564
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Leaving Europe, leaving Spain: comparing secessionism from and within the European Union

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon

References

  • Acemoglu, Daron, and James A. Robinson (2019). The Narrow Corridor: States, Societies, and the Fate of Liberty. London: Penguin.
  • ANC (2015a). Campanya Via Lliure. Barcelona: ANC, available at www.assemblea.cat (accessed 1 December 2018).
  • ANC (2015b). Full de Ruta. Barcelona: ANC, available at www.assemblea.cat (accessed 1 December 2018).
  • Pereira, Álvarez Brais, Martín Portos, and John Vourdas (2018). ‘Waving Goodbye? The Determinants of Autonomism and Secessionism in Western Europe’, Regional Studies, 52:2, 197–211.
  • Baglioni, Simone, Olga Biosca, and Tom Montgomery (2019). ‘Brexit, Division, and Individual Solidarity: What Future for Europe? Evidence from Eight European Countries’, American Behavioral Scientist, 63:4, 538–50.
  • Balcells, Laia, José Fernández-Albertos, and Alexander Kuo (2020). ‘Secession and Social Polarization’, available at https://www.wider.unu.edu/publication/secession-and-social-polarization (accessed March 10, 2022).
  • Barrio, Astrid, and Juan Rodríguez-Teruel (2017). ‘Reducing the Gap between Leaders and Voters? Elite Polarization, Outbidding Competition, and the Rise of Secessionism in Catalonia’, Ethnic and Racial Studies, 40:10, 1776–94.
  • Basta, Karlo (2021). The Symbolic State: Minority Recognition, Majority Backlash, and Secession in Multinational Countries. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press.
  • Beutler, Bengt (2017). ‘Solidarity in the EU: A Critique of Solidarity and of the EU’, in Andreas Grimmel and Susanne My Giang (eds.), Solidarity in the European Union: A Fundamental Value in Crisis. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 21–35.
  • Billig, Michael (1995). Banal Nationalism. London: Sage.
  • Bossacoma, Pau (2019). Morality and Legality of Secession. A Theory of National Self-Determination. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Bossacoma, Pau (2023). ‘Secession From and Secession within the European Union: Toward a Holistic Theory of Secession’ (On File with Author).
  • Brancati, Dawn (2014). ‘Another Great Illusion: The Advancement of Separatism through Economic Integration’, Political Science Research and Methods, 2:1, 69–95.
  • Canovan, Margaret (2002). ‘Taking Politics to the People: Populism as the Ideology of Democracy’, in Yves Mény and Yves Surel (eds.), Democracies and the Populist Challenge. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 25–44.
  • Castellà, Josep Maria (2018). ‘Constitution and Referendum on Secession in Catalonia’, in Alberto López-Basaguren and Leire Escajedo San Epifanio (eds.), Claims for Secession and Federalism: A Comparative Study with a Special Focus on Spain. London: Springer, 405–21.
  • Cetrà, Daniel, and Robert Liñeira (2018). ‘Breaking-up within Europe: Sub-State Nationalist Strategies in Multilevel Polities’, JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies, 56:3, 717–29.
  • Cisłak, Aleksandra, Marta Pyrczak, Artur Mikiewicz, and Aleksandra Cichocka (2020). ‘Brexit and Polexit: Collective Narcissism is Associated with Support for Leaving the European Union’, Social Psychological Bulletin, 15:1, 1–21.
  • Closa, Carlos (2017). Secession from a Member State and Withdrawal from the European Union: Troubled Membership. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Criado, Henar, Francisco Herreros, Luis Miller, and Paloma Ubeda (2018). ‘The Unintended Consequences of Political Mobilization on Trust: The Case of the Secessionist Process in Catalonia’, Journal of Conflict Resolution, 62:2, 231–53.
  • CUP (2015). Crida Constituent. Programa polític per a les eleccions al Parlament de Catalunya el 27 de Setembre de 2015. Barcelona: CUP.
