Reconsidering the evolution of the US maritime strategy 1955–1965

Notes

• Hagan , Kenneth . 1991 . This People's Navy: The Making of American Sea Power , New York : Free Press .
   Google Scholar
• Mearsheimer , John . 1986 . ‘A Strategic Misstep: The Maritime Strategy and Deterrence in Europe’ . International Security , 11 Fall : 3 – 57 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Komer , Robert . 1984 . Maritime Strategy and Coalition Defense , Cambridge MA : Abt Books .
   Google Scholar
• Kaufmann , William . 1987 . A Thoroughly Efficient Navy , Washington DC : Brookings .
   Google Scholar
• Posen , Barry . 1982 . ‘Inadvertant Nuclear War?: Escalation and NATO's Northern Flank’ . International Security , 7 Fall : 28 – 54 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooks , Linton F. 1986 . ‘Naval Power and National Security: The Case fore the Maritime Strategy’ . International Security , 11 Fall : 58 – 88 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hattendorf , John B. 1988 . ‘The Evolution of the Maritime Strategy: 1977–1987’ . Naval War College Review , 41 Summer : 7 – 38 . (hereafter, NWCR)
   Google Scholar
• Friedman , Norman . 1988 . The US Maritime Strategy , London : Jane's Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Hartmann , Frederick . 1990 . Naval Renaissance: The US Navy in the 1980s , Annapolis : Naval Institute Press .
   Google Scholar
• Davis , Vincent . 1962 . Postwar Defense Policy and the US Navy, 1943–1946 , Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press .
   Google Scholar
• 1967 . Admirals Lobby , Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press .
   Google Scholar
• Coletta , Paolo . 1981 . The United States Navy and Defense Unification, 1947–1953 , Newark : University of Delaware Press .
   Google Scholar
• Rosenberg , David A. 1980 . Historical Perspectives in Long‐Range Planning in the Navy , Washington : Office of the Assistant Secretary of the Navy .
   Google Scholar
• Love , Robert W. Jr. , ed. 1980 . “ ‘Arleigh Burke’ ” . In The Chiefs of Naval Operations , Annapolis : Naval Institute Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hurley , Alfred and Ehrhart , Robert , eds. 1979 . “ ‘American Postwar Air Doctrine and Organization: The Navy Experience’ ” . In Air Power and Warfare: The Proceedings of the 8th Military History Symposium , Colorado : USAF Academy, Office of Air Force History .
   Google Scholar
• Millett , Allen , Murray , Williamson and Watman , Kenneth . 1986 . ‘The Effectiveness of Military Organizations’ . International Security , 11 Summer : 38 – 40 .
   Google Scholar
• Miller , Steven E. 1989 . “ ‘Rough Sailing: The US Navy in the Nuclear Age’ ” . In America's Defense , Edited by: Mandelbaum , Michael A. 37 – 71 . New York : Holmes and Meier .
   Google Scholar
• Palmer , Michael A. 1988 . Origins of the Maritime Strategy: American Naval Strategy in the First Postwar Decade , Washington : Naval Historical Center . Ch. 3.
   Google Scholar
• Williams , John A. 1981 . ‘US Navy Missions and Force Structure: A Critical Appraisal’ . Armed Force and Society , 7 Summer : 501 – 502 .
   Google Scholar
• Bradley , Gens , Harkins , Thacher , Wornham and Burke , Adm. 26 March 1953 . “ ‘Revision of Format of Part “B” of JSCP’ ” . 26 March , 161C DDRS . 1976
   Google Scholar
• Memo, Joint Staff to JCS . 4 November 1952 . “ ‘Drafting a proposed memorandum for the Secretary of Defense’ ” . 4 November , 9
   Google Scholar
• National Archives (NA); House Subcommittee on Appropriations (HSCA) . 1953 . Department of the Navy Appropriations for 1954 . 83rd Congress, 1st Session . 1953 , Washington. pp. 52 US Government Printing Office .
   Google Scholar
• Palmer . Origins , 29 – 30 .
   Google Scholar
• Craft , James . 1969 . “ ‘The Role of Congress in the Determination of Navy Strategy in Support of US Foreign Policy, 1956–1966’ ” . 263 – 264 . 361 University of Pennsylvania . Ph.D. Dissertation
   Google Scholar
• Friedman , Norman . 1986 . The Postwar Naval Revolution , 23 Annapolis : Naval Institute Press .
