5,131
Views
6
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Amos Perlmutter Prize Essay

Norms, Military Utility, and the Use/Non-use of Weapons: The Case of Anti-plant and Irritant Agents in the Vietnam War

Bibliography

  • Advanced Research Projects Agency, Project Agile, ‘Semi-annual Report, 1 July to 31 December 1963’, DOD, Alexandra VA, 1 February 1964, <http://specialcollections.nal.usda.gov/sites/specialcollections.nal.usda.gov/files/00340.pdf>.
  • Air Force History Support Office, ‘Air Force History Report on Operation Tailwind’, 16 July 1998, <http://www.afhso.af.mil/shared/media/document/afd-110112-009.pdf>.
  • Aldrich, George H., ‘Comments’, in Peter D Trooboff (ed.), Law and Responsibility in Warfare: The Vietnam Experience (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press 1975), 173–75.
  • Arnett, Peter, ‘South Viet Nam now employing nonlethal gas’, Corsicana Daily Sun, 22 March 1965, 1, 2.
  • Betts, Russell and Frank Denton, ‘An Evaluation of Crop Destruction in Vietnam’, Memorandum RM-5446-1-ISA/ARPA, Rand, Santa Monica CA, October 1967, <https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research…/RM5446-1.pdf>.
  • Bionetics Research Laboratories, Evaluation of Carcinogenic, Teratogenic and Mutagenic Activities of Selected Pesticides and Industrial Chemicals, Vols 1–3 (Bethesda MD: Bionetics Research Labs 1968), <http://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/speccoll/items/show/4099>.
  • Bridger, Sarah, Scientists at War: The Ethics of Cold War Research (Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press 2015).
  • Buckingham, William A., Jr, Operation Ranch Hand: The Air Force and Herbicides in Southeast Asia, 1961–1971 (Washington: Office of Air Force History, US Air Force 1982).
  • Bundy, McGeorge, Danger and Survival: Choices about the Bomb in the First Fifty Years (New York: Random House 1988).
  • Bunn, George, ‘Banning Poison Gas and Germ Warfare: Should the United States Agree?’, Wisconsin Law Review 375 (1969), 375–420.
  • Bunn, George, ‘Gas and Germ Warfare: International Legal History and Present Status’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 65/1 (1970), 253–60.
  • Burr, William (ed.), ‘How Many and Where Were the Nukes? What the US Government No Longer Wants You to Know about Nuclear Weapons during the Cold War’, National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 197, posted 18 August 2006, <http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB197/>.
  • Carson, Rachel, Silent Spring (New York: Houghton Mifflin 1962).
  • Cecil, Paul Frederick, Herbicidal Warfare: The RANCH HAND Project in Vietnam (New York: Praeger 1986).
  • Center for Disease Control and Prevention, ‘History of US Weapons Elimination’, <http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/demil/history.htm>.
  • Christopher, George W.Theodore J. Cieslak, Julie A. Paviln, and Edward M. Eitzen Jr, ‘Biological Warfare: A Historical Perspective’, Journal of the American Medical Association 278/5 (1997), 412–17.
  • Collins, Charles V., ‘Herbicide Operations in Southeast Asia’, Project CHECO Report, AD-779 776, Department of the Air Force, Headquarters Pacific Air Forces, San Francisco, 11 October 1967, <www.dtic.mil/get-tr-doc/pdf?AD=AD0779796>.
  • Clary, James R., ‘Ranch Hand: Herbicide Operations in SEA’, Project CHECO Report, ADA484753, Department of the Air Force, Headquarters Pacific Air Forces, San Francisco, 13 July 1971, <http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=ADA484753>.
  • Crane, Conrad C., ‘Chemical and Biological Warfare during the Korean War: Rhetoric and Reality’, Asian Perspectives 25/3 (2001), 61–83.
  • Crowley, Michael, Chemical Control: Regulation of Incapacitating Chemical Agent Weapons, Riot Control Agents and their Means of Delivery (New York: Palgrave Macmillan 2016).