  • Dahlberg, Stefan, and Jonas Linde (2016). ‘Losing Happily? The Mitigating Effect of Democracy and Quality of Government on the Winner–Loser Gap in Political Support’, International Journal of Public Administration, 39:9, 652–64.
  • Dahlberg, Stefan, Jonas Linde, and Sören Holmberg (2015). ‘Democratic Discontent in Old and New Democracies: Assessing the Importance of Democratic Input and Governmental Output’, Political Studies, 63:1_suppl, 18–37.
  • Dalle Mulle, Emmanuel (2017). The Nationalism of the Rich: Discourses and Strategies of Separatist Parties in Catalonia, Flanders, Northern Italy and Scotland. London; New York: Routledge.
  • De Winter, Lieven, and Huri Tursan (2003). Regionalist Parties in Western Europe. London: Routledge.
  • Della Porta, Donatella, Francis O’Connor, Martin Portos, and Anna Subirats (2017). Social Movements and Referendums from below: Direct Democracy in the Neoliberal Crisis. Bristol: Bristol University Press.
  • Della Porta, Donatella, and Martín Portos (2021). ‘A Bourgeois Story? The Class Basis of Catalan Independentism’, Territory, Politics, Governance, 9:3, 391–411.
  • Elias, Anwen (2009). Minority Nationalist Parties and European Integration: A Comparative Study. London: Routledge.
  • Elias, Anwen, Linda Basile, Núria Franco-Guillén, and Edina Szöcsik (2021). ‘The Framing Territorial Demands (FraTerr) Dataset: A Novel Approach to Conceptualizing and Measuring Regionalist Actors’ Territorial Strategies’, Regional & Federal Studies, 1–16.
  • Elias, Anwen, and Núria Franco-Guillén (2021). ‘Justifying Secession in Catalonia: Resolving Grievances or a Means to a Better Future?’, Politics and Governance, 9:4, 453–64.
  • Erk, Jan (2005). ‘Sub-State Nationalism and the Left–Right Divide: Critical Junctures in the Formation of Nationalist Labour Movements in Belgium’, Nations and Nationalism, 11:4, 551–70.
  • Erk, Jan (2010). ‘Is Nationalism Left or Right? Critical Junctures in Québécois Nationalism’, Nations and Nationalism, 16:3, 423–41.
  • ERC (2017). La Democracia Sempre Guanya. Eleccions al Parlament 2017. Barcelona: ERC, available at www.esquerra.cat (accessed 1 December 2018).
  • Ferreira, Carles (2021). ‘Entrapped in a Failing Course of Action: Explaining the Territorial Crisis in 2017 Catalonia’, Regional & Federal Studies, 1–20.
  • Ferreres, Victor (2018). ‘Does Brexit Normalize Secession?’, Texas International Law Journal, 53:2, 139.
  • Franco-Guillén, Núria (2015). ‘Minority nations, political parties and immigration’, Ph.D. Thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, available at http://www.tdx.cat/handle/10803/326738 (accessed May 10, 2022).
  • Franco-Guillén, Núria (2016). ‘Selfishness of the Affluent? Stateless Nationalist and Regionalist Parties and Immigration’, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 42:8, 1304–16.
  • Franco-Guillén, Núria, and Ricard Zapata-Barrero (2014). ‘Catalunya, Terra D’acollida: Stateless Nationalist Party Discourses on Immigration in Catalonia’, in The Politics of Immigration in Multi-Level States. London: Springer, 261–84.
  • Frantziou, Eleni (2022). ‘Was Brexit a Form of Secession?’, Global Policy, 13:S2, 69–78.
  • Greenfeld, Liah (1992). Nationalism: Five Roads to Modernity. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Griffiths, Ryan (2016). Age of Secession. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Griffiths, Ryan (2020). ‘Secessionist Strategy and Tactical Variation in the Pursuit of Independence’, Journal of Global Security Studies, 6:1, available at (accessed March 15, 2020).