   Google Scholar
• Palmer . Origins , xviii
   Google Scholar
• Friedman . US Maritime Strategy , 195
   Google Scholar
• Trachtenberg , Marc . 1988/89 . ‘A “Wasting Asset”: American Strategy and the Shifting Nuclear Balance, 1949–1954’ . International Security , 13 Winter : 5 – 49 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palmer . 1989 . ‘Professional Notes’ . NWCR , 42 Summer : 124
   Google Scholar
• Jervis , Robert . 1984 . The Illogic of American Nuclear Strategy , 56 Ithaca : Cornell University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Sigal , Leon . 1988 . Fighting to a Finish: The Politics of War Termination in the United States and Japan, 1945 , 22 Ithaca : Cornell University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Waltz . 1990 . ‘Nuclear Myths and Political Realities’ . American Political Science Review , 84 Sept. : 739
   Google Scholar
• Kahn , Herman . 1961 . On Thermonuclear War , 37 Princeton : Princeton University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Brodie , Bernard . 6 February 1956 . “ ‘Influence of Mass Destruction Weapons on Strategy,’ ” . 6 February ,
   Google Scholar
• 1975 . NWCR , 28 May‐June : 65
   Google Scholar
• Carver , Michael . 1986 . “ ‘Conventional Warfare in the Nuclear Age’ ” . In Makers of Modern Strategy from Machiavellie to the Nuclear Age , Edited by: Paret , Peter . 783 Princeton : Princeton University Press .
   Google Scholar
• CNO Fechteler . 13 May 1953 . “ ‘Current Naval Problems,’ ” . 13 May , 6
   Google Scholar
• Gaddis . 1987 . The Long Peace: Inquires into the History of the Cold War , 107 NY : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Carney , Adm. 1954 . ‘The Role of the Navy in a Future War’ . NWCR , 7 June : 8 – 9 .
   Google Scholar
• Church , Cdr. A. 1956 . ‘The Three Wars That Face Us’ . United Slates Naval Institute Proceedings (USNIP) , 82 Feb. : 148
   Google Scholar
• Brodie . 1965 . A Guide to Naval Strategy , 225 NY : Praeger Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Lacy , James . 1983 . Within Bounds: The Navy in Postwar American Security Policy , 210 VA : Center for Naval Analyses .
   Google Scholar
• Huntington , Samuel . 1961 . The Common Defense: Strategic Programs in National Politics , 423 – 424 . NY : Columbia University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ries , John . 1964 . The Management of Defense: Organization and Control of the US Armed Forces , 115 Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press .
   Google Scholar
• 4 September 1956 . “ ‘Long Range Objectives Conference’ ” . 4 September ,
   Google Scholar
• CNO to JCS . 22 December 1953 . “ ‘Basic Issue Underlying the Divergent Views in the Joint Strategic Capabilities Plan ‐ 1 July 1954’ ” . 22 December ,
   Google Scholar
• Schratz , Paul . “ ‘Robert Carney’ ” . In Chiefs of Naval Operations Edited by: Love . 249
   Google Scholar
• Baldwin , Hanson . 1958 . ‘New Battleship ‐ the Atomic Submarine,’ . New York Times Magazine , 16 March : 101
   Google Scholar
• Larsen , Capt. H. N. 2 May 1955 . “ ‘Massive Retaliation, A Maginot Concept’ ” . 2 May , 17
   Google Scholar
• Gaddis . Long Peace , 127
   Google Scholar
• CNO to Secretary JCS . 20 January 1955 . “ ‘the State of U.S. Programs for National Security’ ” . 20 January , 4 Serial 00050P60
   Google Scholar
• Rosenberg . “ ‘Arleigh Burke’ ” . 286
   Google Scholar
• 17 August 1961 . “ ‘Estimated Capabilities of USN Antisubmarine Forces’ ” . 17 August ,
   Google Scholar
• Sokolsky , Joel J. 1985 . “ ‘Sea Power in the Nuclear Age: NATO as a Maritime Alliance’ ” . Harvard University . Ph. D. Dissertation
   Google Scholar
• Memo . 17 September 1954 . “ ‘Considerations Pertaining to the Naval Warfare Analysis Group’ ” . 17 September , 1
   Google Scholar
• Glennon , Capt. P. T. 14 April 1960 . “ ‘The Anti‐Submarine Problem in the Atlantic’ ” . 14 April , 45
   Google Scholar
• Memo, Director OEG to Director UWD . 29 November 1955 . “ ‘Considerations Bearing on the Problem of North Atlantic Shipping’ ” . 29 November , 5
   Google Scholar
• Goodpaster . “ ‘Memorandum of Conference with the President, 21 March 1958,’ ” . 2
   Google Scholar
• Memo, Chairman Standing Committee on Long Range Shipbuilding and Conversion Plan to Members of Standing Committee . 2 November 1955 . “ ‘Implications of Future War Situations’ ” . 2 November , 10 Serial 007P03B1
   Google Scholar
• Keegan , John . 1988 . The Price of Admiralty: The Evolution of Naval Warfare , 321 NY : Viking Penguin .
   Google Scholar
• 1959 . ‘Report of Antisubmarine Conference, March 4–7 1959’ . OPNAV ASW Conference conclusions . October 30 1959 .
   Google Scholar
• Shoulder . 14 April 1960 . “ ‘The Problem of Anti‐Submarine Warfare’ ” . 14 April , 52 – 53 . RG 13, NWCA
   Google Scholar
• Steele , Cdr. G. 1960 . ‘Killing Nuclear Submarines’ . USNIP , 86 Nov. : 45 – 46 .
   Google Scholar
• Gallery , Rear Adm. Daniel V. Jr. 1969 . ‘ASW: The Navy's Number One Problem’ . Data , July : 25
   Google Scholar
• Brownlow , Cecil . 1966 . ‘Navy Seeks Quantum ASW Improvements,’ . Aviation Week and Space Technology , 27 June : 22
   Google Scholar
• Nitze , Paul . 1989 . ‘Running the Navy’ . USNIP , 115 Sept. : 75 – 76 .
   Google Scholar
• Krolczyk , Cdr. S.P. 14 April 1960 . “ ‘Carrier Strike Force Air Defense’ ” . 14 April , 39 42 50
   Google Scholar
• Friedman . US Maritime Strategy 11
   Google Scholar
• Davis , Vincent . “ ‘The Evolution of Central US Defense Management’ ” . 153 – 4 .
   Google Scholar
• Lynn , William . “ ‘The Wars Within: The Joint Military Structure and Its Critics’ ” . 177
   Google Scholar
• Art , Robert , Davis , Vincent and Huntington , Samuel , eds. 1985 . Reorganizing, America's Defense: Leadership in War and Peace , Washington : Pergamon‐Brassey's .
   Google Scholar
• Brown , Rear Adm. C. R. 11 February 1954 . “ ‘Development of the Joint Strategic Plan’ ” . 11 February , 6
   Google Scholar
• Coombs testimony in US Congress, Senate Committee on Armed Services (SCAS), Subcommittee on the Air Force . 1956 . Study of Airpower, Hearings . 84th Congress, 2nd Session . 1956 , Washington. pp. 922 928 US GPO .
   Google Scholar
• 1956 . ‘When War Seemed Near . . . Allied Sea Force Was Ready’ . US News and World Report , 28 December : 45
   Google Scholar
• Rear Adm. Warder testimony in House Subcommittee on Appropriations (HSCA) . 1957 . Department of the Navy Appropriations for 1958, Hearings . 85th Congress, 1st Session . 1957 . pp. 100
   Google Scholar
• Danis , Lt. A. 1957 . ‘Offensive ASW: Fundamental to Defense’ . USNIP , 83 June : 586 – 7 .
   Google Scholar
• SecDef testimony in HSCA . DOD Appropriations for 1960 . 86th Congress, 2nd Session . pp. 69
   Google Scholar
• Senate Subcommittee on Appropriations, (SSCA) . DOD Appropriations for 1963 . 87th Congress, 2nd Session . pp. 208
   Google Scholar
• 1962 . ‘The CNO Speaks on ASW’ . Navy , June : 10
   Google Scholar
• Massie , Robert . 2 November 1963 . “ ‘Fight for the Survival of the Supercarrier’ ” . 2 November , 19
   Google Scholar
• 1963 . ‘an offensive naval strategy’ in his ‘Naval Power ‐ Present and Future’ . USNIP , 89 Jan. : 37
   Google Scholar
• 1964 . ‘Major NATO Naval Exercise Will Be Held in the Northern Atlantic’ . DOD Weekly Report , 22 September
   Google Scholar
• Ricketts , Adm. Claude . 9 June 1964 . “ ‘The Role of Seapower in National Strategy’ ” . 9 June , 16 (VCNO)
   Google Scholar
• Edmonds , Lt. Cdr. L. S. 14 April 1960 . “ ‘The Problems of ASW’ ” . 14 April , 36
   Google Scholar
• Moorer , Adm. 1964 . ‘Combatting the Submarine Menace in the Pacific’ . Data , July : 16
   Google Scholar
• Neal , B. 1965 . ‘SACLANTs Key Job: Keep the Sea Lanes Open’ . Navy , Sept. : 13
   Google Scholar
• Rahill in HCAS . Military Posture Briefings, Hearings . 87th Congress, 1st Session . 1961. pp. 1019
   Google Scholar
• Andrews , Capt. Frank . ‘Submarine Against Submarine’ . Naval Review , 53 – 54 . (USNI, 1965)
   Google Scholar
• Hattendorf . ‘Evolution of the Maritime Strategy: 1977–1987’ . Naval Renaissance , 26 – 33 . 201 passim and Hartmann
   Google Scholar
• Miller . “ ‘Rough Sailing’ ” . 194 207 – 8 .
