Anarchy’s anatomy: Two-tiered security systems and Libya’s civil wars

Bibliography

• Abul-Magd, Zeinab, Militarizing the Nation: The Army, Business and Revolution in Egypt (New York: Columbia UP 2016).
   Google Scholar
• Afiouni, Nenevine, ‘Qaddafi’s Children as Controversial as Father’, Al Arabiya, 26 Oct. 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Ahmida, Ali, The Making of Modern Libya: State Formation, Colonization and Resistance, 1830–1932 (New York: SUNY UP 1994).
   Google Scholar
• Albrecht, Holger, ‘Does Coup-Proofing Work? Political-Military Relations in Authoritarian Regimes amid the Arab Uprisings’, Mediterranean Politics 20/1 (2015), 36–54. doi:10.1080/13629395.2014.932537
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, Jon Lee, ‘The Unravelling’, The New Yorker, 23 Feb. 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Baram, Amatzia, ‘Saddam’s Power Structure: The Tikritis Before, during and after the War’, The Adelphi Papers 43 (2003), 93–123. doi:10.1080/714027860
   Google Scholar
• Bartu, Peter, ‘The Corridor of Uncertainty: The National Transitional Council’s Battle for Legitimacy and Recognition’, in Peter Cole and Brian McQuinn (eds.), The Libyan Revolution and Its Aftermath (London: Hurst 2015), 31–54.
   Google Scholar
• Bellin, Eva, ‘Reconsidering the Robustness of Authoritarianism in the Middle East: Lessons from the Arab Spring’, Comparative Politics 44/2 (2012), 127–49. doi:10.5129/001041512798838021
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benotman, Noman, et al., ‘Islamists’, in Jason Pack (ed.), The 2011 Uprisings and the Struggle for the Post-Qadhafi Future (New York: Palgrave 2013), 191–228.
   Google Scholar
• Brahimi, Alia, ‘Libya’s Revolution’, The Journal of North African Studies 16/4 (2011), 605–24. doi:10.1080/13629387.2011.630880
   Google Scholar
• Cederman, Lars-Erik, et al., Inequality, Grievances and Civil War (Cambridge: Cambridge UP 2013).
   Google Scholar
• Chenoweth, Erica and Maria J. Stephan, Why Civil Resistance Works: The Strategic Logic of Nonviolent Conflict (New York: Columbia UP 2011).
   Google Scholar
• Chivvis, Christopher and Jeffrey Martini, Libya after Qaddafi: Lessons and Implications for the Future (Santa Monica: RAND 2014).
   Google Scholar
• CIA, ‘The Fall of the Libyan Monarchy’, 9 Sep. 1969. Available at: <https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/LOC-HAK-287-1-4-8.pdf> (accessed Jan. 2018).
   Google Scholar
• Cole, Peter and Fiona Mangan, Tribe, Security, Justice, and Peace in Libya Today (Washington, DC: USIP 2016).
   Google Scholar
• Cook, Steven, Ruling but Not Governing: The Military and Political Development in Egypt, Algeria and Turkey (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP 2007).
   Google Scholar
• Crawford, Alex Colonel Gaddafi’s Hat (London: Collins 2012).
   Google Scholar
• Cristiani, Dario, ‘The Zintan Militia and the Fragmented Libyan State’, The Jamestown Foundation, 19 Jan. 2012. Available at: <https://jamestown.org/program/hot-issue-the-zintan-militia-and-the-fragmented-libyan-state/> (accessed Apr. 2013).
   Google Scholar
• De Bruin, Erica, ‘Preventing Coups D’état: How Counterbalancing Works’, Journal of Conflict Resolution (2017). doi:10.1177/0022002717692652
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Droz-Vincent, Philippe, ‘Libya’s Tentative State Rebuilding: Militia’s “Moral Economy”, Violence, and Financing (In)Security’, in Zeinab Abul-Magd and Elke Grawert (eds.), Businessmen in Arms: How the Military and Other Armed Groups Profit in the MENA Region (Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield 2016), 175–96.
   Google Scholar
• Findley, Michael and Peter Rudloff, ‘Combattant Fragmentation and the Dynamics of Civil Wars’, British Journal of Political Science 42/4 (2012), 879–901. doi:10.1017/S0007123412000099
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fishman, Brian and Joseph Felter, Al-Qa’ida’s Foreign Fighters in Iraq: A First Look at the Sinjar Records (West Point: Counterterrorism Center 2007).
   Google Scholar
• Foltz, William, ‘Libya’s Military Power’, in René Lemarchand (ed.), The Green and the Black: Qadhafi’s Policies in Africa (Bloomington: Indiana UP 1988), 52–69.
   Google Scholar
• Gaub, Florence, ‘The Libyan Armed Forces between Coup-Proofing and Repression’, Journal of Strategic Studies 36/2 (2013), 221–44. doi:10.1080/01402390.2012.742010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grebe, Jan and Max Mutschler, (eds.), Global Militarisation Index 2015 (Bonn: BICC 2015). Available at: <https://www.bicc.de/publications/publicationpage/publication/global-militarisation-index-2015-627/> (accessed Jan. 2018).
   Google Scholar
• Gumuchian, Marie-Louise, ‘Pro-Government Forces Seize Old Gaddafi Bastion’, Reuters, 24 Oct. 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Hamilton, John, North Africa Outlook: Time Is Running Out for Libya’s Interim Institutions (London: Cross-Border Information 2013).
   Google Scholar
• Harkness, Kristen, ‘The Ethnic Army and the State: Explaining Coup Traps and the Difficulties of Democratization in Africa’, Journal of Conflict Resolution 60/4 (2016), 587–616. doi:10.1177/0022002714545332
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartzell, Caroline and Matthew Hoddie, ‘Institutionalizing Peace: Power Sharing and Post-Civil War Conflict Management’, American Journal of Political Science 47/2 (2003), 318–32. doi:10.1111/1540-5907.00022
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hilsum, Lindsey, Sandstorm: Libya in the Time of Revolution (New York: Penguin 2012).
   Google Scholar
• Hintze, Otto, ‘Military Organization and the Organization of the State’, in Felix Gilbert (ed.), The Historical Essays of Otto Hintze (New York: Oxford UP 1975), 175–215.
   Google Scholar
• Horowitz, Donald L., Ethnic Groups in Conflict, 2nd ed. (Berkeley: University of California 2000).
   Google Scholar
• Jebnoun, Noureddine, ‘Beyond the Mayhem: Debating Key Dilemmas in Libya’s Statebuilding’, The Journal of North African Studies 20/5 (2015), 832–64. doi:10.1080/13629387.2015.1068697
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knights, Michael, ‘The Military Role in Yemen’s Protests: Civil-Military Relations in the Tribal Republic’, Journal of Strategic Studies 36/2 (2013), 261–88. doi:10.1080/01402390.2012.740660
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lacher, Wolfram and Ahmed Labnouj, ‘Factionalism Resurgent: The War in the Jabal Nafusa’, in Peter Cole and Brian McQuinn (eds.), The Libyan Revolution and Its Aftermath (London: Hurst 2015), 257–84.
   Google Scholar
• Latin, David, ‘The Industrial Organization of Merged Armies’, in Roy Licklider (ed.), New Armies From Old: Merging Competing Military Forces After Civil Wars (Washington, DC: Georgetown UP 2014), 231–43.
   Google Scholar
• Le Monde, ‘M. Belhaj: “Nous voulons un Etat civil en Libye”’, 3 Sep.. 2011
   Google Scholar
• Lee, Terence, Defect or Defend: Military Responses to Popular Protests in Authoritarian Asia (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins 2015).
   Google Scholar
• Levitsky, Steven and Lucan Way, Competitive Authoritarianism: Hybrid Regimes after the Cold War (Cambridge: Cambridge UP 2010).
   Google Scholar
• Redding, Matthew, Libya: Dealing with the Militias and Advancing Security Sector Reform (Kitchener: CSG 2014).
   Google Scholar
• Makara, Michael, ‘Rethinking Military Behavior during the Arab Spring’, Defense & Security Analysis 32/3 (2016), 209–23. doi:10.1080/14751798.2016.1199121
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinez, Luis, The Libyan Paradox (London: Hurst 2007).