  • Daddis, Gregory A., No Sure Victory: Measuring US Army Effectiveness and Progress in the Vietnam War (Oxford: Oxford University Press 2011).
  • Davis, Sherman L., Riot Control Weapons for the Vietnam War (MD: Edgewood Arsenal 1970).
  • Dean, Robert D., Imperial Brotherhood: Gender and the Making of Cold War Foreign Policy (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press 2001).
  • Delmore, Fred J., Warren C. Shaw, Charles E. Minarik, Levi T. Burchan, and Donald Whittam, ‘Review and Evaluation of ARPA/OSD “Defoliation” Program in South Vietnam: Summary Report’, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, Arlington VA, 15 July 1962, <http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a950097.pdf>.
  • Downes, Alexander B., Targeting Civilians in War (Ithaca NY: Cornell University Press 2008).
  • Ellison, D. Hank, Chemical Warfare during the Vietnam War: Riot Control Agents in Combat (New York: Routledge 2011).
  • Endicott, Stephen and Edward Hagerman, The United States and Biological Warfare: Secrets of the Early Cold War and Korea (Bloomington: Indiana University Press 1998).
  • Engineer Strategic Studies Group, ‘Herbicides and Military Operations’, Vol. 1, Main Paper, Department of the Army, February 1972, <http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=AD0893214>.
  • Evangelista, Matthew and Henry Shue (eds), The American Way of Bombing (Ithaca NY: Cornell University Press 2014).
  • ‘Transcript of the President’s news conference on foreign and domestic matters’, New York Times, 2 April 1965, 18.
  • Fallows, James, ‘The American Army and the M-16 Rifle’, in Donald MacKenzie and Judy Wajcman (eds), The Social Shaping of Technology, 2nd edn (Maidenhead: Open University Press 1999), 382–94.
  • Finnemore, Martha and Kathryn Sikkink, ‘International Norm Dynamics and Political Change’, International Organization 52/4 (1998), 887–917.
  • Finney, John, ‘Rusk defends use of nonlethal gas in war in Vietnam’, New York Times, 25 March 1965, 1, 13.
  • Foreign Relations of the United States [FRUS], 1958–60, Vol. 3, National Security Policy, Arms Control and Disarmament, Edward C. Keefer and David W. Mabon (eds) (Washington: Government Printing Office 1996).
  • FRUS, 1961–63, Vol. 1, Vietnam, 1961, Ronald D. Landa and Charles S. Sampson (eds) (Washington: US Government Printing Office 1988).
  • FRUS 1961–63, Vol. 2, Vietnam, 1962, John P. Glennon, David M. Baehler, and Charles S. Simpson (eds) (Washington: US Government Printing Office 1990).
  • FRUS, 1961–63, Vol. 3, Vietnam, January–August 1963, Edward C. Keefer and Louis J. Smith (eds) (Washington: US Government Printing Office 1991).
  • FRUS, 1964–68, Vol. 2, Vietnam, January–June 1965, David C. Humphrey, Ronald D. Landa and Louis J. Smith (eds) (Washington: US Government Printing Office 1996).
  • FRUS, 1964–68, Vol. 3, Vietnam, June–December 1965, David C. Humphrey, Edward C. Keefer, and Louis J. Smith (eds) (Washington: US Government Printing Office 1996).
  • Frankel, Max, ‘US reveals use of nonlethal gas against Vietcong’, New York Times, 23 March 1965, 1, 2.
  • Franz, David R., Cheryl D. Parrott, and Ernest T. Takafuju, ‘The US Biological Warfare and Biological Defense Programs’, in Frederick R. Sidell, Ernest T. Takafuju, and David R. Franz (eds), Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare (Washington: Office of the Surgeon General at TMM Publications, Borden Institute, Walter Reed Army Medical Center 1997), <http://www.cs.amedd.army.mil/borden/Portlet.aspx?ID=bddf382f-3ca0-44ba-bd67-fdc48bfa03de>.
  • Fry, James D., ‘Contextualized Legal Reviews for the Methods and Means of Warfare: Cave Combat and International Humanitarian Law’, Columbia Journal of Transnational Law 44/2 (2006), 453–519.
  • ‘Gas (nonlethal) in Vietnam’, Editorial, New York Times 24 March 1965, 42.
  • Hammond, William M., Public Affairs: The Military and the Media, 1962–1968 (Washington: Center of Military History, US Army 1990).
  • Hay, Lt Gen. John H., Jr, Tactical and Materiel Innovations (Washington: Department of the Army 1974).
  • Hersh, Seymour M., Chemical and Biological Warfare: America’s Hidden Arsenal (New York: Bobbs–Merrill 1968).
  • Hersh, Seymour M., ‘Poison gas in Vietnam’, New York Review of Books, 9 May 1968, <http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/1968/may/09/poison-gas-in-vietnam>.
  • Hilsman, Roger, To Move a Nation: The Politics of Foreign Policy in the Administration of John F Kennedy (New York: Doubleday 1967).
  • History Branch, Office of the Secretary, Joint Staff, Command History, United States Military Assistance Command Vietnam, 1964 (San Francisco: 1965), <http://www.dtic.mil/get-tr-doc/pdf?AD=ADA955106&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf>.
  • Hughes, Thomas P., ‘Technological Momentum’, in Merritt Roe Smith and Leo Marx (ed.), Does Technology Drive History? The Dilemma of Technological Determinism (Cambridge MA: MIT Press 1994).
  • Institute of Medicine, Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam of Exposure to Herbicides, Veterans and Agent Orange: Health Effects of Herbicides Used in Vietnam (Washington: National Academies Press 1994).
  • Institute of Medicine, Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides, Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2012 (Washington: National Academies Press 2014).
  • Jacobsen, Annie, The Pentagon’s Brain: An Uncensored History of DARPA, America’s Top Secret Military Research Agency (New York: Little, Brown 2015).
  • Jelsma, Martin, ‘Vicious Circle: The Chemical and Biological “War on Drugs”’, Transnational Institute, March 2001, <https://www.tni.org/files/download/viciouscircle-e.pdf>.
  • Katzenstein, Peter J. (ed.), The Culture of National Security (New York: Columbia University Press 1996).
  • Kennedy, John F., ‘Remarks at West Point to the Graduating Class of the US Military Academy’, 6 June 1962, <http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=8695>.
  • Kline, Ronald and Trevor Pinch, ‘The Social Construction of Technology’, in Donald MacKenzie and Judy Wajcman (eds), The Social Shaping of Technology, 2nd edn (Maidenhead: Open University Press 1999), 113–115.
  • Krache Morris, Eveyln Frances, ‘Into the Wind: The Kennedy Administration and the Use of Herbicides in South Vietnam’, doctoral dissertation, Georgetown University, 2012.
  • Krasner, Stephen D, Sovereignty: Organized Hypocrisy (Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press 1999).
  • Legro, Jeffrey W., Cooperation under Fire: Anglo-German Restraint during World War II (Ithaca NY: Cornell University Press 1995).
  • Leitenberg, Milton, ‘A Chinese Admission of False Korean War Allegations of Biological Weapon Use by the United States’, Asian Perspective 40/1 (2016), 131–46.
  • Leitenberg, Milton, ‘False Allegations of US Biological Weapons Use during the Korean War’, in Anne L. Clunan, Peter R. Lavoy, and Susan B. Martin (eds), Terrorism, War or Disease: Unravelling the Use of Biological Weapons (Palo Alto CA: Stanford University Press 2008), 120–43.
  • Lewy, Guenter, America in Vietnam (Oxford: Oxford University Press 1978).
  • MacKenzie, David, Inventing Accuracy: A Historical Sociology of Nuclear Missile Guidance (Cambridge MA: MIT Press 1990).
