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Original Articles

Passive belligerency: Israel and the 1991 Gulf War

Pages 304-329 | Published online: 24 Jan 2008

Notes

  • Shomron , Dan . 1991 . ‘A Personal Report on the Gulf War’ . Yediot Aharonot , 8 Sept. : 2 – 4 .
  • Karsh , Efraim and Rautsi , Inari . 1991 . ‘Why Saddam Hussein Invaded Kuwait’ . Survival , 33 ( 1 ) Jan./Feb. : 23 – 34 .
  • Brinkley , Joel . 1991 . ‘Israel Declares Emergency’ . New York Times [NYT] , 17 Jan.
  • Gordon , Michael R. 1991 . ‘US Team Seeks to Reassure Israel’ . NYT , 12 Jan.
  • Diehl , Jackson . 1991 . ‘Israel Decides to Absorb Iraqi First Strike, Accept Casualties’ . Washington Post [WP] , 13 Jan.
  • 1991 . ‘On the Night of the Scuds the Regimental Police Refused Arens Entry to the General Staff “Pit"’ . Ma'ariv , 8 Sept.
  • ‘Night of the Scuds’ . Ma'ariv , 4
  • Vardi , Ronit . 1991 . ‘Moshe Arens: Scud‐Time’ . Sof‐shavuah , 8 Feb. : 6
  • Eban , Abba . 1991 . ‘What is the War About?’ . The Jerusalem Report (TJR) , 21 Feb. : 45
  • 1990 . ‘Israeli Sees Chemical Option Against Iraqis’ . NYT , 28 July
  • Melman , Yossi . 1990 . ‘Why Israel May Show its Nuclear Hand’ . NYT , 6 Aug.
  • Ibrahim , Youssef M. 1991 . ‘Israelis Expecting Iraqi Missile Strike if War Breaks Out’ . NYT , 1 Jan.
  • 1990 . ‘Mubarak Says Israel and Iraq Had Secret Contacts’ . NYT , 6 Oct.
  • Susser , Leslie . 1991 . ‘Was Israel Looking the Wrong Way?’ . TJR , 28 Feb. : 16
  • Horovitz , David . 1991 . ‘Scenarios of War’ . TJR , 3 Jan.
  • Feldman , Shai . 1991 . “ ‘Israeli Deterrence in the Gulf War’ ” . In Milchamah Bamifratz: Hash‐lachotal Yisrael [War in the Gulf: Implications for Israel] , Edited by: Yariv , Aharon and Alpher , Yosef . 174 179 – 80 . Tel Aviv : Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies, Tel Aviv Univ. .
  • Schiff , Ze'ev . 1991 . ‘Israel After the War’ . Foreign Affairs , 70 ( 2 ) Spring : 32
  • Yatziv , Gadi . 1991 . “ ‘The Crumbling Security Doctrine’ ” . In Milchamah Bamifratz [War in the Gulf] , Edited by: Shaham , Nathan and Raanan , Tsvi . 68 Tel Aviv : Sifriat Poalim .
  • Gordon , Shmuel . ‘First Lessons from the War in the Gulf . Milchamah Bamifratz , 98 – 9 .
  • Diehl , Jackson . 1991 . ‘Scud Lull Poses Dilemma for Shamir’ . WP , 6 Feb.
  • Williams , Daniel . 1991 . ‘Shamir Lists Terms for Scud Retaliation’ . Los Angeles Times [LAT] , 6 Feb.
  • Yariv , Aharon . ‘Conclusion’ . Hashlachot , 341
  • Pa'il , Meir . ‘Political and Military Reflections Following “Desert Storm” ‘ . Milchamah Bamifratz , 123
  • Schiff . “ ‘Israel After the War’ ” . 32
  • Williams , Daniel . 1991 . ‘Israelis Keep Policy Blurred on Retaliation’ . LAT , 5 Feb.
  • Brin‐kley , Joel . 1991 . ‘Book on Israel's Atom Arms Goes Beyond US Estimates’ . NYT , 20 Oct.
  • Proyce , Teddy . 1991 . ‘Where Did the Power of “Terrible Destruction” Disappear?’ . Davar , 1 Sept.
  • Arian , Asher . ‘Security and Political Positions: The Influence of the Gulf War’ . Hashlachot , 267
  • Rosen , Emanuel . 1991 . ‘Our Deterrent Capability Proved Itself (Interview with Yitzhak Rabin) . Ma'ariv , 22 Feb.