  • Griffiths, Ryan, and Angely Martinez (2020). ‘Local Conditions and the Demand for Independence: A Dataset of Secessionist Grievances’, Nations and Nationalism, available at (accessed March 18, 2021).
  • Gulmez, Seckin Baris, and Didem Buhari-Gulmez (2021). ‘“Many Europes” vs. Secessionism: The Case of Catalonia’, European Politics and Society, 22:5, 792–807.
  • Guntermann, Eric, and André Blais (2020). ‘When Faced with Elite Polarization, Citizens Take Sides: The 2017 Election in Catalonia’, Regional & Federal Studies, 32:2, 141–159.
  • Harvie, Christopher (1994). The Rise of Regional Europe. London: Routledge.
  • Hechter, Michael (1977). Internal Colonialism: The Celtic Fringe in British National Development, 1536-1966. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
  • Hepburn, Eve (2010). Using Europe: Territorial Party Strategies in a Multi-Level System. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
  • Hepburn, Eve, and Michael Rosie (2014). ‘Immigration, Nationalism, and Politics in Scotland’, in Eve Hepburn and Ricard Zapata-Barrero (eds.), The Politics of Immigration in Multi-Level States: Governance and Political Parties. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 241–60.
  • Hierro, Maria Jose, and Didac Queralt (2020). ‘The Divide over Independence: Explaining Preferences for Secession in an Advanced Open Economy’, American Journal of Political Science, 65, 422–42.
  • Hickson, Kevin, & Miles, Jasper, eds. (2016). The Labour Case for Brexit. London: Labour Leave.
  • Hobolt, Sara B. (2016). ‘The Brexit Vote: A Divided Nation, a Divided Continent’, Journal of European Public Policy, 23:9, 1259–77.
  • Hobolt, Sara B., and Sylvain Brouard (2011). ‘Contesting the European Union? Why the Dutch and the French Rejected the European Constitution’, Political Research Quarterly, 64:2, 309–22.
  • Hobolt, Sara B., Thomas J. Leeper, and James Tilley (2021). ‘Divided by the Vote: Affective Polarization in the Wake of the Brexit Referendum’, British Journal of Political Science, 51:4, 1476–93.
  • Jordana, Jacint, Michael Keating, Axel Marx, and Jan Wouters (2018). Changing Borders in Europe: Exploring the Dynamics of Integration, Differentiation and Self-Determination in the European Union. London: Routledge.
  • JXC (2017). Puigdemont, El Nostre President. Barcelona: JXC, available at www.juntspercatalunya.cat (accessed 1 December 2018).
  • Kallis, Aristotle (2018). ‘Populism, Sovereigntism, and the Unlikely Re-emergence of the Territorial Nation-State’, Fudan Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences, 11:3, 285–302.
  • Kaufmann, Eric (2019). ‘Can Narratives of White Identity Reduce Opposition to Immigration and Support for Hard Brexit? A Survey Experiment’, Political Studies, 67:1, 31–46.
  • Keating, Michael (1996). Nations against the State: The New Politics of Nationalism in Quebec, Catalonia and Scotland. London: Springer.
  • Keating, Michael (2013). Rescaling the European State: The Making of Territory and the Rise of the Meso, 1st ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Keating, Michael (2021). State and Nation in the United Kingdom: The Fractured Union. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Keating, Michael (2022). ‘Taking Back Control? Brexit and the Territorial Constitution of the United Kingdom’, Journal of European Public Policy, 29:4, 491–509.
  • Kenny, Michael, and Jack Sheldon (2021). ‘When Planets Collide: The British Conservative Party and the Discordant Goals of Delivering Brexit and Preserving the Domestic Union, 2016–2019’, Political Studies, 69:4, 965–84.
  • Koller, Veronika, Susanne Kopf, and Marlene Miglbauer (eds.) (2019). Discourses of Brexit. London: Routledge.
  • Levitsky, Steven, and Daniel Ziblatt (2018). How Democracies Die. New York: Crown/Archetype.
