China’s military strategy for a ‘new era’: Some change, more continuity, and tantalizing hints

Bibliography

• ‘100 questions on military party affairs knowledge [军队党务知识100 题]’, PLA Daily [解放军报], 10 May 2021, p. 10.
   Google Scholar
• Academy of Military Sciences All-Military Terminology Management Committee [军事科学院在全军军事术语管理委员会], Military Terminology of the People’s Liberation Army [中国人民解放军军语] (Beijing: Military Sciences Press 2011).
   Google Scholar
• Arostegui, Joshua, ‘PLA Army and Marine Corps Amphibious Brigades in a Post-Reform Military’, in Joel Wuthnow et al. (ed.), Crossing the Strait: China’s Military Prepares for War with Taiwan (Washington, DC: National Defense University Press 2022).
   Google Scholar
• Blasko, Dennis J., The Chinese Army Today: Tradition and Transformation for the 21st Century (New York: Routledge 2012).
   Google Scholar
• Buckley, Chris and Chris Horton, ‘Xi Jinping Warns Taiwan that Unification Is the Goal and Force Is an Option’, New York Times, 1 January 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/01/world/asia/xi-jinping-taiwan-china.html.
   Google Scholar
• Burke, Edmund J. et al., People’s Liberation Army Operational Concepts (Santa Monica, CA: RAND 2020).
   Google Scholar
• Cai, Zhijun, [蔡志军], ‘Guidance for China’s national defense in the new era is implementing the Military Strategic Guideline for the New Era [新时代中国国防的战略指导是贯彻落实新时代军事战略方针]’, State Council Information Office, 24 July 2019, http://www.scio.gov.cn/xwfbh/xwbfbh/wqfbh/39595/41105/zy41109/Document/1660290/1660290.htm.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, Zhou, [陈舟], ‘Expert Unpacks the White Paper on China’s Military Strategy [专家解读中国的军事战略白皮书]’, National Defense [国防] no. 6 (2015), 18.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, John, ‘Choosing the ‘Least Bad Option’: Organizational Interests and Change in the PLA Ground Forces’, in Phillip C. Saunders et al. (ed.), Chairman Xi Remakes the PLA: Assessing Chinese Military Reform (Washington, DC: National Defense University Press 2019a), 85–124.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, Zhou, [陈舟], ‘Historical Evolution and Characteristics of the Defensive National Defense Policy Over the Past 70 Years Since the Founding of the PRC [新中国70年防御性国防政策的历史演变及特点]’, China Military Science [中国军事科学] no. 4 (2019b), 7–14.
   Google Scholar
• Cheng, Ronggui, [程荣贵], ‘Strong army forum: Set up iron rules for joint operations [强军论坛: 立起联合作战的铁规矩]’, PLA Daily [解放军报], 29 November 2020, http://www.mod.gov.cn/jmsd/2020-11/29/content_4874776.htm.
   Google Scholar
• ‘China’s Military Strategy, Xinhua’, 27 May 2015, http://english.www.gov.cn/archive/white_paper/2015/05/27/content_281475115610833.htm
   Google Scholar
• ‘China’s National Defense in 2006’, State Council Information Office, December 2006, http://en.people.cn/whitepaper/defense2006/defense2006.html
   Google Scholar
• ‘China’s National Defense in 2010’, State Council Information Office, 31 March 2011, http://www.china.org.cn/government/whitepaper/node_7114675.htm.
   Google Scholar
• ‘China’s National Defense in the New Era [新时代的中国国防]’, State Council Information Office, 24 July 2019, http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/2019-07/24/content_5414325.htm.
   Google Scholar
• Clay, Marcus and Roderick Lee, ‘Unmasking the Devil in the Chinese Details: A Study Note on the Science of Military Strategy 2020’, China Aerospace Studies Institute, 24 January 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Cliff, Roger et al., Entering the Dragon’s Lair: Chinese Antiaccess Strategies and Their Implications for the United States (Santa Monica, CA: RAND 2007).
   Google Scholar
• Dahm, Michael and Conor M. Kennedy, ‘Civilian Shipping: Ferrying the People’s Liberation Army Ashore’, CIMSEC, 9 September 2021, https://cimsec.org/civilian-shipping-ferrying-the-peoples-liberation-army-ashore/.