  • Schiff . “ ‘Israel After the War’ ” . 31
  • Diehl , Jackson . 1991 . ‘Israel Decides to Absorb First Iraqi Strike’ and ‘Israel's Moment of Truth: Restraint or Retaliation?’ . WP , 13 Jan. and 19 March
  • Gordon , Michael R. 1991 . ‘US Team Seeks to Reassure Israel’ . NYT , 12 Jan.
  • Evans , Rowland and Novak , Robert . 1990 . ‘Shamir's Secret Pledge’ . WP , 26 Dec.
  • 1991 . ‘Israeli Threat of Heavy Blow at Iraq is Told’ . LAT , 1 March
  • Diehl , Jackson . 1991 . ‘Israel's Moment of Truth’ . WP , 19 March
  • Tyler , Patrick E. 1991 . ‘US Tells of Retaliation Plan that the Israelis Abandoned’ . NYT , 1 March
  • 1992 . ‘An Urgent Call from Bush at the Last Moment Prevented a Bold IDF Operation in Western Iraq’ . Yediot Aharonot , 10 Jan. : 1
  • Diehl , Jackson . 1991 . ‘Israel Agrees to Put off Attacking Iraq’ and ‘Israeli Said to Press US for Role Against Iraq’ . WP , 20 and 29 Jan.
  • Allen‐Mills , Tony . 1991 . ‘Israeli Forces Poised to Retaliate’ . Sunday Times , 20 Jan.
  • Williams , Daniel . 1991 . ‘Israel Presses US for OK to Launch Retaliatory Strikes’ and ‘Israel's Arens on Way to US to Ask OK for Retaliation’ . LAT , 29 Jan. and 10 Feb.
  • 1991 . NYT , 19 Jan.
  • Goshko , John M. 1990 . ‘Israel Assured of US Help if Attacked’ . WP , 28 Sept.
  • Stanfield , Rochelle . 1991 . ‘And on the Israeli Front’ . National journal , 26 Jan. : 225
  • Hoffman , David and Goshko , John M. 1991 . ‘US to Send Israel More Air Defense Missiles’ . WP , 19 Jan.
  • Brinkley , Joel . 1991 . ‘Israeli Tension Eases a Bit, as New US Help Arrives’ . NYT , 21 Jan.
  • Williams , Daniel . 1991 . ‘Scud Downing Fails to Blunt Israelis’ Anger’ . LAT , 24 Jan.
  • Susser , Leslie . 1991 . ‘The Retaliation Dilemma’ . TJR , 31 Jan. : 10
  • Ben‐Yishai . “ ‘An Urgent Call’ ” . 11
  • Susser , Leslie . 1991 . ‘Public Restraint, Private Doubts’ . TJR , 7 Feb. : 10 – 11 .
  • Susser . 1991 . ‘Retaliation Dilemma’ . TJR , 31 Jan.
  • Silver , Eric . 1991 . ‘Shamir Calls the Shots’ . TJR , 14 Feb. : 13
  • US News and World Report Staff . 1992 . Triumph Without Victory: The Unreported History of the Persian Gulf Conflict , NY : Random House .
  • 1992 . Jerusalem Post [JP] , 10 Jan. : 19 – 21 .
  • Mahler , Gregory S. 1991 . ‘Israel's Coalition Government in the Gulf Crisis’ . Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Middle East Studies Assoc . Nov. 23–26 1991 , Washington, DC. pp. 18 – 21 .
  • Goshko , John M. 1991 . ‘Israel Seen Winning Global Goodwill With Restraint’ . WP , 20 Jan.
  • Friedman , Thomas L. 1991 . ‘Hard Times, Better Allies’ . NYT , 21 Jan.
  • Brinkley , Joel . 1991 . ‘“We Have a Common Cause” Says Senior US Official Visiting Israel’ . NYT , 22 Jan.
  • Diehl , Jackson . 1991 . ‘Israel Sees Change in US Approach,’ . WP , 22 Jan.
  • 1991 . ‘Keeping Out,’ . Economist , 26 Jan. : 19
  • Allen‐Mills . 1991 . ‘Israeli Forces Poised to Retaliate’ . Sunday Times , 20 Jan.
  • 1991 . ‘High Marks for Shamir’ . TJR , 31 Jan. : 6
  • Ben‐Meir , Yehuda . ‘The Israeli Domestic Arena in the Gulf War’ . Hashlachot , 300 – 1 .