  • Liñeira, Robert, and Daniel Cetrà (2015). ‘The Independence Case in Comparative Perspective’, The Political Quarterly, 86:2, 257–64.
  • López, Jaume, and Marc Sanjaume-Calvet (2020). ‘The Political Use of de Facto Referendums of Independence. The Case of Catalonia’, Representation. Journal of Representative Democracy, 56:4, 501–19.
  • Massetti, Emanuele, and Arjan H. Schakel (2013). ‘Ideology Matters: Why Decentralisation Has a Differentiated Effect on Regionalist Parties’ Fortunes in Western Democracies’, European Journal of Political Research, 52:6, 797–821.
  • Massetti, Emanuele, and Arjan H. Schakel (2016). ‘Between Autonomy and Secession: Decentralization and Regionalist Party Ideological Radicalism’, Party Politics, 22:1, 59–79.
  • Menon, Anand, and Alan Wager (2020). ‘Taking Back Control: Sovereignty as Strategy in Brexit Politics’, Territory, Politics, Governance, 8:2, 279–84.
  • Müller, Jan-Werner (2016). What is Populism? Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
  • Muñoz, Jordi (2021). ‘The Catalan Syndrome? Revisiting the Relationship between Income and Support for Independence in Catalonia’, Politics and Governance, 9:4, 376–85.
  • Norris, Pippa, and Ronald Inglehart (2019). Cultural Backlash: Trump, Brexit, and Authoritarian Populism. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
  • Oller i Sala, Josep Maria, Albert Satorra, and Adolf Tobeña (2019). ‘Secessionists vs. Unionists in Catalonia: Mood, Emotional Profiles and Beliefs about Secession Perspectives in Two Confronted Communities’, available at http://diposit.ub.edu/dspace/handle/2445/129883 (accessed March 2, 2022).
  • Òmnium Cultural (2017). Let Catalans Vote. Barcelona: OC, available at www.letcatalnsvote.org (accessed 1 December 2018).
  • Pasquino, Gianfranco (2008). ‘Populism and Democracy’, in Daniele Albertazzi and Duncan McDonnell (eds.), Twenty-First Century Populism: The Spectre of Western European Democracy. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 15–29.
  • Piketty, Thomas (2020). Capital and Ideology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Rautajoki, Hanna, and Richard Fitzgerald (2022). ‘Populating “Solidarity” in Political Debate: Interrelational Strategies of Persuasion within the European Parliament in the aftermath of the Brexit’, available at (accessed March 25, 2022).
  • Requejo, Ferran, and Klaus-Jürgen Nagel (2019). ‘Democracy and Borders: External and Internal Secession in the European Union’, in Jacint Jordana, Michael Keating, Axel Marx, and Jan Wouters (eds.), Changing Borders in Europe: Exploring the Dynamics of Integration, Differentiation and Self-Determination in the European Union. London: Routledge, 146–62.
  • Requejo, Ferran, and Marc Sanjaume-Calvet (2021). ‘Explaining Secessionism: What Do We Really Know about It?’, Politics and Governance, 9:4, 371–5.
  • Rodríguez-Teruel, Juan, and Astrid Barrio (2021). ‘The Asymmetrical Effect of Polarization on Support for Independence: The Case of Catalonia’, Politics and Governance, 9:4, 412–25.
  • Rokkan, Stein, and Derek W. Urwin (1982). The Politics of Territorial Identity: Studies in European Regionalism. London: SAGE Publications.
  • Rooduijn, Matthijs, et al. (2019). ‘The PopuList: An Overview of Populist, Far Right, Far Left and Eurosceptic Parties in Europe’, available at https://popu-list.org (accessed October 24, 2022).
  • Sanjaume-Calvet, Marc (2020). ‘Moralism in Theories of Secession: A Realist Perspective’, Nations and Nationalism, 26:2, 323–43.