   Google Scholar
• ‘Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on some major issues concerning comprehensively deepening reform [中共中央关于全面深化改革若干重大问题的决定]’, Government of the People’s Republic of China, 13 November 2013, http://www.gov.cn/jrzg/2013-11/15/content_2528179.htm.
   Google Scholar
• ‘Defense Primer: Army Multi-Domain Operations (MDO)’, In Focus, Congressional Research Service, 22 October 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Director of Central Intelligence, Soviet Strategy and Capabilities for Multitheater War, National Intelligence Estimate, June 1985, declassified 1999.
   Google Scholar
• ‘Do a good job in starting the work of national defense and army construction during the 14th Five-Year Plan and greet the 100th anniversary of the Communist Party of China with outstanding achievements [做好 ‘十四五’ 时期国防和军队建设开局起步工作, 以优异成绩迎接中国共产党建党100周年]’, PLA Daily [解放军报], 10 March 2021, http://www.mod.gov.cn/topnews/2021-03/10/content_4880715.htm.
   Google Scholar
• Fan, Zhenjiang, [范震江] and Ma Bao’an [马保安], eds., On Military Strategy [军事战略论] (Beijing: National Defense University Press 2007).
   Google Scholar
• Fannell, James E., ‘China’s Global Navy—Today’s Challenge for the United States and the U.S. Navy’, Naval War College Review 73/4 (2020), 1–32.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finkelstein, David M., China Reconsiders Its National Security: ‘The Great Peace and Development Debate of 1999’ (Arlington, VA: CNA 2000).
   Google Scholar
• Finkelstein, David M., ‘China’s National Military Strategy: An Overview of the ‘Military Strategic Guidelines’’, in Andrew Scobell and Roy Kamphausen (eds.), Right Sizing the People’s Liberation Army: Exploring the Contours of China’s Military (Carlisle, PA: U.S. Army War College 2007), 95–127.
   Google Scholar
• Finkelstein, David M., The PLA’s New Joint Doctrine: The Capstone of the New Era Operations Regulation System (Arlington, VA: CNA 2021).
   Google Scholar
• Fravel, M. Taylor, ‘Securing Borders: China’s Doctrine and Force Structure for Frontier Defense’, Journal of Strategic Studies 30/4–5 (2007), 705–373. doi:10.1080/01402390701431790.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fravel, M. Taylor, Active Defense: China’s Military Strategy since 1949 (Princeton: Princeton University Press 2019).
   Google Scholar
• Fravel, M. Taylor, ‘China’s ‘World-class Military’ Ambitions: Origins and Implications’, The Washington Quarterly 43/1 (2020a), 85–99. doi:10.1080/0163660X.2020.1735850.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fravel, M. Taylor, ‘Stability in a Secondary Strategic Direction: China and the Border Dispute with India after 1962’, in Kanti Bajpai, Selina Ho, and Manjari Chatterjee Miller (eds.), Routledge Handbook of China-India Relations (New York: Routledge 2020b). 169–179.
   Google Scholar
• Fu, Qiang, [付强] and Chen Hanghui [陈航辉], ‘America’s new strategy is full of old thinking [美国新战略充斥旧思维]’, PLA Daily [解放军报], 25 January 2018, p. 11.
   Google Scholar
• ‘Full Text: Resolution of the CPC Central Committee on the Major Achievements and Historical Experience of the Party over the past Century,’ Xinhua, 16 November 2021, https://english.www.gov.cn/policies/latestreleases/202111/16/content_WS6193a935c6d0df57f98e50b0.html.
   Google Scholar
• Gao, Rui, [高锐], ed., Science of Military Strategy [战略学] (Beijing: Military Sciences Press 1987).
   Google Scholar
• Godwin, Paul H.B. and Alice L. Miller, China’s Forbearance Has Its Limits: Chinese Threat and Retaliation Signaling and Its Implications for a Sino-American Military Confrontation (Washington, DC: National Defense University Press 2013).
   Google Scholar
• Graff, Greg and Jacqueline Leahy, ‘How Does the PLA Assess the Future Character of War?’ Paper presented at the 2021 CAPS-RAND-NDU Conference on the PLA, 20 November 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Guo, Xiangjie, ed., Biography of Zhang Wannian, Part Two [张万年传, 下] (Beijing: People’s Liberation Army Press 2011).
   Google Scholar
• Guo, Yuandan, [郭媛丹], ‘Fight a war at sea? China should prepare for maritime military struggle [要打海上战争? 中国应作海上军事斗争准备]’, Huanqiu Shibao [环球时报], 26 May 2015, https://mil.huanqiu.com/article/9CaKrnJLnPo.
   Google Scholar
• Hart, Brian, Bonnie Glaser, and Matthew P. Funaiole, ‘China’s 2027 Goal Marks the PLA’s Centennial, Not an Expedited Military Modernization’, China Brief, 26 March 2021, https://jamestown.org/program/chinas-2027-goal-marks-the-plas-centennial-not-an-expedited-military-modernization/.
   Google Scholar
• He, Lei, [何雷], ‘Intelligentized wars are not far off [智能化战争并不遥远]’, PLA Daily [解放军报], 8 August 2019, http://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2019-08/08/content_240321.htm.
   Google Scholar
• Heath, Timothy, ‘The ‘Holistic Security Concept’: The Securitization of Policy and Increasing Risk of Militarized Conflict’, China Brief, 27 June 2015, https://www.rand.org/blog/2015/06/the-holistic-security-concept-the-securitization.html.
   Google Scholar
• Hu, Yushan, [胡玉山], ‘To educate people for war, value is in the teacher [为战育人贵在得师]’, PLA Daily [解放军报], 25 February 2020, p. 7.
   Google Scholar
• ‘Interpreting Article 41 on the Outline of the 14th Five-Year Plan: Accelerating national defense and army modernization [‘十四五’ 规划纲要解读文章之41, 加快国防和军队现代化]’, National Development and Reform Commission Planning Bureau, 25 December 2021, https://www.ndrc.gov.cn/fggz/fzzlgh/gjfzgh/202112/t20211225_1309729.html?code=&state=123.
   Google Scholar
• Kania, Elsa B., Battlefield Singularity: Artificial Intelligence, Military Revolution, and China’s Future Military Power (Washington, DC: Center for a New American Security 2017).
   Google Scholar
• Liang, Fang, [梁芳], On Maritime Strategic Access [海上战略通道论] (Beijing: Current Affairs Press 2011).
   Google Scholar
• Luo, Derong, [骆德荣], ‘Guidelines for Armed Forces Building and Preparations for Military Struggle—Understanding of the Military Strategic Guideline in the New Situation [军队建设与军事斗争准备的行动纲领—对新形势下军事战略方针的几点认识]’, China Military Science [中国军事科学] no. 1 (2017), 88–96.
   Google Scholar
• McDevitt, Michael, Becoming A Great ‘Maritime Power’: A Chinese Dream (Arlington, VA: CNA 2016).
   Google Scholar
• ‘A new era exhibits a new atmosphere, new missions call for new actions [新时代呈现新气象, 新使命呼唤新作为]’, PLA Daily [解放军报], 8 March 2018, http://www.81.cn/jfjbmap/content/2018-03/08/content_201156.htm.
   Google Scholar
• O’Rourke, Ronald, China Naval Modernization: Implications for U.S. Navy Capabilities (Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service October 2021).
   Google Scholar
• Office of the Secretary of Defense, Military and Security Developments Involving the People’s Republic of China (Washington, DC: Department of Defense 2020).
   Google Scholar
• Office of the Secretary of Defense, Military and Security Developments Involving the People’s Republic of China (Washington, DC: Department of Defense 2021).
   Google Scholar
• ‘On the new officer system reform, authoritative answers are here [关于新的军官制度改革, 权威解答来了]’, China Veteran [中国退役军人], 12 January 2021, http://tyjr.sh.gov.cn/shtyjrswj/xxyd/20210112/ec2d4b5d36eb483ebaa8c343f0f9924f.html.
   Google Scholar
• Peng, Guangqian, [彭光谦] and Yao Youzhi [姚有志], eds., Science of Military Strategy [战略学] (Beijing: Military Sciences Press 2001).
