British and American approaches to strategic bombing: Their origins and implementation in the World War II combined bomber offensive

Notes

• Overy , R.J. 1980 . The Air War, 1939–1945 , NY : Stein and Day .
   Google Scholar
• Wise , S.F. 1980 . Canadian Airmen and the First World War , Toronto : Univ. of Toronto Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kennett , Lee . 1982 . A History of Strategic Bombing , NY : Scribner's .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , Malcolm . 1984 . British Air Strategy Between the Wars , Oxford : Clarendon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Schaffer , Ronald . 1984 . Wings of Judgment , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Terraine , John . 1985 . A Time for Courage pub. in Britain as The Right of the Line: The Royal Air Force in the European War 1939–1945 , NY : Macmillan .
   Google Scholar
• Cooper , Malcolm . 1986 . The Birth of Independent Air Power , London : Allen and Unwin .
   Google Scholar
• Jones , Neville . 1987 . The Beginnings of Strategic Air Power , London : Frank Cass .
   Google Scholar
• Sherry , Michael S. 1987 . The Rise of American Air Power , New Haven, CT : Yale UP .
   Google Scholar
• Kennett , Lee . 1991 . The First Air War, 1914–1918 , NY : The Free Press .
   Google Scholar
• Boog , Horst , ed. 1992 . The Conduct of the Air War in the Second World War , NY York : Berg .
   Google Scholar
• Levine , Alan J. 1992 . The Strategic Bombing of Germany, 1940–1945 , Westport, CT : Praeger .
   Google Scholar
• Morrow , John H. Jr. 1993 . The Great War in the Air , Washington, DC : Smithsonian Instn. Press .
   Google Scholar
• Crane , Conrad C. 1993 . Bombs, Cities, and Civilians , Lawrence, KS : UP of Kansas .
   Google Scholar
• Garrett , Stephen A. 1993 . Ethics and Air Power in World War II , NY : St Martins .
   Google Scholar
• Davis , Richard G. 1993 . Carl A. Spaatz and the Air War in Europe , Washington, DC : Center for Air Force History .
   Google Scholar
• Greenhous , Brereton . 1994 . The Crucible of War. 1939–1945 , Toronto : Univ. of Toronto Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gollin , Alfred . 1989 . The Impact of Air Power on the British People and Their Government, 1909–1914 , London : Macmillan .
   Google Scholar
• Paris , Michael . 1992 . Winged Warfare , Manchester : Manchester UP .
   Google Scholar
• Webster , Sir Charles and Frankland , Noble . 1961 . The Strategic Air Offensive Against Germany , Vol.II , 213 – 14 . London : HMSO .
   Google Scholar
• Strategic Air Offensive Against Germany Vol.II , 5 (note 2)
   Google Scholar
• Jones , H.A. 1937 . The War in the Air , Vol.VI , 136 Oxford : Clarendon Press .
   Google Scholar
• 1939 . ‘The Psychological Effects of Bombing’ . RUSI Journal , 534 May : 282
   Google Scholar
• Smith . British Air Strategy Between the Wars 61 (note 2)
   Google Scholar
• Cooper , Malcolm . Birth of Independent Air Power 72 (note 2)
   Google Scholar
• 1942 . From Many Angles , London : Harrap .
   Google Scholar
• Jones , Neville . 1973 . The Origins of Strategic Bombing , 130 – 202 . London : Kimber .
   Google Scholar
• 1987 . The Beginnings of Strategic Air Power , 14 – 21 . London : Frank Cass .
   Google Scholar
• Jones , N. Beginnings of Strategic Air Power 14 – 15 .
   Google Scholar
• 1980 . Canadian Airmen and the First World War , Vol.I , 312 – 17 . Toronto : Univ. of Toronto Press . of the Official History of the RCAF
   Google Scholar
• Boyle , Andrew . 1962 . Trenchard , 249 – 55 . NY : Norton .
   Google Scholar
• Smith . British Air Strategy Between the Wars 21
   Google Scholar
• Jones , N. Beginnings of Strategic Air Power 17 – 21 . (note 9)
   Google Scholar
• 1918 . Daily Mail , 21 Sept.
