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Original Articles

Learning to love the bomb: The command and control of British nuclear forces, 1953–1964

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Pages 29-53 | Published online: 24 Jan 2008

Notes

  • Heisbourg , François . 1989 . ‘The British and French Nuclear Forces’ . Survival , 31 ( 4 ) July/Aug. : 305
  • Congressional Budget Office . 1981 . Strategic Command, Control and Communications: Alternative Approaches for Modernisation , Washington DC : USGPO .
  • Ball , Desmond . 1981 . Can Nuclear War be Controlled? , London : IISS . Adelphi Paper No. 169
  • Bracken , Paul . 1983 . The Command and Control of Nuclear Forces , New Haven : CT Yale UP .
  • Blair , Bruce . 1985 . Strategic Command and Control , Washington DC : Brookings .
  • Carter , Ashton , Steinbruner , John and Zracket , Charles , eds. 1987 . Managing Nuclear Operations ibid.
  • Gottfried , Kurt and Blair , Bruce , eds. 1988 . Crisis Stability and Nuclear War , Oxford OUP .
  • Sagan , Scott . 1989 . Moving Targets: Nuclear Strategy and National Security , Princeton UP .
  • Gregory , Shaun . Dec. 1986 . The Command and Control of British Nuclear Weapons , Dec. , U. of Bradford Sch. of Peace Studies . Peace Research Report No. 13,
  • 1996 . Nuclear Command and Control in NATO: Nuclear Weapons Operations and the Strategy of Flexible Response , Basingstoke : Macmillan .
  • Freedman , Lawrence . 1986 . “ ‘British Nuclear Targeting’ ” . In Strategic Nuclear Targeting , Edited by: Ball , Desmond and Richelson , Jeffrey . Ithaca, NY : Cornell UP .
  • Carnovale , Marco . 1993 . The Control of NATO Nuclear Forces in Europe , Oxford : Westview Press .
  • Feaver , Peter . 1992 . Guarding the Guardians: Civilian Control of Nuclear Weapons in the United States , Ithaca, NY : Cornell UP .
  • Blair , Bruce . 1993 . The Logic of Accidental Nuclear War , Washington DC : Brookings .
  • Sagan , Scott . 1993 . The Limits of Safety: Organisations, Accidents and Nuclear Weapons , Princeton UP .
  • Wainstein , L. June 1975 . The Evolution of US Strategic Command and Control and Warning, 1945–1972, , June , Arlington, VA : Inst. for Defense Analysis . Study S‐467
  • Wohlstetter , Albert . 1959 . ‘The Delicate Balance of Terror’ . Foreign Affairs , 37 ( 2 ) Jan. : 211 – 34 .
  • Snyder , Glen . 1961 . Deterrence and Defense: Towards a Theory of National Security , Princeton UP .
  • Blair . Strategic Command and Control 4 (note 2)
  • Feaver , Peter . 1994 . ‘The Politics of Inadvertence’ . Security Studies , 3 ( 3 ) Spring : 501
  • Thayer , Bradley . “ ‘The Risk of Nuclear Inadvertence A Review Essay’ ” . 428 – 93 . ibid,
  • Blight , James and Welch , David . Summer 1995 . “ ‘Risking “The Destruction of Nations”: Lessons of the Cuban Missile Crisis for New and Aspiring Nuclear States’ ” . Summer , 811 – 50 . ibid. 4/4
  • Seng , Jordan . Summer 1997 . “ ‘Less is More: Command and Control Advantages of Minor Nuclear States’ ” . Summer , 50 – 92 . ibid. 6/4
  • Clark , Ian and Wheeler , Nicholas . 1989 . The British Origins of Nuclear Strategy 1945–1955 , Oxford : OUP .
  • Navias , Martin . 1991 . Nuclear Weapons and British Strategic Planning, 1955–1958 , ibid.
  • Melissen , Jan . 1993 . The Struggle for Nuclear Partnership: Britain, the United States and the Making of an Ambiguous Alliance 1952–1959 Groningen : Styx, .
  • Clark , Ian . 1994 . Nuclear Diplomacy and the Special Relationship: Britain's Deterrent and America, 1957–1962 , Oxford : OUP .
  • Bluth , Christoph . 1995 . Britain, Germany and Western Nuclear Strategy , ibid.
  • Baylis , John . 1995 . Ambiguity and Deterrence: British Nuclear Strategy 1945–1964 , (ibid.
  • 1999 . Planning Armageddon: Britain, the United States and the Command of Western Nuclear Forces 1945–64 Harwood
  • Steinbruner , John . 1981–82 . ‘Nuclear Decapitation’ . Foreign Policy , Winter : 16 – 28 .
  • Carter , Ashton . “ ‘Assessing Command System Vulnerability’ ” . In Managing Nuclear Operations Edited by: Carter . 560 – 73 . (note 2)
  • Tucker , Jonathan . 1983 . ‘Strategic Command‐and‐Control Vulnerabilities: Dangers and Remedies’ . Orbis , 26 ( 4 ) Winter : 941 – 63 .
  • Steinbruner , John . 1984 . ‘Launch Under Attack’ . Scientific American , 250 ( 1 ) Jan. : 23 – 33 .
  • Steinbruner , John . “ ‘Choices and Tradeoffs’ ” . In Managing Nuclear Operations Edited by: Carter . 540 (note 2)
  • Klotz , Frank . 1980 . “ ‘The US President and the Control of Strategic Nuclear Weapons’ ” . Oxford U . (Unpub. DPhil,
  • Cathcart , Brian . 1994 . Test of Greatness: Britain's Struggle for the Atom Bomb , 127 – 44 . London : John Murray .
  • Wynn , Humphrey . 1994 . RAF Strategic Nuclear Deterrent Forces: Their Origins, Roles and Deployment 1946–1969 , 91 London : HMSO .
  • Cathcart . Test of Greatness 137 – 9 . (note 19)
  • Wynn . RAF Nuclear Deterrent Forces 91 (note 21)
  • Wynn . RAF Nuclear Deterrent Forces 92 (note 21)
  • Bracken . Command 22 (note 2)
  • Sagan . Limits 63 – 9 . (note 4)
  • Congressional Research Service, Committee on International Relations . 1 Dec. 1975 . Authority to Order the Use of Nuclear Weapons , 1 Dec. , 10 Washington DC : Library of Congress .
  • Gregory . Nuclear Command 82 – 5 .
  • Bogdanor , Vernon . 1995 . The Monarchy and the Constitution 87 Oxford : OUP, .
  • 1962 . House of Commons Debates, , 663 19 July col. 633,
  • Gregory . Nuclear Command 106 (note 3)
  • Campbell , Duncan and Forbes , Patrick . 1985 . ‘New Whitehall Bunker’ . New Statesman , 26 July : 6
  • McCamley , Nick . 1999 . Secret Underground Cities , London : Leo Cooper .
  • 1999 . Daily Telegraph, , 6 Jan.
  • Wainstein . Evolution 315 (note 4)
  • Gregory . Nuclear Command 106 (note 3)
  • Blair . Logic 49 (note 4)
  • Bracken . Command and Control 202 (note 2)
  • Shuchman , Daniel . 1987 . ‘Nuclear Strategy and the Problem of Command and Control’ . Survival , 29 ( 4 ) July/Aug. : 340

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