  • MacKenzie, Donald, ‘Towards an Historical Sociology of Nuclear Weapons Technologies’, in Nils Petter Gleditsch and Olav Njolstad (eds), Arms Races: Technological and Political Dynamics (London: Sage 1990), 121–39.
  • MacKenzie, Donald and Judy Wajcman, ‘Introduction: Part Four, Military Technology’, in Donald MacKenzie and Judy Wajcman (eds), The Social Shaping of Technology, 2nd edn (Maidenhead: Open University Press 1999), 343–50.
  • MacKenzie, Donald and Judy Wajcman (eds), The Social Shaping of Technology, 2nd edn (Maidenhead: Open University Press 1999).
  • March, James P. and Johan P. Olsen, ‘The Institutional Dynamics of International Political Orders’, International Organization 52/4 (1998), 943–69.
  • Martini, Edwin A., Agent Orange: History, Science and the Politics of Uncertainty (Amherst MA: University of Massachusetts Press 2012).
  • McCarthy, Richard D., The Ultimate Folly: War by Pestilence, Asphyxiation and Defoliation (London: Lowe & Brydone 1970).
  • Military History Branch, Office of the Secretary, Joint Staff, HQ MACV, Command History: US MACV 1965 (San Francisco: 1966).
  • Moon, John Ellis van Courtland, ‘Biological Warfare Allegations: The Korean War Case’, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 666 (1992), 53–83.
  • Moon, John Ellis van Courtland, ‘The US Biological Weapons Program’, in Mark Wheelis, Lajos Rozsa, and Malcom Dando (eds), Deadly Cultures: Biological Weapons since 1945 (Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press 2006), 9–46.
  • Moore, John Norton, ‘Ratification of the Geneva Protocol on Gas and Bacteriological Warfare: A Legal and Political Analysis’, Virginia Law Review 58/3 (1972), 419–509.
  • Neuman, William. ‘Defying US, Colombia halts aerial spraying of crops used to make cocaine’, New York Times, 14 May 2015, <http://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/15/world/americas/colombia-halts-us-backed-spraying-of-illegal-coca-crops.html?_r=0>.
  • NRC, Committee on the Effects of Herbicides in Vietnam, Division of Biological Sciences, Assembly of Life Sciences, The Effects of Herbicides in South Vietnam, Part A – Summary and Conclusions (Washington: National Academy of Sciences 1974).
  • Paul, T.V., The Tradition of Non-use of Nuclear Weapons (Stanford CA: Stanford University Press 2009).
  • Price, Richard M., The Chemical Weapons Taboo (Ithaca NY: Cornell University Press 1997).
  • Price, Richard M., ‘Reversing the Gun Sights: Transnational Civil Society Targets Land Mines’, International Organization 52/3 (1998), 613–44.
  • Rappert, Brian, How to Look Good in a War: Justifying and Challenging State Violence (London: Pluto Press 2012).
  • Raymond, Jack, ‘Decision on gas not President’s, White House Says’, New York Times, 24 March 1965, 1, 7.
  • Reggiani, G.M., ‘Historical Overview of the Controversy Surrounding Agent Orange’, in A.L Young and G.M Reggiani (eds), Agent Orange and Its Associated Dioxin: Assessment of a Controversy (New York: Elsevier 1988), 31–76.
  • Robinson, J.P., ‘Supply, Demand and Assimilation in Chemical-Warfare Armament’, in HG Brauch (ed.), Military Technology, Armaments Dynamics and Disarmament: ABC Weapons, Military Use of Nuclear Energy and of Outer Space and Implications for International Law (Basingstoke: Macmillan 1989), 112–23.
  • Roosevelt, Franklin D., ‘President Franklin D Roosevelt’s Statement on the Use of Poison Gas’, White House press release, 5 June 1942, <http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/policy/1942/420605b.html>.