   Google Scholar
• 1918 . Daily Mail , 21 Sept. clipping
   Google Scholar
• Jones , H.A. The War in the Air Vol.VI , 122 – 35 . (note 4)
   Google Scholar
• Roskill , Stephen . 1968 . Naval Policy Between the Wars , Vol. I , London : Collins .
   Google Scholar
• Bassford , Christopher . 1994 . Clausewitz in English , 104 – 12 . NY : OUP .
   Google Scholar
• Howard , Michael . 1983 . Clausewitz , NY : OUP .
   Google Scholar
• Gat , Azar . 1992 . The Development of Military Thought: The Nineteenth Century , London : OUP .
   Google Scholar
• Travers , Tim . 1987 . The Killing Ground , 37 – 97 . London : Unwin Hyman .
   Google Scholar
• Snyder , Jack . 1984 . ‘Civil‐Military Relations and the Cult of the Offensive, 1914 and 1984’ . International Security , 9/1 Summer : 58 – 146 .
   Google Scholar
• Snyder , Jack . 1984 . The Ideology of the Offensive: Military Decision Making and the Disasters of 1914 , Ithaca, NY : Cornell UP .
   Google Scholar
• Howard , Michael . 1991 . “ ‘Men Against Fire: Expectations of War in 1914’ ” . In Military Strategy and the Origins of the First World War , Edited by: Miller , Steven E. 11 Princeton : Princeton UP Press .
   Google Scholar
• 1984 . International Security , 9/1 Summer : 41 – 57 .
   Google Scholar
• Jones , N. Origins of Strategic Bombing 162 – 3 . (note 9)
   Google Scholar
• Keegan , John . 1976 . The Face of Battle , 302 NY : Viking .
   Google Scholar
• Jones . 1971 . Outcast London , 290 NY : Pantheon .
   Google Scholar
• Watt , D.C. 1975 . Too Serious a Business , Berkeley, CA : Univ. of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Englander , David . 1994 . ‘Soldiering and Identity: Reflections on the Great War’ . War in History , 1/3 : 313
   Google Scholar
• Fritzsche , Peter . 1993 . ‘Machine Dreams: Airmindedness and the Reinvention of Germany’ . American Historical Review , 98/3 : 685 – 709 .
   Google Scholar
• Sykes . From Many Angles 544 – 54 . 545 (note 9)
   Google Scholar
• 21 Sept. 1918 . “ ‘Huns Raid Panic, Views of General Trenchard’ ” . In Daily Mail 21 Sept. , London
   Google Scholar
• Ferris , John Robert . 1987 . ‘The Theory of a French Air Menace: Anglo‐French Relations and the British Home Defence Air Force Programmes, 1921–1925’ . Journal of Strategic Studies , 10/1 March : 62 – 83 .
   Google Scholar
• Titmuss , Richard . 1950 . Problems of Social Policy , 18 London : HMSO .
   Google Scholar
• Gollin . Impact of Air Power on the British People 53 – 60 . (note 1)
   Google Scholar
• 1981 . “ ‘Attitudes to War in Late Victorian and Edwardian England’ ” . In The Prospect of War , 1 – 51 . London : Frank Cass .
   Google Scholar
• Snowden‐Gamble , C.F. 1931 . The Air Weapon , London : OUP .
   Google Scholar
• Powers , Barry , ed. 1976 . “ ('The Formative Years of Non‐Military British Concepts of Aerial Warfare') ” . In Strategy Without Slide Rule , 107 – 57 . London : Croom Helm .
   Google Scholar
• Liddell Hart , B.H. 1925 . Paris or the Future of War , NY : Dutton .
   Google Scholar
• 1928 . On Future Warfare , 210 – 15 . London : Sifton Praed .
   Google Scholar
• 1930 . RAF Quarterly , 1/2 April
   Google Scholar
• Higham , Robin . 1966 . The Military Intellectuals in Britain, 1918–1939 , 119 – 234 . New Brunswick, NJ : Rutgers UP .
   Google Scholar
• Hart , Liddell . Paris 36 – 7 .
   Google Scholar
• Graham's , S/Ldr's Leader R. 1930 . ‘Some Notes on Preparing for the Staff College’ . RAF Quarterly , 1/1
   Google Scholar
• Charlton , L.E.O. 1935 . War From the Air , 173 London : Nelson .
   Google Scholar
• 1993 . Journal of Strategic Studies [hereafter JSS] , 16/3 Sept. : 408 – 31 .
