010’, Journal of Common Market Studies, 52:5, 1002–18.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hutter, Swen, Edgar Grande, and Hanspeter Kriesi, eds. (2016). Politicizing Europe: Integration and Mass Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hutter, Swen, and Hanspeter Kriesi (2019). ‘Politicizing Europe in Times of Crisis’, Journal of European Public Policy, 26:7, 996–1017.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imig, Doug (2002). ‘Contestation in the Streets: European Protest and the Emerging Euro-Polity’, Comparative Political Studies, 35:8, 914–33.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kevin, Deirdre (2003). Europe in the Media: A Comparison of Reporting, Representation, and Rhetoric in National Media Systems in Europe. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Kleinen-von Königslöw, Katharina (2012). ‘Europe in Crisis? Testing the Stability and Explanatory Factors of the Europeanization of National Public Spheres’, International Communication Gazette, 74:5, 443–63.
   Google Scholar
• Koopmans, Ruud, and Jessica Erbe (2004). ‘Towards a European Public Sphere? Vertical and Horizontal Dimensions of Europeanized Political Communication’, Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research, 17:2, 97–118.
   Google Scholar
• Kriesi, Hanspeter (2016). ‘The Politicisation of European Integration’, Journal of Common Market Studies, 54:1, 32–47.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leupold, Anna (2016). ‘A Structural Approach to Politicisation in the Euro Crisis’, West European Politics, 39:1, 84–103.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lippmann, Walter (1922). Public Opinion. New York: Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Lobo, Marina, and Roberto Pannico (2020). ‘Increased Economic Salience or Blurring of Responsibility? Economic Voting during the Great Recession’, Electoral Studies, 65:5, 102141.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucas, Christopher, Richard Nielsen, Margaret Roberts, Brandon Stewart, Alex Storer, and Dustin Tingley (2015). ‘Computer-Assisted Text Analysis for Comparative Politics’, Political Analysis, 23:2, 254–77.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maier, Michaela, Adam Silke, Claes H. De Vreese, Melanie Leidecker-Sandmann, Beatrice Eugster, Franzisca Schmidt, and Eva Antl-Wittenberg (2014). ‘Politicization of EU Integration. Codebook for a Content Analysis of Media and Party Communication’, available at http://www.ikmb.unibe.ch/codebuch_eu2014 (accessed 6 April 2021).
   Google Scholar
• Mair, Peter (2000). ‘The Limited Impact of Europe on National Party Systems’, West European Politics, 23:4, 27–51.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marks, Gary, and Marco R. Steenbergen, eds. (2004). European Integration and Political Conflict. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mohammed, Saif M., and Peter D. Turney (2010). ‘Emotions Evoked by Common Words and Phrases: Using Mechanical Turk to Create an Emotion Lexicon’, in Proceedings of the NAACL HLT 2010 Workshop on Computational Approaches to Analysis and Generation of Emotion in Text, 26–34.
   Google Scholar
• Nielsen, Finn (2011). ‘A New ANEW: Evaluation of a Word List for Sentiment Analysis in Microblogs’, arXiv preprint. arXiv: 1103.2903.
   Google Scholar
• Nord, Lars, and Jesper Strömbäck (2006). ‘Game Is the Name of the Frame: European Parliamentary Elections in Swedish Media 1995–2004’, in Michaela Maier and Jens Tenscher (eds.), Campaigning in Europe-Campaigning for Europe. London: LIT Publishers, 191–206.
   Google Scholar
• Norris, Pippa (2000). A Virtuous Circle: Political Communications in Postindustrial Societies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Orriols, Lluis, and Guillermo Cordero (2016). ‘The Breakdown of the Spanish Two-Party System: The Upsurge of Podemos and Ciudadanos in the 2015 General Election’, South European Society and Politics, 21:4, 469–92.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pang, Bo, and Lillian Lee (2008). ‘Opinion Mining and Sentiment Analysis’, Foundations and Trends in Information Retrieval, 2:1–2, 1–135.
   Google Scholar
• Peter, Jochen, and Claes H. de Vreese (2004). ‘In Search of Europe: A Cross National Comparative Study of the European Union in National Television News’, Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics, 9:4, 3–24.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfetsch, Barbara (1996). ‘Convergence through Privatization? Changing Media Environments and Televised Politics in Germany’, European Journal of Communication, 11:4, 427–51.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfetsch, Barbara, Silke Adam, and Barbara Eschner (2008). ‘The Contribution of the Press to Europeanization of Public Debates: A Comparative Study of Issue Salience and Conflict Lines of European Integration’, Journalism: Theory, Practice & Criticism, 9:4, 465–92.
   Google Scholar
• Picard, Robert G., ed. (2015). The Euro Crisis in the Media: Journalistic Coverage of Economic Crisis and European Institutions. London: B. Tauris.
   Google Scholar
• Popescu, Marina, Toka Gabor, Gosselin Tania, and Jose Santana Pereira (2011). European Media Systems Survey 2010: Results and Documentation. Essex: European Media Systems Survey.
   Google Scholar
• Proksch, Sven‐Oliver, Will Lowe, Jens Wäckerle, and Stuart Soroka (2019). ‘Multilingual Sentiment Analysis: A New Approach to Measuring Conflict in Legislative Speeches’, Legislative Studies Quarterly, 44:1, 97–131.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rinker, Tyler (2019). ‘Package ‘Sentimentr’’, available at: https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/sentimentr/sentimentr.pdf (accessed 6 April 2021).
   Google Scholar
• Risse, Thomas (2010). A Community of Europeans? Transnational Identities and Public Spheres. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Schimmelfennig, Frank (2014). ‘European Integration in the Euro Crisis: The Limits of Post-Functionalism’, Journal of European Integration, 36:3, 321–37.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidtke, Henning (2016). ‘The Differentiated Politicisation of European Tax Governance’, West European Politics, 39:1, 64–83.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmitter, Philippe (1969). ‘Three Neo-Functional Hypotheses about International Integration’, International Organization, 23:1, 161–6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Senninger, Roman, and Markus Wagner (2015). ‘Political Parties and the EU in National Election Campaigns: Who Talks about Europe, and How?’, Journal of Common Market Studies, 53:6, 1336–51.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soroka, Stuart, Lori Young, and Meital Balmas (2015). ‘Bad News or Mad News? Sentiment Scoring of Negativity, Fear, and Anger in News Content’, The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 659:1, 108–21.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Statham, Paul (2007). ‘Journalists as Commentators on European Politics: Educators, Partisans or Ideologues?’, European Journal of Communication, 22:4, 461–77.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Statham, Paul, and Hans-Jörg Trenz (2013). The Politicization of Europe: Contesting the Constitution in the Mass Media. Abingdon: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Swanson, David L., and Paolo Mancini (1996). ‘Patterns of Modern Electoral Campaigning and their Consequences’, in David L. Swanson and Paolo Mancini (eds.), Politics, Media, and Modern Democracy: An International Study of Innovations in Electoral Campaigning and their Consequences. London: Praeger, 247–76.
   Google Scholar
• Tausczik, Yla R., and James W. Pennebaker (2010). ‘The Psychological Meaning of Words: LIWC and Computerized Text Analysis Methods’, Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 29:1, 24–54.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young, Lori, and Stuart Soroka (2012). ‘Affective News: The Automated Coding of Sentiment in Political Texts’, Political Communication, 29:2, 205–31.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zürn, Michael (2016). ‘Opening up Europe: Next Steps in Politicisation Research’, West European Politics, 39:1, 164–82.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar