In the blind spot: Influence operations and sub-threshold situational awareness in Norway

Bibliography

• Allern, Sigurd, Når kildene byr opp til dans (Oslo: Pax 1997).
   Google Scholar
• Auglænd, Ragnar, ‘Fordelingen av ansvar og myndighet mellom politi og forsvar ved indre beredskap’, Tidsskrift for Strafferett 15/3 (2015), 316–47. doi:10.18261/0809-9537-2015-03-03
   Google Scholar
• Babuta, Alexander, Marion Oswald, and Ardi Janjeva, Artificial Intelligence and UK National Security: Policy Considerations (London: RUSI 2020).
   Google Scholar
• Bastiansen, Henrik G. and Hans Fredrik Dahl, Norsk mediehistorie (Oslo: Universitetsforlaget 2008).
   Google Scholar
• Bergh, Trond and Knut Einar Eriksen, Den hemmelige krigen: Overvåking i Norge 1914-1997, vol. 2, Storhetstid og stormkast: 1955–1997 (Oslo: Cappelen Akademisk 1998).
   Google Scholar
• Bērziņa, Ieva, Māris Cepurītis, Diana Kaljula, and Ivo Juurvee, Russia’s Footprint in the Nordic–Baltic Information Environment (Riga: NATO Strategic Communications Centre of Excellence 2018).
   Google Scholar
• Borgesius, Frederik J., Judith Möller Zuiderveen, Sanne Kruikemeier, Ronan Ó Fathaigh, Kristina Irion, Tom Dobber, Balazs Bodo, and Clas de Vreese, ‘Online Political Microtargeting: Promises and Threats for Democracy’, Utrecht Law Review 14/1 (2018), 82–96. doi:10.18352/ulr.420.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradshaw, Samantha, Hannah Bailey, and Philip N. Howard, Industrialized Disinformation: 2020 Global Inventory of Organized Social Media Manipulation (Oxford: University of Oxford 2021).
   Google Scholar
• Bratholm, Anders and Magnus Matningsdal, (ed.), Straffeloven med kommentarer: Anden del: Forbrydelser (Oslo: Universitetsforlaget 1995).
   Google Scholar
• Braw, Elisabeth, The Defender’s Dilemma: Defining, Identifying, and Deterring Gray-Zone Aggression (Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute 2021).
   Google Scholar
• Cormac, Rory and Richard J. Aldrich, ‘Grey Is the New Black: Covert Action and Implausible Deniability’, International Affairs 94/3 (2018), 477–94. doi:10.1093/ia/iiy067
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cullen, Patrick J., ‘Hybrid Threats as a New “Wicked” Problem for Early Warning’, Strategic Analysis 8 (May 2018), 1–8.
   Google Scholar
• Cullen, Patrick J. and Erik Reichborn-Kjennerud, Understanding Hybrid Warfare (London: MCDC 2017).
   Google Scholar
• Diesen, Sverre, Lavintensivt hybridangrep på Norge i en fremtidig konflikt (Kjeller: Forsvarets forskningsinstitutt 2018).
   Google Scholar
• Dobrowolski, Daniel and V. David, ‘Gioe and Alicia Wanless, ‘How Threat Actors are Manipulating the British Information Environment’’, RUSI Journal 165/3 (2020), 22–38. doi:10.1080/03071847.2020.1772674
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dok. 15 (1995-96), Rapport til Stortinget fra kommisjonen som ble oppnevnt av Stortinget for å granske påstander om ulovlig overvåking av norske borgere (Oslo: Stortinget 1996).
   Google Scholar
• Downes, Cathy, ‘Strategic Blind–Spots on Cyber Threats, Vectors and Campaigns’, The Cyber Defense Review 3/1 (2018), 79–104.
   Google Scholar
• Freier, Nathan, Known Unknowns: Unconventional ‘Strategic Shocks’ in Defense Strategy Development (Carlisle, Pa.: U.S. Army War College 2008).
   Google Scholar
• Fukuyama, Francis, (ed.), Blindside: How to Anticipate Forcing Events and Wild Cards in Global Politics (Washington DC: Brookings Institution Press 2007).
   Google Scholar
• Galeotti, Mark, Russian Political War: Moving beyond the Hybrid (Abingdon: Routledge 2019). ‘Introduction’ [ebook].
   Google Scholar
• Hansen, Flemming Splidsboel, Trying to Get What You Want: Russian Influence Operations (Copenhagen: Danish Institute for International Studies 2018).
   Google Scholar
• Hilde, Paal S., ‘Bistand fra NATO og allierte: Norge utløser artikkel 4 og 5’, in Ann Karin Larssen, and Gjert Lage Dyndal (eds.), Strategisk ledelse i krise og krig: Det norske systemet (Oslo: Universitetsforlaget 2020), 373–88.
   Google Scholar
• Hoffman, Frank G., Conflict in the 21st Century: The Rise of Hybrid Wars (Arlington: Potomac Institute for Policy Studies 2007).
   Google Scholar
• Hoffman, Frank G., ‘Examining Complex Forms of Conflict Gray Zone and Hybrid Challenges’, Prism 7/4 (2018), 31–47.
   Google Scholar
• Intelligence and Security Committee of Parliament, Russia (London: Parliament 2020).
   Google Scholar
• Issenberg, Sasha, The Victory Lab (New York: Broadway 2013).
   Google Scholar
• Jackson, Nicole, ‘Deterrence, Resilience and Hybrid Wars: The Case of Canada and NATO’, Journal of Military and Strategic Studies 19/4 (2019), 104–25.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janszo, Ole, (ed.), Bransjerapporten 2019 (Oslo: Teft 2019).
   Google Scholar
• Johansen, Sigrid Redse, ‘Krig på norsk jord: Hvilken rett gjelder?’, in Ann Karin Larssen, and Gjert Lage Dyndal (eds.), Strategisk ledelse i krise og krig: Det norske systemet (Oslo: Universitetsforlaget 2020), 389–405.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, Robert, ‘Hybrid War and Its Countermeasures: A Critique of the Literature’, Small Wars & Insurgencies 29/1 (2018), 141–63. doi:10.1080/09592318.2018.1404770
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, Robert, ‘Hybrid Warfare and Counter-Coercion’, in Rob Johnson, Martijn Kitzen, and Tim Sweijs (eds.), The Conduct of War in the 21st Century: Kinetic, Connected and Synthetic (London: Routledge 2021), 45–57.
   Google Scholar
• Kalsnes, Bente, Falske nyheter: Løgn, desinformasjon og propaganda i den digitale offentligheten (Oslo: CappelenDamm Undervisning 2019).
   Google Scholar
• Kilcullen, David, ‘The Evolution of Unconventional Warfare’, Scandinavian Journal of Military Studies 2/1 (2019), 61–71. doi:10.31374/sjms.35
   Google Scholar
• Kilcullen, David, The Dragons and the Snakes: How the Rest Learned to Fight the West (London: Hurst 2020).
   Google Scholar
• Klein, Adam, ‘Slipping Racism into the Mainstream: A Theory of Information Laundering’, Communication Theory 22/4 (2012), 427–48. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2885.2012.01415.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kliman, Daniel, Andrea Kendall-Taylor, Kristine Lee, Joshua Fitt, and Carisa Nietsche, Dangerous Synergies: Countering Chinese and Russian Digital Influence Operations (Washington, D.C.: Center for a New American Security 2020).
   Google Scholar
• Kreiss, Daniel, Taking Our Country Back (Oxford: Oxford University Press 2012).
   Google Scholar
• Kroes, Rob, If You’ve Seen One You’ve Seen the Mall (Urbana: University of Illinois Press 1996).
   Google Scholar
• Larssen, Ann Karin, and Gjert Lage Dyndal, ‘Om handlingsprinsippet, “gråsonekriser” og korona’, in Ann Karin Larssen, and Gjert Lage Dyndal (eds.), Strategisk ledelse i krise og krig: Det norske systemet (Oslo: Universitetsforlaget 2020), 437–46.
   Google Scholar
• Malerud, Stein, Alf Christian Hennum, and Narve Toverød, Situasjonsforståelse ved sammensatte trusler: Et konseptgrunnlag (Kjeller: FFI 2021).
   Google Scholar
• Martin, Kate, ‘Domestic Intelligence and Civil Liberties’, The SAIS Review of International Affairs 24/1 (2004), 7–21. doi:10.1353/sais.2004.0016
   Google Scholar
• Ministry of Defence, Information Advantage: Joint Concept Note 2/18 (Bristol: Ministry of Defence 2018).
   Google Scholar
• Ministry of Defence, Introducing the Integrated Operating Concept (Bristol: Ministry of Defence 2020).
   Google Scholar
• Moe, Hallvard, and Hilde Sakariassen, ‘Norway’, in Nic Newman, Richard Fletcher, Antonis Kalogeropoulos and Rasmus Kleis Nielsen (eds.), Digital News Report 2019 (Oxford: Reuters Institute 2019), 98–99.
   Google Scholar
• Notaker, Hallvard, Høyres historie 1975–2005: Opprør og moderasjon (Oslo: CappelenDamm 2012).
   Google Scholar
• NOU 1995:31, Beredskapslovgivningen i lys av endrede forsvars- og sikkerhetspolitiske rammebetingelser (Oslo: Statens forvaltningstjeneste 1995).
   Google Scholar
• NOU 1998:4, Politiets overvåkingstjeneste (Oslo: Statens forvaltningstjeneste 1998).
   Google Scholar
• NOU 1999:27, Ytringsfrihed bør finde Sted (Oslo: Statens forvaltningstjeneste 1999).
   Google Scholar
• NOU 2003:18, Rikets sikkerhet (Oslo: Statens forvaltningstjeneste 2003).
   Google Scholar
• NOU 2019:13, Når krisen inntreffer (Oslo: Departementenes sikkerhets- og serviceorganisasjon 2019).
   Google Scholar
• Nystuen, Gro, ‘Terrorbekjempelse og folkerettslige normkonflikter’, Nordic Journal of Human Rights 20/3 (2002), 2–31. doi:10.18261/1891-814X-2002-03-01
   Google Scholar
• Pamment, James, Howard Nothhaft, Henrik Agardh-Twetman, and Alicia Fjällhed, Countering Information Influence Activities: The State of the Art (Lund: Lund University 2018).
   Google Scholar
• Rid, Thomas, Active Measures: The Secret History of Disinformation and Political Warfare (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux 2020).
   Google Scholar
• Robertson, K.G., ‘Intelligence, Terrorism and Civil Liberties’, Conflict Quarterly 7/2 (1987), 43–62.
   Google Scholar
• Rodríguez, Belén, Information Laundering in Germany (Riga: NATO Strategic Communications Centre of Excellence 2020).
   Google Scholar
• Sætra, Henrik Skaug, ‘When Nudge Comes to Shove: Liberty and Nudging in the Era of Big Data’, Technology in Society 59 (2019), 101130. doi:10.1016/j.techsoc.2019.04.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz, Peter, Inevitable Surprises: Thinking Ahead in a Time of Turbulence (New York: Gotham Books 2003).
   Google Scholar
• Simonsen, Sigmund, ‘Regjeringen og Forsvarets rettslige handlerett og handleplikt i nasjonale kriser’, in Ann Karin Larssen, and Gjert Lage Dyndal (eds.), Strategisk ledelse i krise og krig: Det norske systemet (Oslo: Universitetsforlaget 2020), 314–34.
   Google Scholar
• Stoker, Donald, and Craig Whiteside, ‘Blurred Lines: Gray-Zone Conflict and Hybrid War—Two Failures of American Strategic Thinking’, Naval War College Review 73/1 (2020), 1–37.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Synstnes, Hans Morten, Den innerste sirkel: Den militære sikkerhetstjenesten 1945-2002 (Oslo: Dreyer 2016).
   Google Scholar
• Twetman, Henrik and Gundars Bergmanis-Korats, Data Brokers and Security (Riga: NATO Strategic Communications Centre of Excellence 2021).
   Google Scholar
• UK Cabinet Office, Global Britain in a Competitive Age: The Integrated Review of Security, Defence, Development and Foreign Policy (London: UK Cabinet Office 2021).
   Google Scholar
• United States Marine Corps, MCDP 1-4 Competing (Washington, D.C.: US Marine Corps 2020).
   Google Scholar
• Wegge, Njord, and Thorsten Wetzling, ‘Countering Hybrid Threats through Signals Intelligence and Big Data Analysis?’, in Tom Røseth, and John Michael Weaver (eds.), Intelligence Relations in the 21st Century (Cham: Palgrave Macmillan 2020), 69–88.
   Google Scholar
• Wilkinson, Paul, Terrorism versus Democracy: The Liberal State Response (London: Routledge 2006).
   Google Scholar