70
Views
5
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Strategic non‐violent defense: The construct of an option

Pages 125-151 | Published online: 24 Jan 2008

Notes

  • Marshall , S. L. A. 1947 . Men Against Fire , New York : Morrow .
  • Hart , B. H. Liddell . 1968 . “ ‘Lessons from Resistance Movements ‐ Guerilla and Non‐violent’ ” . In Civilian Resistance as a National Defense: Non‐violent Action Against Aggression , Edited by: Roberts , Adam . 210 Harrisburg, Pa. : Stackpole .
  • Lemkin , Raphael . 1944 . Axis Rule in Occupied Europe , 377 Washington : Carnegie Endowment for International Peace .
  • Midlarsky , Manus I. 1977 . [Review of War Without Weapons: Non‐violence in National Defense by Anders Boserup and Andrew Mack] . American Political Science Review , 81/4 Dec. : 1739
  • Burritt , Elihu . 1854 . “ ‘Passive Resistance’ ” . In Thoughts and Things at Home and Abroad , Edited by: Burritt . 269 – 86 . Boston : Philips, Sampson .
  • Lynd , Staughton , ed. 1966 . Nonviolence in America: A Documentary History , 93 – 108 . Indianapolis : Bobbs‐Merrill .
  • Russell , Bertrand . 1915 . ‘War and Non‐Resistance’ . Atlantic Monthly , Aug. : 266 – 74 .
  • Russell . 1916 . Justice in War Time , 38 – 57 . Chicago and London : Open Court .
  • Gandhi , Mohandas K. 1942 1949 . Nonviolence in Peace & War, , Vol. 2 v , Ahmedabad : Navajivan .
  • Muste , A.J. 1954 . How To Deal With a Dictator , Nyack, N.Y. : Fellowship .
  • Hinshaw , Cecil . Mar. 1956 . “ ‘An Adequate and Moral Program of National Defense’, The Peacemaker, supplement (5 Mar. 1950) ” . In Nonviolent Resistance: A Nation's Way to Peace , Rev. ed. , Mar. , Wallingford , Pa. : Pendle Hill Pamphlet .
  • King‐Hall , Stephen . 1959 . Defense in the Nuclear Age , Nyack, N.Y. : Fellowship .
  • Sharp , Gene . 1973 . The Politics of Nonviolent Action , Boston : Porter Sargent .
  • Roberts , Adam . 1970 . “ ‘Civil Resistance as a Technique in International Relations’ ” . In The Yearbook of World Affairs , 25 – 39 . London : Stevens .
  • 1972 and 1976 . Total Defence and Civil Resistance: Problems of Sweden's Security Policy and The Technique of Civil Resistance , Stockholm : Research Institute of Swedish National Defense .
  • Ebert , Theodor , Morris , Hilda and Joffee , George . Sept. 1964 . “ ‘Freedom on the Offensive: Strategy and Tactics of Nonviolent Resistance to a Communist Invasion’ ” . Sept. , Oxford : Civilian Defence Study Conference .
  • Mahadevan , T. K. , Roberts , Adam and Sharp , Gene , eds. 1967 . Civilian Defence: An Introduction, , 150 – 211 . New Delhi : Gandhi Peace Foundation .
  • Kritzer , Herbert M. 1974 . ‘Nonviolent National Defense: Concepts and Implications’ . Peace Research Reviews , April
  • Galtung , John . 1976 . “ ’On the Strategy of Non‐military Defence’, in Galtung ” . In Peace, War and Defence: Essays in Peace Research , Vol. v. 2 , 378 – 426 . 466 – 71 . Copenhagen : Christian Eijlers .
  • Boserup , Anders and Mack , Andrew . 1974 . War Without Weapons: Non‐violence in National Defence , London : Pinter .
  • King‐Hall , Stephen . 1957 . ‘Reflections on Defence’ . King‐Hall News‐Letter# , 1083 24 April
  • Boulton , David , ed. 1964 . Voices from the Crowd: Against the H‐Bomb , 27 – 35 . London : Peter Owen .
  • 1958 . Lecture: ‘The Alternative to the Nuclear Deterrent: Nonviolent Resistance’ . Journal of the Royal United Service Institution , Feb. : 4 – 20 .
