Superpower ASW developments and the survivability of strategic submarines

Notes

• Keller , Bill . 1985 . ‘Doubts Increase Over Future of U.S. Land‐Based Missiles’ . New York Times , 17 June : 11
   Google Scholar
• Wilkes , Owen . 1979 . “ ‘Strategic Antisubmarine Warfare and Its Implications for a Counterforce First Strike’ ” . In World Armaments and Disarmaments: SIPRI Yearbook 1979 , 427 – 52 . New York : Crane Russak .
   Google Scholar
• Statement of Dr George H. Heilmeier, Director, US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, in US Congress Senate. Appropriations Committee . 1977 . Department of Defense Appropriations FY 1978 44 – 6 . Part 5, 95th Cong., 1st Sess.
   Google Scholar
• Blair , Bruce . 1978 . “ ‘Arms Control Implications of Antisubmarine Warfare (ASW) Programs’ ” . In Evaluation of FY 79 Arms Control Impact Statements ...: Report Prepared for the Subcommittee on International Sercurity and Scientific Affairs of the House Committee on International Relations Edited by: Congressional Research Service . 103 – 9 . 95th Cong., 2nd Sess.
   Google Scholar
• Silverstein , Harvey B. 1978 . “ ‘Caesar, SOSUS, and Submarines: Economic and Institutional Implications of ASW Technologies’ ” . In Oceans ‘78 , Edited by: Marine Technology Society and the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers . 407 – 10 . Washington : The Marine Technology Society .
   Google Scholar
• Rowen , Henry . 1978 . ‘New Weapons Technologies and East‐West Security in the 1980s’ . New Conventional Weapons and East‐West Security: Part II — Papers from the IISS Nineteenth Annual Conference . 1978 , London. pp. 2 IISS . Adelphi Paper No. 145
   Google Scholar
• Wit , Joel . 1981 . ‘Advances in Antisubmarine Warfare’ . Scientific American , Feb. : 31 – 41 .
   Google Scholar
• Mather , Ian . 1983 . ‘The Most Secret Service’ . The Observer Magazine , 22 May : 33 – 41 .
   Google Scholar
• Gelb , Leslie . 1982 . ‘Nuclear Bargaining’ . The New York Times Magazine , 27 June : 17
   Google Scholar
• Aldridge , Robert . 1978 . The Counterforce Syndrome: A Guide to U.S. Nuclear Weapons and Strategic Doctrine , 45 – 61 . Washington : Institute for Policy Studies .
   Google Scholar
• Hatfield , Mark O. 1980 . ‘The Age of Anxiety: Emerging Nuclear Tensions in the 1980s’ . AE1 Foreign Policy and Defense Review , 6 : 14 – 15 .
   Google Scholar
• MccGwire , Michael . Dec. 1979 . “ ‘Technological and Operational Trends in the Field of Strategic ASW and Counter‐measures’ ” . Dec. , 54 – 6 . paper prepared for the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Speed , Roger . 1979 . Strategic Deterrence in the 1980s , 56 – 63 . Stanford : Hoover Institution Press .
   Google Scholar
• Moore , K.J. 1977 . “ ‘Antisubmarine Warfare’ ” . In Soviet Naval Influence: Domestic and Foreign Dimensions , Edited by: MccGwire , Michael . New York : Praeger .
   Google Scholar
• Bradsher , Henry . 1977 . ‘Vulnerability Growing for US Sub‐Based Missiles?’ . Washington Star , 12 Dec. : 1
   Google Scholar
• Raynes , Burt F. 1980 . ‘USSR vs. USA: The Coming Window of a First Strike’ . Government Executive , Oct. : 37 – 41 .
   Google Scholar
• Knickerbocker , Brad . 1983 . ‘ “Star Wars” and Ocean Wars Tactics: Good Defense or Not?’ . Christian Science Monitor , 1 Aug. : 3
   Google Scholar
• Toth , Robert . 1983 . ‘US Reliance on Nuclear Subs Being Debated’ . Los Angeles Times , 22 May : 1
   Google Scholar
• Gilbert , Stephen and Thompson , Loren B. 1983 . ‘Our Underwater Fleet Is Vulnerable’ . Wall Street Journal , 19 Sept. : 32
   Google Scholar
• Garn , Jake . 1979 . ‘Soviet Supriority: A Question for National Debate’ . International Security Review , Spring : 19
   Google Scholar
• Cleave , William Van . 1982 . ‘Strategy and the Navy's 1983–87 Program: Skepticism's Warranted’ . Armed Forces Journal International , April : 50 – 51 .