   Google Scholar
• Sumida , Jon . 1989 . In Defense of Naval Supremacy: Finance, Technology, and British Naval Policy, 1880–1914 , 329 Boston : Unwin Hyman .
   Google Scholar
• Miller . “ ‘Rough Sailing’ ” . 205
   Google Scholar
• Goodpaster , Brig. Gen. Andrew J. “ ‘Memorandum of Conference with the President, 11 November 1957’ ” . 2 – 3 .
   Google Scholar
• SSCA . 1959 . DOD Appropriations, 1960 . 86th Congress, 1st Session . 1959 . pp. 213
   Google Scholar
• Booda , L. 1963 . ‘Navy Told to Cut Attack Carrier Force’ . Aviation Week and Space Technology , 19 August : 35
   Google Scholar
• Joint Committee on Atomic Energy (JCAE) . 1963 . Nuclear Propulsion for Naval Surface Vessels, Hearings . 88th Congress, 1st Session . 1963 . pp. 184 – 185 .
   Google Scholar
• Carrison , Capt D. J. and Oliver , J. 1962 . ‘The Pacific Fleet Challenges the Future’ . Navy , Nov. : 13
   Google Scholar
• Gen. Maxwell D. Taylor to Director Bureau of the Budget . 21 November 1961 . “ ‘Excesses and Deficiencies in the SecDef Proposed Budget for FY 63’ ” . 21 November , 1
   Google Scholar
• DPM . 1 November 1963 . “ ‘Attack Carrier (CVA) Forces’ ” . 1 November , 1 Part VII
   Google Scholar
• DPM . 28 September 1965 . “ ‘Navy and Marine Corps Tactical Air Forces’ ” . 28 September , 8 FOI
   Google Scholar
• DPM . “ ‘Attack Carrier Forces’ ” . 1 – 20 . Part VII
   Google Scholar
• 1963 . ‘Now the Whiz Kids Are Tackling the US Navy,’ . US News and World Report , 25 November : 59
   Google Scholar
• Baldwin , Hanson . 1964 . ‘The Navy at Ebb Tide’ . The Reporter , 30 January : 35 – 38 .
   Google Scholar
• 1970 . CVAN‐70 Aircraft Carrier: Joint Hearings Before the Joint Senate and House Armed Services Committee . 91st Congress, 2nd Session . 1970 .
   Google Scholar
• US Congressional Budget Office (CBO) . June 1977 . “ ‘The US Sea Control Mission: Forces, Capabilities and Requirements’ ” . June ,
   Google Scholar
• CBO . 1978 . “ ‘US Naval Forces: The Peacetime Presence Mission’ ” .
   Google Scholar
• Prina . 1978 . ‘New Defense Guidelines Postulate Sideline Status for Navy: Carriers Downgraded as Pentagon Focuses on Central Front Scenario’ . Sea Power , Feb. : 35 – 36 .
   Google Scholar
• Hartmann . Naval Renaissance , 24 – 27 .
   Google Scholar
• Posen , Barry and Evera , Stephen Van . 1987 . “ ‘Reagan Administration Defense Policy: Departure from Containment’ ” . In Eagle Resurgent? The Reagan Era in American Foreign Policy , Edited by: Oye , Kenneth A. , Lieber , Robert J. and Rothchild , Donald . Boston : Little, Brown .
   Google Scholar
• SCAS . 1987 . National Security Strategy, Hearings . 100th Congress, 1st Session . 1987 . pp. 14 21 – 27 .
   Google Scholar
• HCAS . 1987 . National Security Policy, Hearings 9 – 13 .
   Google Scholar
• Brodie , Bernard . 1973 . War and Politics , 483 NY : Macmilian .
   Google Scholar
• Builder , Carl H. 1989 . The Masks of War: American Military Style in Strategy and Analysis , 18 – 19 . 21 74 – 85 . 134 – 136 . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press .
   Google Scholar
• 1962 . ‘Navy Reacts to Soviet Underseas Challenge’ . AWST , 12 March : 74
   Google Scholar
• Kennedy , Paul . 1988 . “ ‘Britain in the First World War’ ” . In Military Effectiveness: Vol. I: The First World War , Edited by: Millett , Allan R. and Murray , Williamson . 53 Boston : Unwin Hyman .