  • Moffett , George D. III . 1991 . ‘More Pressure for Israel to Retaliate’ . Christian Science Monitor , 24 Jan.
  • Charif , Yosef . 1991 . ‘A Special Interview with Yitzhak Shamir’ . Ma'ariv , 22 Feb.
  • Goshko , John M. and Kamen , Al . 1991 . ‘Visiting Israeli Briefs US on Iraq's Losses’ . WP , 12 Feb.
  • Rosenthal , Andrew . 1990 . ‘Bush Sees A firm Coalition Even if Iraq Attacks Israel’ . NYT , 19 Dec.
  • Miller , Judith . 1991 . ‘Impact of an Israeli Act Weighed by the Arabs’ . NYT , 19 Jan.
  • Randal , Jonathan C. 1991 . ‘Syria, Egypt Vow No Split in Alliance’ . WP , 22 Jan.
  • Podhoretz , Norman . 1991 . ‘Unleash the Israelis’ . NYT , 1 Feb.
  • Adams , James . 1991 . ‘Revealed: the Israeli Plot to Kill Saddam’ . Sunday Times , 4 Aug.
  • 1991 . ‘Hit Team?’ . TJR , 15 Aug. : 6
  • Safire , William . 1991 . ‘Israel Outsmarts Iraq’ . NYT , 21 Jan.
  • Pa'il . “ ‘Reflections’ ” . 122
  • Friedman , Thomas L. 1990 . ‘US Alliances Recast’ . NYT , 14 Aug.
  • Diehl , Jackson . 1990 . ‘Israelis Are Uneasy About Role on the Sidelines’ and ‘Israel Fears Confusion in Gulf War’ . WP , 9 Aug. and 8 Nov.
  • Raviv , Dan and Melman , Yossi . 1990 . ‘The New Pressure on Israel’ . WP , 30 Sept.
  • Goshko and Kamen . 1991 . ‘Visiting Israeli Briefs US on Iraq's Losses’ . WP , 12 Feb.
  • Hirschberg , Peter . 1991 . ‘America's Silent Partner’ . TJR , 7 March : 11 – 12 .
  • Diehl , Jackson . 1990 . ‘Israel Fears Sideline Role Jeopardizes Its Ties to US’ . WP , 16 Aug.
  • Schiff . “ ‘Israel After the War’ ” . 23
  • 1991 . ‘A Profile Too Low’ . TJR , 24 Jan. : 22
  • Barnett , Michael . 1991 . ‘From Cold Wars to Resource Wars: The Coming Decline in US‐Israeli Relations?’ . The Jerusalem Journal of International Relations , 13 ( 3 ) : 105 – 6 .
  • Hadar , Leon T. 1991 . ‘Coping with the Post‐Cold War Blues and Surviving the Persian Gulf Hangover’ . Middle East Insight , 7 ( 3 ) May/June
  • Ben‐Zvi , Avraham . ‘Possibilities for American Pressure on Israel’ . Hashlachot , 94
  • 1991 . ‘Syria Cannot Afford the Luxury of Firing Scud Missiles at Israel’, (Interview with Avihu Bin‐Nun) . Yediot Aharonot , 14 Oct.
  • Gold , Dore . ‘The Gulf Crisis and American‐Israeli Relations’ . Hashlachot , 84 – 5 .
  • Dowty , Alan . 1991 . ‘Israel: The Deadlock Persists’ . Current History , 90 ( 552 ) Jan. : 34
  • Miller , Judith . 1990 . ‘Gulf Impact: Experts See US Gain, but a Long‐Range Threat to Interests’ . NYT , 11 Oct.
  • Dionne , Ed Jr. 1990 . ‘Israel's Backers Alarmed by US Policy’ . WP , 6 Sept.
  • Rodman , Peter W. 1991 . ‘Middle East Diplomacy After the Gulf War’ . Foreign Affairs , 70 ( 2 ) Spring : 6
  • Friedman , Thomas L. 1990 . ‘A Parting of Paths?’ . NYT , 11 Oct.
  • Lewis , Paul . 1990 . ‘US Joins UN Vote in Rebuking Israel Over Palestinians’ . NYT , 21 Dec.
  • Goshko , John M. 1990 . ‘Shamir, in New York, Says Gulf Solution Must Not Be at Israel's Expense’ . WP , 11 Dec.