   Google Scholar
• Fialka , John . 1980 . ‘MX Push Based on Feeling Subs Vulnerable’ . Washington Star , 19 April : 1
   Google Scholar
• 1980 . ‘ASW: Is the US Lead Slipping as Russia Begins to Challenge the Last Frontier of US Naval Superiority?’ . Armed Forces Journal International , April : 46 – 7 .
   Google Scholar
• Polmar , Norman . 1979 . ‘Soviet ASW: Highly Capable or Irrelevant?’ . International Defense Review , : 721 – 8 .
   Google Scholar
• Reed , Thomas C. “ ‘News Briefing by Mr. Thomas C. Reed, Director, Telecommunications and Command and Control Systems at the Pentagon, 4 March 1975’ ” . 2 5 8 9 (copy of transcript)
   Google Scholar
• Testimony of William Perry, in US Congress. Senate. Armed Services Committee . 1980 . Department of Defense Authorization for Appropriations For FY 1981 3473 – 74 . Part 6, 96th Cong, 2nd Sess.
   Google Scholar
• 1980 . ‘"Can't Miss Weapons'” — Revolution in Warfare: Interview with Wm. J. Perry, Undersecretary of Defence’ . US News and World Report , 8 Sept. : 61
   Google Scholar
• Barton , John C. III . 1980 . ‘Quietly Conventional’ . Defense and Foreign Affairs , Nov. : 19 – 20 .
   Google Scholar
• Ulsamer , Edgar . 1980 . ‘In Focus ... ‘ . Air Force Magazine , June : 17
   Google Scholar
• Wit , Joel . 1981 . ‘Are Our Boomers Vulnerable’ . US Naval Institute Proceedings , 107 Nov. : 62 69
   Google Scholar
• Burns , Thomas . 1978 . The Secret War for the Ocean Depths , 33 42 New York : Rawson Associates Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Barnaby , Frank . 1979 . ‘Death Beneath the Waves’ . New Scientist , 27 Sept. : 958 – 60 .
   Google Scholar
• Testimony of Adm. Stanfield Turner, in Congress. House. Budget Committee . 1982 . Budget Issues for FY 1983 Vol. 2 , 97 97th Cong., 2nd Sess.
   Google Scholar
• Tierney , John . 1983 . ‘The Invisible Force’ . Science , Nov. : 76
   Google Scholar
• Bagley , Worth H. 1977 . Sea Power and Western Security: The Next Decade , Adelphi Paper No. 139 34 London : IISS .
   Google Scholar
• Wohl , Richard . 1984 . ‘Ocean Transparency: Impossible or Inevitable?’ . Defense Science 2002+ , Feb. : 20 – 28 .
   Google Scholar
• Sullivan , Walter . 1984 . ‘Can Submarines Stay Hidden?” . New York Times , 11 Dec. : 17 – 20 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ulsamer , Edgar . 1984 . ‘Disquiet for the Silent Service’ . Air Force Magazine , Oct. : 1 10 – 12 .
   Google Scholar
• Royce , Knut . 1984 . ‘Report: Soviets track U.S. Subs for Space’ . Baltimore News American , 10 Aug. : 1
   Google Scholar
• Safire , William . 1985 . ‘Degrading Gracefully’ . New York Times , 21 March : 27
   Google Scholar
• Garwin , Richard . 1983 . ‘Will Strategic Submarines Be Vulnerable?’ . International Security , 8 Fall : 52 – 67 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daniel , Donald C. 1984 . ‘Antisubmarine Warfare in The Nuclear Age’ . Orbis , 28 Fall : 527 – 52 .
   Google Scholar
• Daniel , Donald C. Antisubmarine Warfare and Superpower Strategic Stability , London : Macmillan .
   Google Scholar
• Testimony of Rear Admiral Jeffrey Metzel, in US Congress, Senate. Armed Services Committee . 1979 . Department of Defense Authorization for Appropriations for FY 1980 2925 Part 6, 96th Cong., 1st Sess.