   Google Scholar
• Corbett , Sir Julian . 1988 . Some Principles of Maritime Strategy , 37 156 Annapolis : Naval Institute Press, Classics of Seapower Edition .
   Google Scholar
• Mahan , A. T. 1890 . The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, 1660–1783 , 12th ed. , 116 Boston : Little, Brown .
   Google Scholar
• Huntington , Samuel P. 1954 . ‘National Policy and the Transoceanic Navy’ . USNIP , 80 May : 483 – 493 .
   Google Scholar
• Mearsheimer , John . 1988 . Liddell Hart and the Weight of History , 222 Ithaca : Cornell University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Huntington , Samuel . 1957 . The Soldier and the State , 75 Cambridge : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Reynolds , Clark . 1968 . The Fast Carriers: The Forging of an Air Navy , 133 NY : McGraw‐Hill .
   Google Scholar
• Rosinski , Herbert . 1977 . “ ‘The Strategy of Japan’ ” . In The Development of Naval Thought: Essays by Herbert Rosinski , Edited by: Simpson , B. Mitchell III . 115 Newport, RI : Naval War College Press .
   Google Scholar
• Art , Robert J. 1985 . “ ‘America's Foreign Policy’ ” . In Foreign Policy in World Politics , Edited by: Macridis , Roy . 138 NJ : Prentice‐Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Joint Staff to CINCs . 19 September 1956 . “ ‘Atomic Support of Allied Forces’ ” . 19 September , 6
   Google Scholar
• Vlahos , Michael . 1986 . ‘The Third World in US Naval Planning’ . Orbis , Spring : 143
   Google Scholar
• Posen , Barry . 1984 . The Sources of Military Doctrine: France, Britain, and Germany Between the World Wars , 71 Ithaca : Cornell University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Sagan , Scott D. 1986 . ‘1914 Revisited: Allies, Offense, and Instability’ . International Security , 11 Fall : 162 166 175
   Google Scholar
• Jervis , Robert . 1978 . ‘Cooperation Under the Security Dilemma’ . World Politics , 30 Jan. : 202
   Google Scholar
• Kistiakowsky , G. 1976 . A Scientist in the White House: The Private Diary of President Eisenhower's Special Assistant for Science and Technology , 162 Cambridge : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gordon , Michael and Eckholm , Erik . 1990 . ‘Global Change and Budget Cuts Test Pentagon’ . The New York Times , 20 May : 28
   Google Scholar
• Patterson , Thomas . 1984 . “ ‘The Origins of the Cold War,’ ” . In Major Problems in American Foreign Policy, Volume II: Since 1914 , 349 D.C. Heath and Company .
   Google Scholar
• Lacy . Within Bounds , 541
   Google Scholar
• O'Rourke , Capt. Gerald . 1989 . ‘Our Peaceful Navy’ . USNIP , 115 April : 83 USN, Ret.
   Google Scholar
• Builder . Masks of War , 21
   Google Scholar
• Kaufmann , William . 1986 . The 1986 Defense Budget , 35 Washington, DC : Brookings Institution .
   Google Scholar
• Gretton , Peter N. 1965 . Maritime Strategy: A Study of Defense Problems , 160 NY : Praeger .
   Google Scholar
• Martin , Lawrence . 1967 . The Sea in Modern Strategy , 44 NY : Praeger .
   Google Scholar
• Questor , George , ed. 1972 . Sea Power in the 1970s , 41 NY : University Press of Cambridge .
   Google Scholar
• Baldwin , Hanson . “ ‘New Battleship’ ” . 101
   Google Scholar
• Rosen , Stephen . 1988 . ‘New Ways of War: Understanding Military Innovation’ . International Security , 13 Summer : 141
   Google Scholar
• Posen . Sources of Military Doctrine 74 – 5 .
   Google Scholar
• Mahan . Influence 428
   Google Scholar
• Krepenivich , Andrew . 1986 . The Army and Vietnam , Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kaplan , Fred . 1983 . The Wizards of Armageddon , 275 NY : Simon and Schuster .
   Google Scholar
• Watkins , Adm. James D. 1986 . ‘The Maritime Strategy’ . USNIP , Jan. : 3 – 17 .
   Google Scholar
• Trost , Adm. Carl . 1990 . ‘Maritime Strategy for the 1990s’ . USNIP , 116 May : 95
   Google Scholar
• Gray , A. M. 1991 . ‘The Way Ahead’ . Supplement to Marine Corps Gazette , 75 April : 1 – 13 .
   Google Scholar
• 1991 . USNIP , 117 April : 36 – 47 .
   Google Scholar