   Google Scholar
• Ferris , John Robert . 1989 . The Evolution of British Strategic Policy, 1919–1926 , London : MacMillan .
   Google Scholar
• Omissi , David E. 1990 . Air Power and Colonial Control , NY : St Martin's .
   Google Scholar
• Towle , Philip . 1989 . Pilots and Rebels , London : Brassey's .
   Google Scholar
• Smith . British Air Strategy 112 – 121 . (note 1)
   Google Scholar
• 1993 . JSS , 16/3 Sept. : 419 – 23 .
   Google Scholar
• Slessor , MRAF John . 1956 . The Central Blue , 84 London : Cassell .
   Google Scholar
• Graham , Dominick and Bidwell , Shelford . 1985 . Firepower , 157 – 8 . Boston : Allen and Unwin .
   Google Scholar
• Bond , Brian , ed. 1980 . “ (on the Army) ” . In British Military Policy Between the Two World Wars , Oxford : Clarendon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kier , Elizabeth . 1992 . “ ‘Changes in Conventional Military Doctrines: The Cultural Roots of Doctrinal Change’ ” . Cornell Univ. . PhD thesis
   Google Scholar
• Robertson , William Scot . 1989 . “ ‘On a Wing and a Prayer: The Development of RAF Strategic Bombing Doctrine, 1919–1939’ ” . 173 – 94 . Canada : the University of New Brunswick . PhD Thesis
   Google Scholar
• Smith . British Air Strategy 72 (note 1)
   Google Scholar
• Turner , Maj. C.C. 1933 . Britain's Air Peril , 98 – 101 . London : Pitman .
   Google Scholar
• Joubert de la Ferté , P.B. May 1933 . “ ‘Extracts from a Lecture on the Employment of Air Forces in War’ ” . May , 10
   Google Scholar
• Slessor . Central Blue 204 (note 61)
   Google Scholar
• Oct. 1928 . “ ‘An address given by the Chief of the Air Staff to the Imperial Defence College on the war aim of the Air Force’ ” . Oct. ,
   Google Scholar
• Hays Parks , W. 1990 . ‘Air War and the Law of War’ . The Air Force Law Review , 32/1
   Google Scholar
• Watt , D.C. 1979 . “ ‘Restraints on War in the Air Before 1945’ ” . In Restraints on War: Studies in the Limitation of Armed Conflict , Edited by: Howard , Michael . 57 – 77 . Oxford : OUP .
   Google Scholar
• Bond . 1986 . War and Society in Europe, 1870–1970 , 151 NY : OUP .
   Google Scholar
• Bialer's . 1975 . “ ‘The Danger of Bombardment from the Air and the Making of British Air Disarmament Policy 1932–4’ ” . In War and Society , Edited by: Bond , Brian and Roy , Ian . Vol.I , 204 NY : Holmes and Meier .
   Google Scholar
• Wark , Wesley K. 1985 . The Ultimate Enemy , 17 – 79 . Ithaca, NY : Cornell UP .
   Google Scholar
• Gibbs , N.H. 1976 . Grand Strategy Vol.I Rearmament Policy , London : HMSO .
   Google Scholar
• Shay , Robert Paul Jr. 1977 . British Rearmament in the Thirties , Princeton, NJ : Princeton UP .
   Google Scholar
• Peden , G.C. 1979 . The Treasury and British Rearmament, 1932–1939 , Edinburgh : Scottish Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kennedy , Paul . 1981 . The Realities Behind Diplomacy , 223 – 312 . Glasgow : Fontana .
   Google Scholar
• Murray , Williamson . 1984 . The Change in the European Balance of Power 1938–1939 , Princeton, NJ : Princeton UP .
   Google Scholar
• Smith . British Air Strategy Between the Wars 140 – 226 . (note 1)
   Google Scholar
• Watt . Too Serious A Business 72 – 7 . (note 29)
   Google Scholar
• Overy , R.J. 1992 . ‘Air Power and the Origins of Deterrence Theory before 1939’ . JSS , 15/1 March : 86
   Google Scholar
• 1980 . The Air War, 1939–1945 , NY : Stein and Day .
   Google Scholar
• 1991 . Winning the Next War: Innovation and the Modern Military , 13 – 18 . Ithaca, NY : Cornell UP .