   Google Scholar
• Testimony of Dr David Mann, in US Congress. Senate. Armed Services Committee . 1979 . Department of Defense Authorization for Appropriations for FY 1980 2946 Part 6, 96th Cong., 1st Sess.
   Google Scholar
• 1984 . ‘Navy Cancels Planned Underwater Surveillance System’ . Washington Times , 27 Dec. : 3
   Google Scholar
• 1985 . ‘Revival for “Dead” U.S. Navy ASW Programme’ . Jane's Defence Weekly , 26 Jan. : 133
   Google Scholar
• Weinberger , Casper W. 1985 . FY 86 Report of Secretary of Defense Caspar W. Weinberger , 168 Washington, DC : Government Printing Office .
   Google Scholar
• Testimony of R. Admiral A.L. Kelln in US Congress. Senate. Armed Services Committee . 1979 . Department of Defense Authorization for Appropriation for FY 1980 6646 Part 10, 96th Cong., 1st Sess.
   Google Scholar
• Statement of Dr Robert Fossum, in US Congress. House. Armed Services Committee . 1980 . Hearings on Military Posture and HR 6495 595 Part 10, 96th Cong., 2nd Sess.
   Google Scholar
• Weinberger , Caspar . 1983 . Annual Report for the Congress Fiscal Year 1984 , 150 Washington, DC : Government Printing Office .
   Google Scholar
• Metzel in Senate Armed Services Committee . DoD Authorization for Appropriations for FY 1980 2933
   Google Scholar
• Testimony of Rear Admiral D.M. Smith in US Congress. House. Armed Services Committee . 1981 . Hearing on Military Posture and HR 2970 555 Part 4, 97th Cong., 1st Sess.
   Google Scholar
• Paisley , Assistant Navy Secretary Melvyn . 1982 . ‘US Navy Strategic and Tactical C3I for the 80s’ . Signal , Sept. : 18 – 20 .
   Google Scholar
• Daniel . “ ‘Antisubmarine Warfare in the Nuclear Age’ ” . 529 – 35 .
   Google Scholar
• Tsipis , Kosta and Forsberg , Randall . 1974 . Tactical and Strategic Antisubmarine Warfare: A SIPRI Monograph , Cambridge : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Tsipis , Kosta . 1985 . ‘Expert Views State of ASW Art’ . Defense Week , 7 Jan. : 10
   Google Scholar
• Cox , Albert W. 1974 . Sonar and Underwater Sound , 6 Lexington, MA : D.C. Heath .
   Google Scholar
• 1985 . ‘Navy Says Space Data Will Help Submarines’ . New York Times , 22 March : 15
   Google Scholar
• Tierney , John . 1983 . ‘The Invisible Force’ . Science , Nov. : 74
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Admiral , R. and Geiger , R.K. 1977 . “ ‘Remote Sensing in Ocean Surveillance — Promises, Problems and Perspectives’ ” . In Applications of Remote Sensing to Ocean Surveillance , AGARD Lecture Series No. 88 Edited by: Advisory Group for Aerospace Research and Development (AGARD) . 1 – 1 . London : Technical Editing and Reproduction Ltd. .
   Google Scholar
• Garwin . “ ‘Will Strategic Submarines Be Vulnerable?’ ” . 66
   Google Scholar
• Wettern , Desmond . 1984 . ‘ASW's Silent Tomorrow’ . Defense and Foreign Affairs , November : 20 – 22 .
   Google Scholar
• Barnard , Richard . 1984 . ‘Soviets Plan Nine New Classes of Attack and Ballistic Subs’ . Defense Week , 23 July : 1 – 6ff .
   Google Scholar
• Moore , John , ed. 1981 . Jane's Fighting Ships, 1981–82 , London : Jane's Publishing Co. .
   Google Scholar
• MccGwire , Michael . 1976 . “ ‘Maritime Strategy and the Super‐Powers’ ” . In Power at Sea — Part II: Superpowers and Navies , Adelphi Paper No. 123 Edited by: IISS . 23 London : IISS .
   Google Scholar
• Berman , Robert and Baker , John . 1982 . Soviet Strategic Forces , 36 – 7 . Washington : Brookings .
   Google Scholar
• Testimony of Rear Admiral Donald Harvey, in US Congress. Senate. Armed Services Committee . 1977 . FY 78 Authorization for Military Procurement 6665 Part 10, 95th Cong. 1st Sess.
   Google Scholar
• Bellany , Ian . 1982 . ‘Sea Power and the Soviet Submarine Forces’ . Survival , Jan./Feb. : 5
   Google Scholar
• US Congress, Office of Technology Assessment . 1981 . M‐X Missile Basing , 180 Washington, DC : Government Printing Office .
   Google Scholar
• Besnault , Rene . 1979 . ‘Genese, Vie, et Survie de S.N.L.E’ . Strategique , : 124
   Google Scholar
• Testimony of Rear‐Admiral Sumner Shapiro, in US Congress. Senate. Armed Services Committee . 1979 . Department of Defense Authorization for Appropriations for FY 1979 6664 – 65 . Part 9, 95th Cong., 2nd Sess.
   Google Scholar
• Weinberger , Caspar . 1982 . FY 83 Annual Report of Secretary of Defense Caspar Weinberger , 11 – 13 . 14 Washington, DC : Government Printing Office .
   Google Scholar
• Hill , Rear‐Admiral Jr. 1984 . Anti‐Submarine Warfare , 96 London : Ian Allan Ltd. .
   Google Scholar
• Testimony of Admiral Thomas Hayward, in US CongTess. Senate. Armed Services Committee . 1980 . Department of Defense Authorization for Appropriations for FY 1981 867 Part 2, 96th Cong., 2nd Sess.
   Google Scholar
• 1983 . ‘Admiral Urges U.S. to Counter Under‐Ice Subs’ . International Herald Tribune , 20 May : 3
   Google Scholar
• Urick , R.J. 1979 . Sound Propagation in the Sea , 6 – 19 . Washington, DC : Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency .
   Google Scholar
• Tsipis , Kosta . 1973 . “ ‘Underwater Acoustic Detection’ ” . In The Future of the Sea‐Based Deterrent , Edited by: Tsipis , Anne Cahn and Feld , Bernard . 182 Cambridge, MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Urick . 1975 . Principles of Underwater Sound , 158 New York : McGraw‐Hill .
   Google Scholar
• McLaren , Alfred S. 1981 . ‘Under Ice in Submarines’ . U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings , 107 July : 109
   Google Scholar
• Diachok , O.I. 1975 . ‘Effects of Sea Ice Ridges on Sound Propagation in the Artie Ocean’ . Oceanic Acoustic Modelling Proceedings of a Conference Held at SACLANTCEN . Sept. 8–11 1975 , La Spezia, Italy. Edited by: SACLANT ASW Research Center . pp. 9 – 3 .
   Google Scholar
• Allen , Thomas B. and Polmar , Norman . 1984 . ‘The Silent Chase’ . New York Times Magazine , 1 Jan. : 16
   Google Scholar
• Zug'min , I. 1979 . ‘Reconnaissance of Nuclear Ballistic Missile Submarines’ . Morskoy Sbornik , : 66
   Google Scholar
• Jacobsen , Carl . 1976 . “ ‘The “Civilian” Fleets: Notes on Military‐Civilian Integration in the USSR’ ” . In Soviet Oceans Development , Edited by: Hardt , John . 276 – 9 . Washington, DC : Government Printing Office .
   Google Scholar
• Testimony of Rear Admiral Donald P. Harvey in US Congress. Senate. Armed Services Committee . 1977 . Fiscal Year 1978 Authorization for Military Procurement, Research and Development and Active Selected Reserve, and Civillian Personnel Strengths 6620 Part 10, 95th Cong., 1st Sess.
   Google Scholar
• Keller , Bill . 1985 . ‘Spy Case is Called Threat to Finding Soviet Submarines’ . New York Times , 6 June : 1
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Testimony of Vice Admiral K. McKee in US Congress. House. Armed Services Committee . 1981 . Hearings on Military Posture and HR 2790 Department of Defence Authorization for Appropriations for FY 1982 822 Part 4, 97th Cong., 1st Sess.
   Google Scholar
• Wilson , George C. 1978 . ‘Navy Seeks $191 Million to Fix Warning System’ . Washington Post , 16 June : A 26
   Google Scholar
• 1978 . ‘Trawlers are Ripping Up Navy's Secret Undersea Spy System’ . San Francisco Chronicle , 16 June : 21
   Google Scholar
• Mikhed'ko , Captain 1st rank M. 1976 . ‘Electronic Warfare and the Submarine’ . Morskoy Sbornik , : 94
   Google Scholar
• Daniel . “ ‘Antisubmarine Warfare in the Nuclear Age’ ” . 529 – 45 .
   Google Scholar
• Guidry , Vemon A. Jr. 1984 . ‘Satellite's loss raises questions on US subs . Baltimore Sun , 19 Sept. : 1
   Google Scholar
• 1985 . ‘Sub Detection’ . Aerospace Daily , 7 Jan. : 25
   Google Scholar
• Garrett , Christopher and Munk , Walter J. 1979 . “ ‘Internal Waves in the Ocean’ ” . In Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics , Edited by: Van Dyke , W. , Wehausen , J.V. and Lumley , J.L. Vol. II , 339 357 Palo Alto, CA : Annual Review Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Elachi , Charles . 1982 . ‘Radar Images of the Earth from Space’ . Scientific American , Dec. : 61
   Google Scholar
• Fu , L.L. and Holt , Benjamin . 1982 . SEASAT Views Oceans and Sea Ice With Synthetic Aperture Radar , 26 Pasadena, CA : Jet Propulsion Laboratory .
   Google Scholar
• Craven , John P. 1968 . “ ‘Ocean Technology and Submarine Warfare’ ” . In The Implications of Military Technology in the 1970s , Adelphi Paper No. 64 42 London : IISS .
   Google Scholar
• Elachi , C. 1982 . ’Shuttle Imaging Radar Experiment’ . Science , Dec. : 1003
   Google Scholar
• Beal , R.R. 1981 . “ ‘Introduction’ ” . In Spaceborne Synthetic Aperture Radar for Oceanography , Edited by: Beal . 15 – 16 . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Jordan , R.L. 1980 . ‘The Seasat‐A Synthetic Aperture Radar System’ . IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering , April : 161
   Google Scholar
• Testimony of William Perry in US Congress. Senate. Armed Services Committee . 1980 . Department of Defense Authorization for Appropriations for FY 1981 3473 – 75 . Part 6, 96th Cong., 2nd Sess.
   Google Scholar
• 1982 . ‘ICBMs vs. Subs’ . Aerospace Daily , 6 Dec. : 178
   Google Scholar
• Gay , Lance . 1982 . ‘Brown Cites N‐Sub Peril by 1990s’ . Pittsburgh Press , 8 Dec. : 11
   Google Scholar
• Brown , Harold . 1983 . Thinking About National Security: Defense and Foreign Policy in a Dangerous World , 63 – 4 . Boulder, CO : Westview .
   Google Scholar
• US Department of Defense . 1985 . Soviet Military Power 1984 , 30 – 33 . Washington, DC : Government Printing Office .
   Google Scholar
• 1985 . ‘Navy Says Space Data Will Help Submarines’ . New York Times , 22 March : 15
   Google Scholar
• Quanbeck , Alton and Blechman , Barry M. 1971 . Strategic Forces: Issues for the Mid‐Seventies , 80 Washington : Brookings .
   Google Scholar
• Sokolovsky , V.I. 1968 . Soviet Military Strategy , 3rd ed. , Edited by: Scott , Harriet F. 301 New York : Crane Russak .
   Google Scholar
• Gorshkov , Sergei . 1979 . The Sea Power of the State , 207 Oxford : Pergamon Press .
   Google Scholar
• MccGwire , Michael . 1979 . ‘Naval Power and Soviet Global Strategy’ . International Security , 3 Spring : 134 167
   Google Scholar
• Polmar , Norman . 1976 . ‘Thinking About Soviet ASW’ . V.S. Naval Institute Proceedings , 102 May : 102 108 122 124
   Google Scholar
• Adelman , Joseph . 1980 . ‘Soviet ASW ‐ Ahead or Behind’ . Defence , June : 436
   Google Scholar
• Assembly of the Western European Union . 29 Nov. 1976 . “ ‘Anti‐Submarine Warfare: Report Submitted on Behalf of the Committee of Defense Questions and Armaments by Mr. Roper, Rapporteur’ ” . 29 Nov. , 7 Document 725
   Google Scholar
• Besnault , Rene . “ ‘Genese, Vie, et Survie de S.N.L.E’ ” . 39
   Google Scholar
• Burns . The Secret War for the Ocean Depths 155
   Google Scholar
• Polmar , Norman . “ ‘Soviet ASW: Highly Capable or Irrelevant?’ ” . 721 723 726
   Google Scholar
• Synhorst , Gerald . 1973 . ‘Soviet Interest in the Maritime Arctic’ . US. Naval Institute Proceedings , 99 May : 88 93
   Google Scholar
• Tsipis and Forsberg . Tactical and Strategic Antisubmarine Warfare 81
   Google Scholar
• Couhat , Jean Labayle and Baker , A.D. III , eds. 1984 . Combat Fleets of the World 1984185: Their Ships, Aircraft, and Armament , 683 703 Annapolis : Naval Institute Press .
   Google Scholar
• 1982 . ‘Keeping High‐Tech Secrets’ . Newsweek , 25 Jan. : 34
   Google Scholar
• Mahony , Edmund . 1983 . •Vessel Trawling Off Block Island Snags Soviet Spy Buoy’ . Hartford Courant , 4 March : 3
   Google Scholar
• 1981 . ‘Soviet Detector Washes Up Ashore” . Washington Star , 6 June : 2
   Google Scholar
• 1983 . ‘Soviets Bug Trident Sub Testing Range’ . Chicago Tribune , 24 June : 10
   Google Scholar
• Talbott , Strobe . 1981 . ‘The Soviets Stir Up the Pacific’ . Time , 23 March : 54 – 5 .
   Google Scholar
• 1983 . ‘Weinberger Say Soviet Device Found Near Base’ . International Herald Tribune , 7 June : 3
   Google Scholar
• Perry , William J. 20 Jan. 1981 . The FY 1982 Department of Defense Program for Research, Development, and Acquisition 20 Jan. , 1 – 6 .
   Google Scholar
• Testimony of Admiral Harry Train in US Congress. House. Armed Services Committee . 30 March 1981 . Hearings on Military Posture and H.R. 2970 H.R. 3519), and H.R. 2614 30 March , 775 Part 4, 97th Cong., 1st sess.
   Google Scholar
• Deming , Angus and Horrock , Nicholas M. 1984 . ‘The Frozen War’ . Newsweek , 23 Jan. : 36
   Google Scholar
• Barnard , Richard . 1984 . ‘Soviets Plan Nine New Classes of Attack and Ballistic Subs’ . Defense Week , 23 July : 1
   Google Scholar
• 1983 . ‘Some of Our Chips Are Missing’ . Time , 14 March : 32
   Google Scholar
• 1983 . ‘Soviets Spy on Sub With US Designed Device’ . Chicago Tribune , 27 June : 13
   Google Scholar
• Testimony of Admiral James Watkins in US Congress. House. Armed Services Committee . 17 Feb. 1983 . Hearings on Defense Department Authorization and Oversight 17 Feb. , Part 1 98th Cong., 1st sess.
   Google Scholar
• United Press International . 1984 . ‘Shipment to Soviets Thwarted’ . Washington Post , 28 Dec. : 19
   Google Scholar
• Testimony of Rear Admiral Sumner Shapiro in US Congress. Senate. Armed Services Committee . 14 April 1978 . Hearings On Department of Defense Authorization for Appropriations for FY 1979 14 April , 6667 Part 9, 95th Cong., 2nd sess.
   Google Scholar
• Manthorpe , William . 1980 . ‘The Soviet Navy in 1979 ‐ Part I’ . US. Naval Institute Proceedings , 106 April : 115
   Google Scholar
• Ulsamer , Edgar . 1984 . ‘Disquiet for the Silent Service’ . Air Force , Oct. : 25 – 6 .
   Google Scholar
• Ball , Desmond . 1981 . Can Nuclear War Be Controlled? , Adelphi Paper No.169 44 London : IISS .
   Google Scholar
• Abdel‐Hady , M. and Sadek , A. 1982 . “ ‘Verification Using Satellites: Feasibility of an International or Multilateral Agency’ ” . In Outer Space — A New Dimension of the Arms Race , Edited by: Jasani , B. 284 London : Taylor & Francis .
   Google Scholar
• Bradsher , Henry . 1981 . ‘Soviet Push Research to Locate Submarines’ . Washington Star , 31 July : 6
   Google Scholar
• MccGwire , Michael . “ ‘Technological and Operational Trends in the Field of Strategic ASW and Countermeasures’ ” . 52 – 6 .