   Google Scholar
• McLauchlin, Theodore, ‘Loyalty Strategies and Military Defection in Rebellion’, Comparative Politics 42/3 (2010), 333–50. doi:10.5129/001041510X12911363509792
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McQuinn, Brian, Armed Groups in Libya: Typology and Roles (Geneva: Small Arms Survey 2012).
   Google Scholar
• McQuinn, Brian, ‘History’s Warriors: The Emergence of Revolutionary Battalions in Misrata’, in Peter Cole and Brian McQuinn (eds.), The Libyan Revolution and Its Aftermath (London: Hurst 2015), 229–56.
   Google Scholar
• Monastiri, Taoufik, ‘Chronique Politique Libye’, in Maurice Flory and Hubert Michel (eds.), Annuaire de l’Afrique du Nord (Paris: CRESM 1981), 559–62.
   Google Scholar
• Nassif, Hicham, ‘”Second-Class”: The Grievances of Sunni Officers in the Syrian Armed Forces’, Journal of Strategic Studies 38/5 (2015), 626–49. doi:10.1080/01402390.2015.1053604
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ouannes, Moncef, Elites et Modernisation dans la Libye contemporaine (Paris: Harmattan 2009).
   Google Scholar
• Pachon, Alejandro, ‘Loyalty and Defection: Misunderstanding Civil-Military Relations in Tunisia during the Arab Spring’, Journal of Strategic Studies 37/4 (2014), 508–31. doi:10.1080/01402390.2013.847825
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paoletti, Emmanuelle, ‘Libya: Roots of a Civil Conflict’, Mediterranean Politics 16/2 (2011), 313–19. doi:10.1080/13629395.2011.583757
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pargeter, Alison, Libya: The Rise and Fall of Qaddafi (New Haven: Yale UP 2012).
   Google Scholar
• Pollack, Kenneth, Arabs At War: Military Effectiveness 1948-1991 (Lincoln: Nebraska UP 2002).
   Google Scholar
• Quinlivan, James, ‘Coup-Proofing: Its Practice and Consequences in the Middle East’, International Security 24/2 (1999), 131–65. doi:10.1162/016228899560202
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roessler, Philip, ‘The Enemy Within: Personal Rule, Coups, and Civil War in Africa’, World Politics 63/2 (2011), 300–46. doi:10.1017/S0043887111000049
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ronen, Yehudit, Qaddafi’s Libya in World Politics (Boulder: Lynn Reiner 2008).
   Google Scholar
• Ryan, Missy, ‘Libyan Force Was Lesson in Limits of U.S. Power’, The Washington Post, 5 Aug. 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Sanger, Richard H., ‘Libya: Conclusions on an Unfinished Revolution’, Middle East Journal 29/4 (1975), 409–17.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sayigh, Yezid, ‘Agencies of Coercion: Armies and Internal Security Forces’, International Journal of Middle East Studies 43/3 (2011), 403–05. doi:10.1017/S0020743811000572
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwarz, Rolf, War and State Building in the Middle East (Gainesville: Florida UP 2012).
   Google Scholar
• Singh, Naunihal, Seizing Power: The Strategic Logic of Military Coups (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins 2014).
   Google Scholar
• Stephen, Chris, ‘Libya Militias Prepare to Retake Bani Walid’, The Guardian, 26 Jan. 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Van Dam, Nikolaos, The Struggle for Power in Syria: Sectariansim, Regionalism and Tribalism in Politics, 1961-1978 (London: Croom Helm 1979).
   Google Scholar
• Vandewalle, Dirk, A History of Modern Libya, 2nd ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge UP 2012).
   Google Scholar
• Weber, Max, The Theory of Social and Economic Organization (New York: Free Press 1964).
   Google Scholar
• Weber, Max, Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology, Vol. 1 (Berkeley: University of California 1978).
   Google Scholar
• Wehery, Frederic and Peter Cole, Building Libya’s Security Sector (Washington: Carnegie Endowment 2013).
   Google Scholar