   Google Scholar
• Murray , Williamson . “ ‘The Influence of Pre‐War Anglo‐American Doctrine on the Air Campaigns of the Second World War’ ” . In Conduct of the Air War in the Second World War Edited by: Boog . 239 – 40 . (note 1)
   Google Scholar
• Smith . British Air Strategy 174 (note 1)
   Google Scholar
• Smith . British Air Strategy 173 – 97 . (note 1)
   Google Scholar
• Terraine . A Time for Courage 82 (note 1)
   Google Scholar
• Holley , I.B. 1957 . Ideas and Weapons , New Haven, CT : Yale UP .
   Google Scholar
• Morrow , John . 1993 . The Great War in the Air , Washington, DC : Smithsonian Instn. Press .
   Google Scholar
• Maurer , Maurer . 1987 . Aviation in the US Army, 1919–1939 , Washington, DC : Office of Air Force History .
   Google Scholar
• Maurer , Maurer , ed. 1978 . The US Air Service in World War I , 4 vols , Washington, DC : Office of AF History .
   Google Scholar
• Maurer , ed. US Air Service Vol.II , 141 – 51 .
   Google Scholar
• 1958 . Air Power Historian , April : 103 – 13 .
   Google Scholar
• Maurer . US Air Service Vol.II , 141 (note 82)
   Google Scholar
• Maurer . US Air Service 155 – 6 . (note 82)
   Google Scholar
• Maurer , ed. “ ‘Narrative Summary’ ” . In US Air Service Vol.IV , 498 – 9 . US Bombing Survey
   Google Scholar
• Maurer , ed. “ ‘Narrative Summary’ ” . In US Air Service Vol.IV , 501 (note 82)
   Google Scholar
• 1920 . “ ‘Aerial Tactics’ ” . Vol.I , Washington, DC : GPO . No.88
   Google Scholar
• Davis , Richard G. 1993 . Carl A. Spaatz and the Air War in Europe , 17 Washington, DC : Center for Air Force History .
   Google Scholar
• 1926 . Air Warfare , 211 NY : Ronald Press .
   Google Scholar
• 1920 . War Department Annual Reports, 1919 , 68 – 75 . Washington, DC : GPO .
   Google Scholar
• Maurer . US Air Service in World War I Vol.II , 313 – 408 .
   Google Scholar
• Winged Defense , NY : Putnam's .
   Google Scholar
• 1926 . Bombardment , 64 Washington, DC : US GPO .
   Google Scholar
• Greer , Thomas . 1985 . The Development of Air Doctrine in the Army Air Arm, 1917–1941 , 41 Washington, DC : Office of Air Force History . ‐ first pub. 1955
   Google Scholar
• Greer . Development of Air Doctrine 41
   Google Scholar
• Clodfelter , Mark . 1994 . ‘Pinpointing Devastation: American Air Campaign Planning Before Pearl Harbor’ . Journal of Military History , 58/1 Jan.
   Google Scholar
• Sherman . Air Warfare 218 (note 97)
   Google Scholar
• Maurer . US Air Service in World War I Vol.IV , 504
   Google Scholar
• Maurer . Aviation in the US Army 289 (note 82)
   Google Scholar
• Kuter , Lt. Laurence . 18 Oct. 1935 . “ ‘Bombing Probabilities’ in the course ‘Bombardment Aviation’ ” . 18 Oct. , 3 USAFHRC .
   Google Scholar
• Chennault , C.L. 1933 . “ ‘The Role of Defensive Pursuit’ ” . 12
   Google Scholar
• Boylan , B.L. 1955 . “ ‘The Development of the American Long Range Escort Fighter’ ” . Univ. of Missouri . PhD thesis
   Google Scholar
• Holley , I.B. 1988 . “ ‘An Enduring Challenge: The Problem of Air Force Doctrine’ ” . In The Harmon Memorial Lectures in Military History, 1959–1987 , Edited by: Borowski , H. 428 – 30 . Washington, DC : Office of AF History .
   Google Scholar
• 1983 . ‘Of Saber Charges, Escort Fighters, and Spacecraft’ . Air University Quarterly Review , 34/6 : 5 – 11 .