  • Roosevelt, Franklin D, ‘Statement Warning the Axis Against Using Poison Gas’, 8 June 1943, American Presidency Project, <http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=16407.Presdient>.
  • Russo, Anthony J., ‘A Statistical Analysis of the US Crop Spraying Program in South Vietnam’, Memorandum, RM-5450-1-ISA/ARPA, Rand, Santa Monica CA, October 1967, <http://www.rand.org/pubs/research_memoranda/RM5450-1.html>.
  • Schulimson, Jack, The Joint Chiefs of Staff and the War in Vietnam: 1960–1968, Part 1 (Washington: Office of Joint History, Office of the Chairman of the JCS 2011).
  • SIPRI, The Rise of CB Weapons (New York: Humanities Press 1971).
  • Stellman, Jeanne Mager, Steven D. Stellman, Richard Christian, Tracy Weber, and Carrie Tomasallo, ‘The Extent and Patterns of Usage of Agent Orange and Other Herbicides in Vietnam’, Nature 422 (2003), 681–87.
  • Tannenwald, Nina, The Nuclear Taboo: The United States and the Non-use of Nuclear Weapons since 1945 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2007).
  • Tannenwald, Nina, ‘Nuclear Weapons and the Vietnam War’, Journal of Strategic Studies, 29/4 (2006), 675–722.
  • ‘Transcript of the President’s news conference on foreign and domestic matters’, New York Times, 2 April 1965, 18.
  • Trevithick, Joseph, ‘Firestorm: Forest Fires as a Weapon in Vietnam’, 13 June 2012, <http://www.armchairgeneral.com/firestorm-forest-fires-as-a-weapon-in-vietnam.htm>.
  • ‘US Explains New Tactic’, New York Times, 22 February 1966, 2.
  • ‘Using Tear Gas In Vietnam’, Editorial, New York Times, 11 September 1965, 26.
  • ‘US told of British concern on Vietnam: America urged to respect “opinions of mankind”’, The Guardian, 24 March 1965, 1.
  • Valentino, Benjamin, Paul Huth, and Sarah Croco, ‘Covenants without the Sword: International Law and the Protection of Civilians in Times of War’, World Politics 58/3 (2006), 339–77.
  • Verwey, Wil D., Riot Control and Herbicides in War (Leyden: A.W. Sijthoff 1977).
  • Waltz, Kenneth N., Theory of International Politics (New York: Random House 1979).
  • Warren, William F., ‘A Review of the Herbicide Program in South Vietnam’, Commander-in-Chief Pacific, Scientific Advisory Group, Working Paper No. 10-68, AD-779 797 August 1968, <http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/779797.pdf>.
  • Westmoreland, William C., A Soldier Reports (New York: De Cap Press 1989).
  • Wildavsky, Aaron with Brendon Swedlow, ‘Dioxin, Agent Orange and Times Beach’, in But Is It True? A Citizen’s Guide to Environmental Health and Safety Issues (Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press 1997), 81–125. <http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674089235>
  • Wolfe, Dael, Renewing a Scientific Society: The American Association of the Advancement of Science from World War II to 1970 (Washington: AAAS 1989).
  • Young, A.L., The History, Use, Disposition and Environmental Fate of Agent Orange (New York: Springer-Verlag 2009).
  • Young, A.L. and G.M. Reggiani, Agent Orange and Its Associated Dioxin: Assessment of a Controversy (New York: Elsevier 1988).
  • Young, Alvin L., John A. Calcagni, Charles E. Thalken, and John W. Tremblay, ‘The Toxicology, Environmental Fate, and Human Risk of Herbicide Orange and its Associated Dioxin’, USAF OEHL Technical report TR-78-92, USAF Occupational and Environmental Health Laboratory, Brooks Air Force Base TX, October 1978, <http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=ADA062143>.
  • Zierler, David, The Invention of Ecocide: Agent Orange, Vietnam, and the Scientists Who Changed the Way We Think about the Environment (Athens: University of Georgia Press 2011).

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.