   Google Scholar
• ‘Persist in promoting the innovative development of military strategic guidance [持续推进军事战略指导创新发展]’, PLA Daily [解放军报], 1 October 2019, p. 9.
   Google Scholar
• ‘PLA Daily commentator: Designing future wars, innovating policies for victory [解放军报评论员:设计未来战争, 创新制胜之策]’, PLA Daily [解放军报], 14 November 2020, https://81.cn/yw/2020-11/14/content_9936409.htm
   Google Scholar
• ‘’PLA Joint Operations Outline (Trial)’ promotes the liberation and development of the PLA’s joint combat capabilities [‘中国人民解放军联合作战纲要 (试行) ’ 推动解放和发展我军联合作战能力]’, PLA Daily [解放军报], 26 November 2020, http://www.mod.gov.cn/jzhzt/2020-11/26/content_4874624.htm.
   Google Scholar
• ‘Regular Press Conference of the Ministry of National Defense on August 26’, China Ministry of National Defense, 26 August 2021, http://eng.mod.gov.cn/news/2021-08/30/content_4893499.htm.
   Google Scholar
• ‘Regular Press Conference of the Ministry of National Defense on November 26’, China Military Online, 29 November 2020, http://eng.mod.gov.cn/news/2020-11/29/content_4874839.htm.
   Google Scholar
• ‘Revision of the Military Service Law: Consolidate a Strong Force That Loves National Defense and Supports the Military [兵役法修订:凝聚热爱国防, 支持军队的强大合力]’, National People’s Congress Magazine [中国人大杂志] No. 17, 2021, http://www.npc.gov.cn/npc/c30834/202109/dd6ec8fc9889438ea00b58af7dcee8dc.shtml.
   Google Scholar
• Rolland, Nadège, China’s Eurasian Century?: Political and Strategic Implications of the Belt and Road Initiative (Washington, DC: National Bureau of Asian Research 2017).
   Google Scholar
• Saunders, Phillip C., ‘Testimony before the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission’, 20 June 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Saunders, Phillip C. and Joel Wuthnow, ‘Large and in Charge: Civil-Military Relations under Xi Jinping’, in Phillip C. Saunders et al. (ed.), Chairman Xi Remakes the PLA (Washington, DC: National Defense University Press 2019), 519–55.
   Google Scholar
• Scobell, Andrew, ‘Is There a Civil-Military Gap in China’s Peaceful Rise?’, Parameters 39/2 (2009), 4–22.
   Google Scholar
• Shirk, Susan L., ‘China in Xi’s ‘New Era’: The Return to Personalistic Rule’, Journal of Democracy 29/2 (2018), 22–36. doi:10.1353/jod.2018.0022.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solen, Derek, Chinese Views of All-Domain Operations (Washington, DC: China Aerospace Studies Institute 2020).
   Google Scholar
• Stokes, Mark, ‘Employment of National-Level PLA Assets in A Contingency: A Cross-Strait Conflict as A Case Study’, in Andrew Scobell et al. (ed.), The People’s Liberation Army and Contingency Planning in China (Washington, DC: National Defense University Press 2015), 35–58.
   Google Scholar
• ‘Strengthen confidence and face difficulties—Resolutely achieve the 2020 national defense and army building target tasks series talks [坚定信心 迎难而上—坚决实现国防和军队建设 2020 年目标任务系列谈)]’, PLA Daily [解放军报], 10 June 2020, p. 6.
   Google Scholar
• Swaine, Michael D., ‘Chinese Leadership and Elite Responses to the U.S. Pacific Pivot’, China Leadership Monitor, 12 July 2012, https://carnegieendowment.org/2012/07/17/chinese-leadership-and-elite-responses-to-u.s.-pacific-pivot-pub-48871.
   Google Scholar
• Swaine, Michael D., ‘Chinese Views of U.S. Decline’, China Leadership Monitor, 1 September 2021, https://www.prcleader.org/swaine-2.
   Google Scholar
• Tobin, Daniel, ‘How Xi Jinping’s ‘New Era’ Should Have Ended U.S. Debate on Beijing’s Ambitions’, CSIS, 8 May 2020, https://www.csis.org/analysis/how-xi-jinpings-new-era-should-have-ended-us-debate-beijings-ambitions.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, Wenrong, [王文荣], ed., Science of Military Strategy [战略学] (Beijing: National Defense University Press 1999).
   Google Scholar
• Wang, Hongguang, [王洪光], ‘Looking at China’s Strategic Directions Today from a Historical Perspective [从历史看今日中国的战略方向]’, Tongzhou Gongjin [同舟共进] no. 3 (March 2015), 44–50.
   Google Scholar
• Wen, Bin, [温冰], ‘Pinpointing the basis of preparations for military struggle [定准军事斗争基点]’, Study Times [学习时报], 1 June 2015, p. A7.
   Google Scholar
• Wuthnow, Joel, ‘China’s Belt and Road: One Initiative, Three Strategies’, in Ashley J. Tellis, Alison Szlwinski, and Michael Wills (eds.), Strategic Asia 2019: China’s Expanding Strategic Ambitions (Washington, DC: National Bureau of Asian Research 2019), 211–45.
   Google Scholar
• Wuthnow, Joel, System Overload: Can China’s Military Be Distracted in a War over Taiwan? (Washington, DC: National Defense University Press 2020).
   Google Scholar
• Wuthnow, Joel, ‘What I Learned from the PLA’s Latest Strategy Textbook’, China Brief, 25 May 2021, https://jamestown.org/program/what-i-learned-from-the-plas-latest-strategy-textbook/.
   Google Scholar
• Wuthnow, Joel, ‘Who Does What? Chinese Command and Control in a Taiwan Scenario’, in Joel Wuthnow et al. (ed.), Crossing the Strait: China Prepares for War with Taiwan (Washington, DC: National Defense University Press 2022).
   Google Scholar
• Wuthnow, Joel and Phillip C. Saunders, Chinese Military Reform in the Age of Xi Jinping (Washington, DC: National Defense University Press 2017).
   Google Scholar
• Xi, Jinping, [习近平], Compendium of Xi Jinping’s Important Expositions on National Defense and Military Building [习近平国防和军队建设重要论述选编] (Beijing: People’s Liberation Army Press 2016).
   Google Scholar
• Xi, Jinping, ‘Secure a Decisive Victory in Building a Moderately Prosperous Society in All Respects and Strive for the Great Success of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era’, Work Report to the 19th Party Congress, 18 October 2017.
   Google Scholar
• ‘Xi Jinping chairs a CMC work meeting and delivers an important speech [习近平出席中央军委军事工作会议并发表重要讲话]’, Xinhua, 4 January 2019, http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2019-01/04/content_5354931.htm.
   Google Scholar
• ‘Xi Jinping: Strengthening clear guidance for preparing for war and comprehensively improving to win in the new era [习近平: 强化备战打仗的鲜明导向 全面提高新时代打赢能力]’, Xinhua, 3 November 2017, http://www.xinhuanet.com//politics/leaders/2017-11/03/c_1121903813.htm.
   Google Scholar
• Xiao, Tianliang, [肖天亮], ed., Science of Military Strategy [战略学] (Beijing: Military Sciences Press 2020).
   Google Scholar
• Yang, Jiechi, [杨洁篪], ‘Based on Xi Jinping’s Foreign Affairs Thought, Deeply Implement Foreign Affairs Work in the New Era [以习近平外交思想为指导, 深入推进新时代对外工作]’, Qiushi [求实] no. 15 (2018). http://www.qstheory.cn/dukan/qs/2018-08/01/c_1123209510.htm
   Google Scholar
• Yeo, Mike, ‘Chinese Airshow Offers Glimpse at Military’s New Drones’, Defense News, 30 September 2021, https://www.defensenews.com/unmanned/2021/09/30/chinese-airshow-offers-glimpse-at-militarys-new-drones/.
   Google Scholar
• Zhao, Xiaozhuo, [赵小卓], ‘Outdated thinking and wrong actions [过时的思维, 错误的举动]’, PLA Daily [解放军报], 23 January 2018, p. 4.
   Google Scholar