575
Views
4
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Reinterpreting western use of coercion in Bosnia‐Herzegovina: Assurances and carrots were crucial

Pages 1-22 | Published online: 24 Jan 2008

Notes

  • Bertram , Christoph . 1995/96 . ‘Multilateral Diplomacy and Conflict Resolution’ . Survival , 37/4 Winter : 77 – 80 .
  • Freedman , Lawrence . 1994/95 . ‘Why the West Failed’ . Foreign Policy , 97 Winter : 53 – 69 .
  • Gow , James . 1997 . Triumph of the Lack of Will: International Diplomacy and the Yugoslav War , London : Hurst .
  • Harvey , Frank . 1997 . ‘Deterrence and Ethnic Conflict: Bosnia‐Herzegovina, 1993–94’ . Security Studies , 6/3 Spring : 180 – 210 .
  • Rieff , David . 1995 . Slaughterhouse. Bosnia and the Failure of the West , London : Vintage .
  • George , Alexander L. and Simons , William E. , eds. 1994 . The Limits of Coercive Diplomacy , 2nd rev. ed. , Boulder, CO : Westview .
  • Jakobsen , Peter Viggo . 1998 . Western Use of Coercive Diplomacy after the Cold War: A Challenge for Theory and Practice , Basingstoke : Macmillan .
  • Greffenius , Steven and Gill , Jungil . 1992 . ‘Pure Coercion vs. Carrot‐and‐Stick Offers in Crisis Bargaining’ . Journal of Peace Research , 29/1 Feb. : 39 – 52 .
  • Leng , Russell J. 1984 . ‘Reagan and the Russians. Crisis Bargaining and the Historical Record’ . American Political Science Review , 78/2 June : 338 – 55 .
  • 1998 . ‘Transcript of President Clinton's Press Conference’ . Associated Press , 15 Nov.
  • Cook , Robin . 1998 . ‘We're Ready to Bomb, not Bluff . Daily Telegraph , 18 Nov.
  • Drozdiak , William . 1999 . ‘Stark Choice for Milosevic’ . International Herald Tribune , 22 March : A01
  • Lippman , Thomas W. 1999 . ‘Clinton, Albright Cite U.S. Stake in Kosovo’ . Washington Post , 5 Feb. : A27
  • Jeffrey Smith , R. 1999 . ‘Milosevic Seeks Deal That Eases West's Sanctions on Belgrade’ . Washington Post , 7 Feb. : A27
  • Freedman , Lawrence , ed. 1998 . Strategic Coercion: Concepts and Cases , Oxford : OUP .
  • 1966 . Arms and Influence , 2 – 12 . New Haven, CT : Yale UP .
  • Art , Robert J. 1980 . ‘To What Ends Military Power?’ . International Security , 4/4 Spring : 10
  • Posen , Barry R. 1996 . ‘Military Responses to Refugee Disasters’ . International Security , 21/1 Summer : 80 – 1 .
  • Herring , Eric . 1995 . Danger and Opportunity: Explaining International Crisis Outcomes , 28 – 32 . Manchester : UP .
  • Huth , Paul K. 1988 . Extended Deterrence and the Prevention of War , 74 New Haven, CT : Yale UP .
  • Mearsheimer , John J. 1983 . Conventional Deterrence , 203 – 8 . Ithaca, NY : Cornell UP .
  • Pape , Robert A. 1996 . Bombing to Win: Air Power and Coercion in War , Ithaca, NY : Cornell UP .
  • Snyder , Glen H. and Diesing , Paul . 1977 . Conflict Among Nations , 492 Princeton : UP .
  • George , Alexander L. 1994 . Bridging the Gap: Theory and Practice in Foreign Policy , 121 – 2 . Washington DC : US Inst. of Peace Press .
  • 1990 . ‘Deterrence: The Elusive Dependent Variable’ . World Politics , 42/3 April : 345
  • 1980 . The Strategy of Conflict , 195 Cambridge, MA : Harvard UP [1960] .
  • 1992 . ‘Military Force Possible’ . FBIS‐WEU‐92–125 , 29 June
  • Fletcher , Martin . 1992 . ‘US Ponders Military Options in Sarajevo’ . The Times , 27 June : 13
  • Mackenzie , Lewis . 1993 . Peacekeeper: The Road to Sarajevo , 266 Vancouver/Toronto : Douglas & McIntyre .
  • Zimmermann , Warren . 1995 . ‘The Last Ambassador: A Memoir of the Collapse of Yugoslavia’ . Foreign Affairs , 74/2 March/April : 20
  • Lucarelli , Sonia . 1995 . “ ‘The International Community and the Yugoslav Crisis: A Chronology of Events’ ” . In EUI Working Paper RSC , Vol. 95/8 , 51 Robert Schuman Centre, European Univ. Inst. .
  • Drew , Elizabeth . 1994 . On the Edge: The Clinton Presidency , 155 NY : Simon & Schuster .
  • Owen , David . 1995 . Balkan Odyssey , 146 London : Gollancz .
  • Friedman , Thomas L. 1993 . ‘Bosnia Airstrikes Backed by Clinton, His Officials Say’ . New York Times , 2 May : A1 A12
  • Lewis , Anthony . 1993 . ‘Waiting for Clinton to Decide’ . International Herald Tribune , 20 April
  • Barber , Lionel , Stephens , Philip and Silber , Laura . 1993 . ‘West split over military intervention in Bosnia’ . Financial Times , 30 April
  • Marr , Andrew , Brown , Colin and Usborne , David . 1993 . ‘Britain Set to Break with US over Bosnia’ . The Times , 29 April
  • Ricks , Thomas E. 1993 . ‘U.S. Joint Chiefs Oppose Air strikes Against the Serbs’ . Wall Street Journal , 28 April
  • Savill , Annika . 1993 . ‘Inside File: Europe Angry at White House's “Simplistic” View of Bosnia’ . The Independent , 13 May
  • Silber , Laura and Little , Allan . 1995 . The Death of Yugoslavia , 309 Harmondsworth : Penguin Books .
  • 2 Aug. 1993 . “ ‘Press Statement by the Secretary‐General Following the Special Meeting of the North Atlantic Council in Brussels on 2 Aug. 1993’ ” . 2 Aug. , NATO Public Information Office .
  • Staff . 1993 . ‘Serbs Offer to Open 2 Roads to Sarajevo’ . International Herald Tribune , 6 Aug. : 1
  • Tetts , Gillian and Silber , Laura . 1993 . ‘Karadzic Warns of War if Strikes Go Ahead’ . Financial Times , 11 Aug. : 1
  • Rose , Lt.‐Gen. Michael . 1994 . ‘Bosnia Herzegovina 1994: NATO Support for UN Wider Peacekeeping Operations’ . NATO's Sixteen Nations , 39/3–4 : 10
  • Bellamy , Christopher . 1993 . ‘UN Army Chief Has Doubts on Air Strikes’ . Independent , 7 Aug.
  • Gellman , Barton and Rowe , Trevor . 1993 . ‘NATO Sees UN “Flak” on Campaign in Bosnia’ . International Herald Tribune , 5 Aug. : 1
  • Bryant , Lee . 1993 . ‘Chronology of the Battle for Bosnia’ . Balkan War Report , 21 Aug./Sept. : 8
  • Cowell , Alan . 1994 . ‘NATO Sends Carriers and Jets to Bolster Air Power’ . International Herald Tribune , 12–13 Feb.
  • Lloyd , John , Mauthner , Robert and Dempsey , Judy . 1994 . ‘Russia Opposes Air Strikes’ . Financial Times , 11 Feb.
  • Anthony Lake , W. 1994 . (then President Clinton's National Security Adviser), ‘Power and Diplomacy: America's Democracy Defense’ . International Herald Tribune , 24–25 Sept.
  • Gordon , Michael R. 1993 . ‘Conflict in The Balkans’ . New York Times , 11 April
  • Sudetic , Chuck . 1994 . ‘Serbs Put Retaliatory Squeeze on UN Forces’ . International Herald Tribune , 15 April
  • Thurow , Roger . 1994 . ‘Serbs Bet that West Won't Risk the Thing They Fear: Ground Troops’ . Wall Street Journal , 21 April : A10
  • 1994 . ‘EU Rules Out Military Escalation at Gorazde’ . FBIS‐WEU‐94–075 , 19 April
  • Horvitz , Paul F. 1994 . ‘U.S. Renews Call for Diplomacy in Bosnia’ . International Herald Tribune , 19 April
  • Dodd , Tom . 12 Oct. 1995 . “ ‘War and Peacekeeping in the Former Yugoslavia’ ” . In Research Paper 95/100 , 12 Oct. , 14 – 15 . 26 – 7 . House of Commons Library .
  • Moore , Patrick . 1995 . ‘Karadzic Takes the International Community Hostage’ . Transition , 1/12 14 July : 5
  • Whitney , Craig R. 1995 . ‘NATO Allies Undecided on How to Order Air Strikes’ . International Herald Tribune , 25 July
  • Silber , Laura . 1995 . ‘The Terrifying Logic of War’ . Financial Times , 2–3 Sept. : 8
  • Daly , Emma . 1995 . ‘Thousands of Serbs Flee as Towns Fall’ . The Independent , 14 Sept.
  • Atkinson , Rick . 1995 . ‘The Anatomy of NATO's Decision to Bomb Bosnia’ . International Herald Tribune , 17 Nov.
  • Atkinson , Rick . 1995 . ‘Put to the Test, NATO Shows Its Mettle’ . International Herald Tribune , 20 Nov.
  • Nelson , Mark M. 1995 . ‘Bosnian Serbs to Withdraw Heavy Guns From Sarajevo’ . Wall Street Journal Europe , 15 Sept.
  • 6 Nov. 1995 . “ ‘Fact Sheet Operation Deliberate Force’ ” . 6 Nov. , 8 – 9 . NATO Public Information Office .
  • 9 Oct. 1995 . “ ‘Speech by NATO Secretary General Willy Claes at the 41st Annual Session of the North Atlantic Assembly, Turin, Italy, Oct. 9th, 1995’ ” . 9 Oct. , NATO Public Information Office .
  • Kinzer , Stephen . 1995 . ‘Croats in Bosnia Retreat From Serb Pounding’ . International Herald Tribune , 22 Sept.
  • 1996 . ‘The Crossing of the Mogadishu line’ . The Economist , 338/7948 13 Jan. : 41 – 2 .
  • Nelan , Bruce W. 1995 . ‘Silence of the Guns’ . Time , 146/13 25 Sept.
  • Post , Tom . 1995 . ’Peace? Not Just Yet’ . Newsweek , 126/12 18 Sept. : 19

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.