  • Sanjaume-Calvet, Marc (2022). ‘Democracy and Secessionism: Constitutional Firewalls and an Emerging Accommodational Paradigm’, Comparative Election Law, available at https://www.elgaronline.com/view/edcoll/9781788119016/9781788119016.00015.xml (accessed April 19, 2022).
  • Sanjaume-Calvet, Marc, and Elvira Riera-Gil (2022). ‘Languages, Secessionism and Party Competition in Catalonia: A Case of De-Ethnicising Outbidding?’, Party Politics, 28:1, 85–104.
  • Schimmelfennig, Frank (2022). ‘The Brexit Puzzle: Polity Attack and External Rebordering’, West European Politics. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2022.2132448.
  • Schimmelfennig, Frank, Dirk Leuffen, and Berthold Rittberger (2015). ‘The European Union as a System of Differentiated Integration: Interdependence, Politicization and Differentiation’, Journal of European Public Policy, 22:6, 764–82.
  • Sijstermans, Judith, and Coree Brown (2022). ‘Shades of Solidarity: Comparing Scottish and Flemish Responses to Catalonia’, Regional & Federal Studies, 32:2, 161–81.
  • Sorens, Jason (2005). ‘The Cross-Sectional Determinants of Secessionism in Advanced Democracies’, Comparative Political Studies, 38:3, 304–26.
  • Sorens, Jason (2012). Secessionism: Identity, Interest, and Strategy. Montreal; Ithaca: McGill-Queen’s University Press.
  • Statham, Paul, and Hans-Jörg Trenz (2012). The Politicization of Europe: Contesting the Constitution in the Mass Media. New York: Routledge.
  • Steytler, Nico (ed.) (2022). Comparative Federalism and Covid-19: Combating the Pandemic. London: Taylor & Francis.
  • Szöcsik, Edina, and Christina Isabel Zuber (2015). ‘EPAC – A New Dataset on Ethnonationalism in Party Competition in 22 European Democracies’, Party Politics, 21:1, 153–60.
  • Szpak, Agnieszka (2022). ‘Ukraine: Remedial Secession and Russian Aggression’, Journal of Contemporary European Studies. https://doi.org/10.1080/14782804.2022.2106956.
  • Tamir, Yael (2019). Why Nationalism? Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Tatham, Michaël (2008). ‘Going Solo: Direct Regional Representation in the European Union’, Regional & Federal Studies, 18:5, 493–515.
  • Tatham, Michaël (2016). ‘With, without, or against the State?’: How European Regions Play the Brussels Game. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Tatham, Michaël, Liesbet Hooghe, and Gary Marks (2021). ‘The Territorial Architecture of Government’, Governance, 34:3, 607–20.
  • Teney, Céline, Onawa Promise Lacewell, and Pieter De Wilde (2014). ‘Winners and Losers of Globalization in Europe: Attitudes and Ideologies’, European Political Science Review, 6:4, 575–95.
  • Vote Leave Campaign (2016) Vote Leave, Take Control. Vote Leave: London.
  • Weiler, Joseph H. H. (2017). ‘Secessionism and Its Discontents’, in Secession from a Member State and Withdrawal from the European Union: Troubled Membership. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 12–31.
  • Weill, Rivka (2018). ‘Secession and the Prevalence of Both Militant Democracy and Eternity Clauses Worldwide’, Cardozo Law Review, 40, 905.
  • Wincott, Daniel, C. R. G. Murray, and Gregory Davies (2022). ‘The Anglo-British Imaginary and the Rebuilding of the UK’s Territorial Constitution after Brexit: Unitary State or Union State?’, Territory, Politics, Governance, 10:5, 696–713.
  • Zuber, Christina Isabel (2012). ‘Ethnic Party Competition beyond the Segmented Market’, Nationalities Papers, 40:6, 927–44.
  • Zuber, Christina Isabel, and Edina Szöcsik (2015). ‘Ethnic Outbidding and Nested Competition: Explaining the Extremism of Ethnonational Minority Parties in Europe’, European Journal of Political Research, 54:4, 784–801.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.