   Google Scholar
• Murray , Williamson . “ ‘The Influence of Pre‐War Anglo‐American Doctrine on the Air Campaigns of the Second World War’ ” . In Conduct of the Air War Edited by: Boog . 235 – 53 . (note 1)
   Google Scholar
• Futrell , Robert Frank . 1968 . ‘Historical Evaluation of the Combined Bomber Offensive: Twenty Years and Two Wars Later’ . Second Annual Military History Symposium . May 2–3 1968 . pp. 3 – 4 . USAF Academy .
   Google Scholar
• Craven , Wesley Frank and Cate , James Lea . 1948 . The Army Air Forces in World War II , Vol.I , 604 Chicago, IL : Univ. of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Smith . British Air Strategy Between the Wars 269 – 305 . (note 1)
   Google Scholar
• Spaight , J.M. 1940 . ‘Victory and the Bombing of Hinterlands’ . RAF Quarterly , 11\4 Sept. : 335
   Google Scholar
• Boog , ed. “ ‘The Sources and Organization of RAF Intelligence and Its Influence on Operations’ ” . 577 (note 121)
   Google Scholar
• 22 Sept. 1941 . “ ‘Development and Employment of the Heavy Bomber Force’ ” . 22 Sept. ,
   Google Scholar
• Zuckerman , Solly . 1978 . From Apes to Warlords , 140 – 4 . NY : Harper & Row .
   Google Scholar
• Cate . Army Air Forces in World War II Vol.I , 131 – 50 . (note 122)
   Google Scholar
• Clodfelter . “ ‘Pinpointing Devastation’ ” . 87 – 94 . (note 106)
   Google Scholar
• 1986 . The Strategic Air War Against Germany and Japan , Washington, DC : Office of AF History .
   Google Scholar
• Davis , Richard . 1991 . ‘Operation Thunderclap: The US Army Air Forces and the Bombing of Berlin’ . JSS , 14/1 March : 90 – 111 .
   Google Scholar
• Davis , Richard G. 1990 . ‘Carl A. Spaatz and the Development of the Royal Air Force‐US Army Air Corps Relationship, 1939–1940’ . Journal of Military History , 54/4 Oct. : 453 – 72 .
   Google Scholar
• Portal . 26 Sept. 1942 . “ ‘Note on US Bomber Force’ ” . 26 Sept. ,
   Google Scholar
• Davis , Richard G. 1993 . Carl A. Spaatz and the Air War in Europe , 161 – 5 . Washington, DC : Center for Air Force History .
   Google Scholar
• Frankland , Noble . 1965 . The Bombing Offensive Against Germany , 77 London : Faber .
   Google Scholar
• Kennedy , Paul . 1987 . The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers , 353 – 5 . NY : Random House .
   Google Scholar
• McFarland , Stephen and Newton , Wesley Phillips . 1991 . To Command the Sky , Washington, DC : Smithsonian Instn. Press .
   Google Scholar
• Davis . Spaatz 490 – 5 . (note 159)
   Google Scholar
• Hinsley , F.H. 1988 . British Intelligence in the Second World War , Vol.III , 497 – 532 . 605 – 24 . NY : CUP . Pt.2
   Google Scholar
• McArthur , Charles W. 1990 . Operations Analysis in the US Army Eighth Air Force in World War II , 287 – 98 . Providence, RI : Amer. Mathematical Soc. .
   Google Scholar
• Hastings , Max . 1979 . Bomber Command , 385 – 8 . NY : Dial Press .
   Google Scholar
• Shandroff , Gary . 1972 . “ ‘The Evolution of Area Bombing in American Doctrine and Practice’ ” . New York Univ. . PhD thesis
   Google Scholar
• Schaffer . Wings of Judgment 86 – 95 . (note 1)
   Google Scholar
• Sherry . Rise of American Air Power 144 260 – 3 . (note 1)
   Google Scholar
• MacIsaac , David , ed. 1976 . The United States Strategic Bombing Survey , NY York : Garland .
   Google Scholar
• Mierzejewski , Alfred C. 1988 . The Collapse of the German War Economy, 1944–1945 , Chapel Hill, NC : Univ. of North Carolina Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hart , Liddell . Paris or the Future of War 41 (note 52)
   Google Scholar
• Davis . Spaatz 590 (note 1)
   Google Scholar
• 31 Oct. 1945 . “ ‘The Effects of Strategic Bombing on the Germany War Economy’ ” . 31 Oct. ,
   Google Scholar