   Google Scholar
• 1982 . ‘Salyut 7 and ASW’ . Aerospace Daily , 29 Nov. : 137
   Google Scholar
• Toth , Robert . 1983 . ‘US Reliance on Nuclear Subs Being Debated’ . Los Angeles Times , 22 May : 1
   Google Scholar
• Andrews , Walter . 1984 . ‘Soviet said able to target U.S. subs from space by radar’ . Washington Times , 16 Aug. : 5
   Google Scholar
• Royce , Knut . 1984 . ‘Report: Soviet track U.S. subs from space’ . Baltimore News American , 10 Aug. : 1
   Google Scholar
• Andrews , Walter . 1984 . ‘Soviet ability to target subs is denied’ . Washington Times , 17 Aug. : 1
   Google Scholar
• Couhat and Baker . Combat Fleets of the World 1984/85 853 – 4 .
   Google Scholar
• Lautenschlager , Karl . 1983 . ‘Technology and the Evolution of Naval Warfare’ . International Security , 8 Fall : 3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Defense Intelligence Agency . January 1985 . Unclassified Communist Naval Orders of Battle , January , 1 – 2 . Washington, DC : D.I.A. .
   Google Scholar
• Couhat and Baker . Combat Fleets of the World 1984185 705
   Google Scholar
• Moore , John , ed. 1984 . Jane's Fighting Ships 1984–85 , 508 London : Jane's Publishing Co. .
   Google Scholar
• Delauer , Richard . 1983 . The FY 1984 Department of Defense Program for Research and Development , II‐18 Washington, DC : Government Printing Office .
   Google Scholar
• Perry , William . 1981 . The FY 1982 Department of Defense Program for Research, Development, and Acquisition , II‐33 Washington, DC : Government Printing Office .
   Google Scholar
• Department of Defense . 1985 . Soviet Military Power 1985 , 4th ed. , 21 95 – 7 . Washington, DC : Government Printing Office .
   Google Scholar
• Defense Intelligence Agency . Jan. 1985 . Unclassified Communist Naval Orders of Battle Jan. , 2 – 3 .
   Google Scholar
• Testimony of Rear‐Admiral Sumner Shapiro in US Congress. House. Armed Services Committee . 26 Feb. 1981 . Hearings on Military Posture and H.R. 2970, (H.R. 3519), and H.R. 2614 26 Feb. , 31 – 2 . Part 3), 97th Cong., 1st sess.
   Google Scholar
• 1981 . ‘Soviet Spy Ship Lurks Offshore to Study New US Trident Sub” . Washington Star , 12 June : 5
   Google Scholar
• Bussert , Jim . 1983 . ‘ASW Weapons Analysis’ . Defense Science and Electronics , March : 52 – 5 .
   Google Scholar
• DeLauer , Richard . The FY 1984 Department of Defense Program II‐18
   Google Scholar
• Perry , William . The FY 1982 Department of Defense Program VII‐57
   Google Scholar
• Testimony of Rear Admiral Sumner Shapiro in Senate Armed Services Committee . Department of Defense Authorization for FY 1979 6665 Part 9
   Google Scholar
• Testimony of Dr David Mann in Senate Armed Services Committee . Department of Defense Authorization for FY 1980 2969 Part 6
   Google Scholar
• Couhat and Baker . Combat Fleets of the World 1984185 852 – 3 .
   Google Scholar
• Moore . Jane's Fighting Ships 1983–84 635
   Google Scholar
• US Congress. Senate. Armed Services Committee . 30 Oct. 1981 . Strategic Force Modernization Programs 30 Oct. , 185 – 8 . 97th Cong., 1st sess.
   Google Scholar
• Church , George . 1983 . ‘Who Says Numbers Never Lie’ . Time , 4 April : 23
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Scowcroft , Brent . 1983 . Report of the Presidents Commission on Strategic Forces , 9 Washington, DC : Government Printing Office .
   Google Scholar
• Couhat and Baker . Combat Fleets of the World 1984185 824 854 – 6 .