  • 1959 . ‘Britain Considers Her Weapons: A Record of a Debate’ . Gandhi Marg , April
  • Kissinger , Henry A. 1958 . Nuclear Weapons and Foreign Policy , New York : Doubleday Anchor .
  • Kaplan , Morton A. 1959 . The Strategy of Limited Retaliation (Princeton University, Center of International Studies . Policy Memorandum , April : 2
  • Kahn , Herman . 1966 . Thinking About The Unthinkable , New York : Avon .
  • Rapoport , Anatol . 1964 . Strategy and Conscience , New York : Harper .
  • Green , Philip . 1966 . Deadly Logic: The Theory of Nuclear Deterrence , Columbus : Ohio State University Press .
  • Kaplan , Morton A. Green , Philip . 1973 . Strategic Thinking and its Moral Implications , 33 University of Chicago Center for Policy Study .
  • Roberts , Adam , eds. Mar. 1964 . “ Civilian Defence, ” . In Peace News Mar. , London
  • Atkeson , Edward B. 1976 . ‘The Relevance of Civilian‐based Defense to US Security Interests’ . Military Review , May, June : 24 – 32 . 45 – 55 .
  • Paige , Glenn D. 1977 . ‘On Values and Science: The Korean Decision Reconsidered’ . American Political Science Review , 71/4 Dec. : 1609
  • Kurz , Harry . The Discourse of Voluntary Servitude, co‐titled The Politics of Obedience , Montreal : Black Rose .
  • Flygare , Wm. , ed. 1974 . The Will to Bondage , Colorado Springs : Ralph Myles Publisher .
  • Carter , April , Hoggett , David and Roberts , Adam , eds. 1970 . Non‐violent Action: A Selected Bibliography, , rev. ed. , London : Housmans .
  • Sharp , Gene . 1970 . Exploring Nonviolent Alternatives , 133 – 59 . Boston : Porter Sargent .
  • 1973 . ‘Out of Phase’ . Newsweek, ’My Turn’ , 16 April : 14 – 15 .
  • Wylie , J. C. 1967 . Military Strategy: A General Theory of Power Control , 13 New Brunswick, N.J. : Rutgers University Press .
  • Hart , B. H. Liddell . Strategy (n. 41 below) , 227 – 29 . 338 – 339 . 344 351
  • Collins , John M. Grand Strategy (n. 43 below) 1 – 7 . 24 – 25 . 73 – 75 .
  • Huxley , Aldous . 1937 . Ends and Means , New York : Harper .
  • Hart , B. H. Liddell . 1967 . Strategy, , 2nd rev. ed. , 227 New York : Praeger .
  • Orig . 1954 . Strategy: The Indirect Approach
  • Collins , John M. 1973 . Grand Strategy: Principles and Practices , 1 Annapolis, Md. : Naval Institute Press .
  • Gandhi , Mahatma . 19 Feb. 1970 . NYT 19 Feb. , 17 – 25 .
  • 28 May 1978 . NYT 28 May , 1
  • 1980 . (U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs . Current Policy , 19 Feb.
  • Bondurant , Joan . 1958 . Conquest of Violence: The Gandhian Philosophy of Conflict, , 34 Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press .
  • Naess , Arne . 1962 . “ ‘Non‐Military Defense’ ” . In Preventing World War III: Some Proposals , Edited by: Wright , Quincy , Evan , William M. and Deutsch , Morton . 123 – 25 . New York : Simon and Schuster .
  • Sept. 1964 . “ ‘What does Civilian Defence Intend to Defend?’ ” . Sept. , Oxford : Civilian Defence Study Conference .
  • Hart , B. H. Liddell . 1960 . “ ‘Passive Resistance’ ” . In Deterrent or Defence , 221 London : Stevens .
  • 1958 . Reynolds News, , 9 Mar.
  • Groom , A.J.R. 1974 . British Thinking About Nuclear Weapons , 418 London : Frances Pinter .
  • 1937 . Europe in Arms , 17 – 18 . New York : Random House .
  • Gregg , Richard . 1934 . The Power of Nonviolence, , 1st ed. , 105 Philadelphia : Lippincott .
  • von Clausewitz , Karl and Jolles , O. J. Matthijs . 1943 . On War , 127 New York : Modern Library .
  • Hitler , Adolf and Manheim , Ralph . 1969 . Mein Kampf , 625 London : Hutchinson .
  • Yahil , Leni and Gradel , Morris . 1969 . The Rescue of Danish Jewry , 45 Philadelphia : Jewish Publication Society of America .
  • Mentze , Ernst . 1946 . 5 Years: The Occupation of Denmark in Pictures , Malmö, Sweden : A.B. Allhems .
  • Toksvig , Signe . 1942 . ‘Denmark's Resistance’ . Atlantic Monthly , Aug. : 68
  • Outze , Børge , ed. 1946 . Denmark During the German Occupation , Copenhagen : Scandinavian Publishing Co. .
  • Bennett , Jeremy . 1966 . British Broadcasting and the Danish Resistance Movement 1940–45 , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
  • Thomas , John Oram . 1975 . The Giant‐Killers , London : Michael Joseph .
  • Haestrup , Jorgen and Spink , Reginald , eds. 1963 . Panorama Denmark ‐ From Occupied to Ally.‐Denmark's Fight for Freedom 1940–45 , Copenhagen : Royal Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs .
  • King‐Hall , Stephen MP . 1942 . ‘The Small Countries’ . Free Denmark , 1/5 Aug. : 1
  • Figures based on a Danish Foreign Ministry Aide Memoire . 1949 . Trial of the Major War Criminals before the International Military Tribunal , 38 623 636 641 Nuremburg : IMT .
  • Bess , Demaree . 1945 . ‘Nothing Rotten in Denmark’ . Saturday Evening Post , 8 Sept. : 46 48
  • Gandhi , M.K. 6 Aug. 1940 . “ ‘What of the Weak Majority?’ ” . 6 Aug. ,
  • Duchacek , Ivo D. 1973 . [Review of Czechoslovakia and the Absolute Monopoly of Power: A Study of Political Power in a Communist System by Barbara Wolfe Jancar] . American Political Science Review , 67 ( 3 ) Sept.
  • Golan , Galia . 1974 . APSR, , 68 ( 4 ) Dec. : 1813 – 15 .
  • von Clausewitz , Karl and Collins , Edward M. , eds. 1967 . War, Politics, and Power: Selections from ‘On War’ and ‘I Believe and Profess’ , Chicago : Regnery Gateway .
  • von Clausewitz , Karl and Gatzke , Hans W. , eds. Sept. 1942 . Principles of War , Sept. , Harrisburg , Pa. : Military Service Publishing .
  • Keyes , Gene . 1981 . ‘Stalin's Kuusinen Government Reconsidered: Nonviolent Defense Clues from the Winter War . Paper presented at the International Studies Association, Annual Meeting . Mar. 19 1981 , Philadelphia .
  • Jakobson , Max . 1961 . The Diplomacy of the Winter War , 259 Cambridge, Mass : Harvard University Press .
  • Arendt , Hannah . 1963 . ‘Eichmann in Jerusalem ‐ IV’ . The New Yorker , 9 Mar. : 68 – 76 .
  • Neergaard , Ebbe . 1948 . Documentary in Denmark , 17 Copenhagen : Statens Filmcentral .
  • Bloch , Arthur . 1977 . Murphy's Law and Other Reasons Why Things Go Wrong! , Los Angeles : Price/Stern/Sloan . ‘If anything can go wrong, it will.’
  • Baylis , John . 1975 . Contemporary Strategy: Theories and Policies , 20 London : Croom Helm .
  • Fisher , Roger . 1969 . International Conflict for Beginners , 201 New York : Harper .
  • Roberts , Adam . 1970 . ‘Research on a Possible Alternative to Military Defence’ . Bulletin of Peace Proposals , 1 Mar. : 287
  • Roberts , Adam . The Technique of Civil Resistance , 119 12 above,
  • This paper is adapted from my 1978 doctoral dissertation at York University, Toronto, entitled Strategic Nonviolent Defense in Theory; Denmark in Practice. Aid and discomfort were provided by David V. J. Bell (chairman), Roddick Byers, and Theodore Olson. John Gellner, Edgar Dosman, and Mulford Q. Sibley were helpful at other stages of the committee process as were my parents, Scott and Charlotte Keyes. With thanks, I absolve them all on any question of style or substance herein.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.