  • Barnes , Fred . ‘The Other Gulf, 11 March 1991 . The New Republic , 11
  • Friedman , Thomas L. 1992 . ‘Israeli Loan Deal is Linked by Baker to a Building Halt’ and ‘A Firm “No” from Bush on Guarantee for Israel’ . NYT , 25 Feb. and 18 March
  • Haberman , Clyde . 1992 . ‘Well, Without Backing, What's Next?’ . NYT , 18 March
  • Gold . “ ‘Gulf Crisis’ ” . 86
  • 1991 . ‘Bush Takes Chances With Peace Process’ . JP , 21 Sept. int'l ed., week ending
  • Broder , Jonathan . 1991 . ‘Post‐War Postures’ . TJR , 28 March : 20
  • Stanfield , Rochelle L. 1991 . ‘Silent Partner’ . National Journal , 5 Jan. : 9
  • 1991 . ‘A shameful Gauntlet’ . JP , 21 Sept. int'l ed., week ending
  • Haberman , Clyde . 1992 . ‘Israel Confronts the Idea of Life Without Washington’ . NYT , 22 March
  • Haberman . 1992 . ‘Israelis Step Up Skirmish With US’ . NYT , 16 March
  • Friedman , Thomas L. 1992 . ‘US and Israel at Sea’ . NYT , 22 March
  • Bar‐Wan , David . 1991 . ‘Why Israel Should Fight’ . Wall Street Journal , 21 Jan.
  • Gold . “ ‘Gulf Crisis’ ” . 70
  • Karney , Yo'av . 1990 . ‘Peace Nix’ . New Republic , 1 Oct. : 12 – 14 .
  • Rothstein , Robert L. 1991 . ‘The Middle East After the War: Change and Continuity’ . Washington Quarterly , 14 ( 3 ) Summer : 156 – 7 .
  • Hoagland , Jim . 1991 . ‘Israel and the Postwar Coalition’ . WP , 12 March
  • Williams , Daniel . 1990 . ‘Iraqi Aggression Suggests New Alternatives for Israel’ . Seattle Times , 5 Aug.
  • Zakheim , Dov S. 1991 . ‘Strange Bedfellowship Boosts Israel’ . LAT , 29 Jan.
  • Ma'oz , Moshe . 1990 . ‘Iraq: Strategic Opening for Israel’ . NYT , 9 Aug.
  • Gabai , Sheffi . 1991 . ‘BiBi [nickname of the charismatic Israeli politician Benjamin Netanyahu] of the Saudis’ . Ma'ariv , 22 Feb. : 10
  • Kamm , Efraim . ‘The Arab System in the War and its Implications for Israel’ . Hash‐lachot , 130 – 3 .
  • Rosen , Emanuel . 1992 . ‘In the Next War We Will Again Run to the Sealed Room’ . Ma'a‐riv , 10 Jan. : 4
  • Schrag , Carl . 1992 . ‘In Defense of Civil Defense’ . JP , 10 Jan. : 6 – 7 .
  • Levine , Itamar . 1992 . ‘Nothing Changed’ . Globus Magazine , 10 Jan. : 9 – 10 .
  • Adliste , Ron . 1991 . ‘Who Will Protect Us in the Next Missile Attack?’ . Ha'ir (Tel Aviv) , 28 Aug. : 45 – 19 .
  • Pinkas , Alon . 1991 . ‘Barak Anti‐Missile Missile Does Well in “Real Test'” . JP , 24 Aug. int'l ed., week ending
  • Diehl , Jackson . 1990 . ‘Israel Tests Defensive Missile’ . WP , 9 Aug.
  • Hirschberg , Peter . 1990 . ‘Patriotic Assistance’ and ‘Scudbusters’ . TJR , 31 Jan. : 24
  • Ringal‐Hoffman , Ariella . 1992 . ‘We Must Not Rely on It’ . Yediot Aharonot , 10 Jan. : 6 – 7 .
  • Miller , Judith . 1991 . ‘Saddam Hussein's Neighbors Grow Bolder, Tentatively’ . NYT , 29 Sept.
  • Gold , Dore . 1991 . ‘Dodo or Phoenix? Can Iraq Become a Threat Again?’ . JP , 20 July : 9 int'l ed., week ending
  • Rubinstein , Alvin Z. 1991 . ‘New World Order or Hollow Victory?’ . Foreign Affairs , 70 ( 4 ) Fall : 58
  • Schiff , Ze'ev . 1991 . ‘Pride and Partnership’ . TJR , 31 Jan. : 8
  • Rosenthal , A.M. 1991 . ‘Bill of Reckoning’ . NYT , 22 Jan.

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