   Google Scholar
• Moore . Jane's Fighting Ships 1984–85 650
   Google Scholar
• Nikitin , Captain 2nd Rank Ye. 1984 . ‘Threat from the Deep, Part 2’ . Krasnaya Zvezda , 3 July : 3
   Google Scholar
• FBIS . 10 July 1984 . Soviet Union ‐ Daily Report 10 July , AAll
   Google Scholar
• Moore . Jane's Fighting Ships 1984–85 507
   Google Scholar
• Wilson , George C. 1983 . ‘Soviet Submarines to Carry Cruise Missiles’ . Washington Post , 11 June : 10
   Google Scholar
• Testimony of Rear‐Admiral Charles Larson in US Congress. House. Armed Services Committee . 21 March 1979 . Hearings on Military Posture and H.R. 1872 (H.R. 4040) and H.R. 2575 21 March , 595 Part 4, 96th Cong., 1st sess.
   Google Scholar
• Halloran , Richard . 1984 . ‘Cost of Trident Missile Cut by $1 Billion’ . New York Times , 24 Oct. : 9
   Google Scholar
• Ulsamer , Edgar . 1983 . ‘Bobbing, Weaving, and Fighting Smart’ . Air Force , Aug. : 88
   Google Scholar
• 1983 . ‘Letter to the Editor’ . Wall Street Journal , 30 Sept.
   Google Scholar
• Testimony of Admiral James Holloway in US Congress. House. Appropriations Committee . 10 Feb. 1976 . Department of Defense Appropriations for FY 1977 10 Feb. , 142 Part 2, 94th Cong., 2d sess.
   Google Scholar
• Testimony of Vice‐Admiral Nils Thunman in US Congress. House. Armed Services Committee . 11 March 1982 . Hearings on Military Posture and H.R. 5968 H.R. 6030, Department of Defense Authorization for Appropriations for FY83 11 March , 233 Part 4, 97th Cong., 2d sess.
   Google Scholar
• Testimony of Vice‐Admiral John G. Williams in US Congress. House. Armed Services Committee . 5 March 1981 . Hearings on Military Posture and H.R. 2970 (H.R. 3519), and H.R. 2614 5 March , Part 3, 97th Cong., 1st sess.
   Google Scholar
• Mooney , Rear‐Admiral J.B. Jr. 20–22 Sept. 1982 . “ ‘Recognizing the Contribution of Oceanography’ ” . 20–22 Sept. , 374 Washington, DC : Marine Technology Society and IEEE Council on Oceanic Engineering . ‘Oceans 82 Conference Record’
   Google Scholar
• Perry , William . 1982 . “ ‘Technological Prospects’ ” . In Rethinking the U.S. Strategic Posture , Edited by: Blechman , Barry . 137 Cambridge, MA : Ballinger Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Associated Press . 1985 . ‘Navy Says Space Data Will Help Submarines’ . New York Times , 22 March : 15
   Google Scholar
• Testimony of Dr David Mann in Senate Armed Services Committee . Department of Defense Authorization for Appropriations for FY 1980 2990 Part 6
   Google Scholar
• Testimony of Rear‐Admiral Powell Carter in US Congress. House. Armed Services Committee . 5 March 1981 . Hearing on Military Posture and HR 2970 (H.R. 3519), and H.R. 2614 5 March , 139 Part 3, 97th Cong., 1st sess.
   Google Scholar
• Testimony of Dr William Perry in US Congress. Senate. Armed Service Committee . 5 April 1979 . Department of Defense Authorization for Appropriations for FY 1980 5 April , 1327 Part 3, 96th Cong., 1st sess.
   Google Scholar
• Wrixon , Tim . 1984 . ‘Bear‐F over the North Atlantic’ . Jane's Defence Weekly , 11 Feb. : 188
   Google Scholar
• Weinberger , Casper . 1982 . Annual Report to the Congress, Fiscal Year 1983 , II‐13 Washington, DC : Government Printing Office .
   Google Scholar
• MccGwire . “ ‘Technological and Operational Trends in The Field of Strategic ASW and Countermeasures’ ” . 52 – 6 .
   Google Scholar
• Testimony of Rear‐Admiral Sumner Shapiro in Senate Armed Services Committee . Department of Defense Authorization for FY 1979 6664 – 67 . Part 9
   Google Scholar
• Meyer , Stephen M. 1984 . ‘Verification and Risk in Arms Control’ . International Security , 8 Spring : 111 117 – 19 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar