Benefits of omega‐3 supplementation for schoolchildren: review of the current evidence

References

• Aman , M. G. , Mitchell , E. A. and Turbott , S. H. 1987 . The effects of essential fatty acid supplementation by Efamol in hyperactive children . Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology , 15 (1) : 75 – 90 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association . 1994 . Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders , (4th ed.) , Washington, DC : American Psychiatric Association .
   Google Scholar
• Amminger , G. P. , Berger , G. E. Schafer , M. R. 2007 . Omega‐3 fatty acids supplementation in children with autism: a double‐blind randomized, placebo‐controlled pilot study . Biological Psychiatry , 61 (4) : 551 – 553 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson , J. W. , Johnstone , B. M. and Remley , D. T. 1999 . Breast‐feeding and cognitive development: a meta‐analysis . American Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 70 (4) : 525 – 535 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antalis , C. J. , Stevens , L. J. Campbell , M. 2006 . Omega‐3 fatty acid status in attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder . Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids , 75 (4–5) : 299 – 308 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnold , L. E. and DiSilvestro , R. A. 2005 . Zinc in attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder . Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology , 15 (4) : 619 – 627 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnold , L. E. , Kleykamp , D. Votolato , N. A. 1989 . Gamma‐linolenic acid for attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder—placebo‐controlled comparison to D‐amphetamine . Biological Psychiatry , 25 (2) : 222 – 228 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker , S. M. 1985 . A biochemical approach to the problem of dyslexia . Journal of Learning Disabilities , 18 (10) : 581 – 584 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beblo , S. , Reinhardt , H. , Demmelmair , H. , Muntau , A. C. and Koletzko , B. 2007 . Effect of fish oil supplementation on fatty acid status, coordination, and fine motor skills in children with phenylketonuria . Journal of Pediatrics , 150 (5) : 479 – 484 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell , J. G. , MacKinlay , E. E. Dick , J. R. 2004 . Essential fatty acids and phospholipase A(2) in autistic spectrum disorders . Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids , 71 (4) : 201 – 204 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett , C. N. and Horrobin , D. F. 2000 . Gene targets related to phospholipid and fatty acid metabolism in schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders: an update . Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids , 63 (1–2) : 47 – 59 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benton , D. 2008a . The influence of children's diet on their cognition and behaviour . European Journal of Nutrition , 47 : 25 – 37 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benton , D. 2008b . Micronutrient status, cognition and behavioral problems in childhood . European Journal of Nutrition , 47 : 38 – 50 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benton , D. and Cook , R. 1991 . Vitamin and mineral supplements improve the intelligence scores and concentration of 6‐year‐old children . Personality and Individual Differences , 12 (11) : 1151 – 1158 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benton , D. , Haller , J. and Fordy , J. 1995 . Vitamin supplementation for 1 year improves mood . Neuropsychobiology , 32 (2) : 98 – 105 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bilici , M. , Yildirim , F. Kandil , S. 2004 . Double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study of zinc sulfate in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder . Progress in Neuro‐Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry , 28 (1) : 181 – 190 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birch , E. E. , Garfield , S. Castaneda , Y. 2007 . Visual acuity and cognitive outcomes at 4 years of age in a double‐blind, randomized trial of long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acid‐supplemented infant formula . Early Human Development , 83 : 279 – 284 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bourre , J. M. , Durand , G. , Pascal , G. and Youyou , A. 1989 . Brain‐cell and tissue recovery in rats made deficient in n‐3 fatty acids by alteration of dietary fat . Journal of Nutrition , 119 (1) : 15 – 22 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burgess , J. R. , Stevens , L. , Zhang , W. and Peck , L. 2000 . Long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in children with attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder . American Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 71 (1) : 327S – 330S .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burr , J. and Burr , M. 1930 . On the nature and role of the fatty acids essential in nutrition . Journal of Biological Chemistry , 86 : 587 – 621 .
   Google Scholar
• Busch , B. 2007 . Polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation for ADHD? Fishy, fascinating, and far from clear . Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics , 28 (2) : 139 – 144 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chalon , S. , Vancassel , S. , Zimmer , L. , Guilloteau , D. and Durand , G. 2001 . Polyunsaturated fatty acids and cerebral function: focus on monoaminergic neurotransmission . Lipids , 36 (9) : 937 – 944 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen , J. R. , Hsu , S. F. , Hsu , C. D. , Hwang , L. H. and Yang , S. C. 2004 . Dietary patterns and blood fatty acid composition in children with attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder in Taiwan . Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry , 15 (8) : 467 – 472 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colquhoun , I. and Bunday , S. 1981 . A lack of essential fatty acids as a possible cause of hyperactivity in children . Medical Hypotheses , 7 (5) : 673 – 679 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colter , A. L. , Cutler , C. and Meckling , K. A. 2008 . Fatty acid status and behavioural symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adolescents: a case‐control study . Nutrition Journal , 7 : 8 – 19 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crawford , M. 1968 . Fatty‐acid ratios in free‐living and domestic animals. Possible implications for atheroma . Lancet , 291 (7566) : 1329 – 1333 .
   Google Scholar
• Cyhlarova , E. , Bell , J. G. Dick , J. R. 2007 . Membrane fatty acids, reading and spelling in dyslexic and non‐dyslexic adults . European Neuropsychopharmacology , 17 (2) : 116 – 121 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Das , U. N. 2003 . Long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in the growth and development of the brain and memory . Nutrition , 19 : 62 – 65 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Decsi , T. , Kelemen , B. , Minda , H. , Burus , I. and Kohn , G. 2000 . Effect of type of early infant feeding on fatty acid composition of plasma lipid classes in full‐term infants during the second 6 months of life . Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition , 30 (5) : 547 – 551 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Din , J.N. , Newby , D.E. and Flapan , A.D. 2004 . Omega 3 fatty acids and cardiovascular disease—fishing for a natural treatment . British Medical Journal , 328 : 30 – 35 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunstan , J. A. , Simmer , K. , Dixon , G. and Prescott , S. L. 2008 . Cognitive assessment of children at age 2½ years after maternal fish oil supplementation in pregnancy; a randomised control trial . Archives of Disease in Childhood—Fetal and Neonatal Edition , 93 : 45 – 50 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eilander , A. , Hundscheid , D. C. , Osendarp , S. J. , Transler , C. and Zock , P. L. 2007 . Effects of n‐3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on visual and cognitive development throughout childhood: a review of human studies . Prostaglandins Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids , 76 (4) : 189 – 203 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Food Standards Agency (FSA) . 2006 . “ A systematic review of the effect of nutrition, diet and dietary change on learning, education and performance of children of relevance to UK schools ” . Available online at: http://www.food.gov.uk/multimedia/pdfs/systemreview.pdf (accessed November 2007)
   Google Scholar
• Freeman , M. P. , Hibbeln , J. R. Wisner , K. L. 2006 . Omega‐3 fatty acids: evidence basis for treatment and future research in psychiatry . Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 67 (12) : 1954 – 1967 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gesch , C. B. , Hammond , S. M. , Hampson , S. E. , Eves , A. and Crowder , M. J. 2002 . Influence of supplementary vitamins, minerals and essential fatty acids on the antisocial behaviour of young adult prisoners—randomised, placebo‐controlled trial . British Journal of Psychiatry , 181 : 22 – 28 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gomez‐Pinilla , F. 2008 . Brain foods: the effects of nutrients on brain function . Nature Reviews Neuroscience , 9 (7) : 568 – 578 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hallahan , B. and Garland , M. R. 2005 . Essential fatty acids and mental health . British Journal of Psychiatry , 186 : 275 – 277 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hals , J. , Bjerve , K. S. , Nilsen , H. , Svalastog , A. G. and Ek , J. 2000 . Essential fatty acids in the nutrition of severely neurologically disabled children . British Journal of Nutrition , 83 (3) : 219 – 225 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamazaki , T. and Hirayama , S. 2004 . The effect of docosahexaenoic acid‐containing food administration on symptoms of attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder—a placebo‐controlled double‐blind study . European Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 58 (5) : 838
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamazaki , K. , Itomura , M. Huan , M. M. 2005 . Effect of omega‐3 fatty acid‐containing phospholipids on blood catecholamine concentrations in healthy volunteers: a randomized, placebo‐controlled, double‐blind trial . Nutrition , 21 (6) : 705 – 710 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamazaki , T. , Sawazaki , S. Itomura , M. 1996 . The effect of docosahexaenoic acid on aggression in young adults—a placebo‐controlled double‐blind study . Journal of Clinical Investigation , 97 (4) : 1129 – 1133 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helland , I. B. , Smith , L. , Saarem , K. , Saugstad , O. D. and Drevon , C. A. 2003 . Maternal supplementation with very‐long‐chain n‐3 fatty acids during pregnancy and lactation augments children's IQ at 4 years of age . Pediatrics , 111 : 39 – 44 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hibbeln , J. R. 2002 . Seafood consumption, the DHA content of mothers' milk and prevalence rates of postpartum depression: a cross‐national, ecological analysis . Journal of Affective Disorders , 69 (1–3) : 15 – 29 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hibbeln , J. R. , Davis , J. M. Steer , C. 2007 . Maternal seafood consumption in pregnancy and neurodevelopmental outcomes in childhood (ALSPAC study): an observational cohort study . Lancet , 369 (9561) : 578 – 585 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirayama , S. , Hamazaki , T. and Terasawa , K. 2004 . Effect of docosahexaenoic acid‐containing food administration on symptoms of attention‐deficit . European Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 58 (3) : 467 – 473 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horrobin , D. F. 1981 . The possible roles of prostaglandin E‐1 and of essential fatty‐acids in mania depression and alcoholism . Progress in Lipid Research , 20 (1–4) : 539 – 542 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Horrobin , D. F. 1998 . The membrane phospholipid hypothesis as a biochemical basis for the neurodevelopmental concept of schizophrenia . Schizophrenia Research , 30 (3) : 193 – 208 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Innis , S. M. 2007 . Fatty acids and early human development . Early Human Development , 88 : 761 – 786 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Innis , S. M. 2008 . Dietary omega‐3 fatty acids and the developing brain . Brain Research , 1237 : 35 – 43 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Itomura , M. , Hamazaki , K. Sawazaki , S. 2005 . The effect of fish oil on physical aggression in schoolchildren—a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial . Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry , 16 (3) : 163 – 171 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson , M. , Ostlund , S. , Fransson , G. , Kadesjo , B. and Gillberg , C. 2009 . Omega‐3/omega‐6 fatty acids for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder . Journal of Attention Disorders , 12 : 394 – 401 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joshi , K. , Lad , S. Kale , M. 2006 . Supplementation with flax oil and vitamin C improves the outcome of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) . Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids , 74 (1) : 17 – 21 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan , B. J. , Field , C. J. , Crawford , S. G. and Simpson , J. S. A. 2007 . Vitamins, minerals, and mood . Psychological Bulletin , 133 (5) : 747 – 760 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan , B. J. , Simpson , J. S. A. Ferre , R. C. 2001 . Effective mood stabilization with a chelated mineral supplement: an open‐label trial in bipolar disorder . Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 62 (12) : 936 – 944 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan , B. J. , Wilson , B. N. , Dewey , D. and Crawford , S. G. 1998 . DCD may not be a discrete disorder . Human Movement Science , 17 (4–5) : 471 – 490 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li , D. , Weisinger , H. S. Weisinger , R. S. 2006 . Omega 6 to omega 3 fatty acid imbalance early in life leads to persistent reductions in DHA levels in glycerophospholipids in rat hypothalamus even after long‐term omega 3 fatty acid repletion . Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes, and Essential Fatty Acids , 74 (6) : 391 – 399 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindmark , L. and Clough , P. 2007 . A 5‐month open study with long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in dyslexia . Journal of Medicinal Food , 10 : 662 – 666 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marangell , L. B. , Martinez , J. M. Zboyan , H. A. 2003 . A double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study of the omega‐3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid in the treatment of major depression . American Journal of Psychiatry , 160 (5) : 996 – 998 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinez , M. 1992 . Tissue levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids during early human development . Journal of Pediatrics , 120 : 129 – 138 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meguid , N. A. , Atta , H. M. , Gouda , A. S. and Khalil , R. O. 2008 . Role of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the management of Egyptian children with autism . Clinical Biochemistry , 41 (13) : 1044 – 1048 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell , E. A. , Aman , M. G. , Turbott , S. H. and Manku , M. 1987 . Clinical characteristics and serum essential fatty‐acid levels in hyperactive children . Clinical Pediatrics , 26 (8) : 406 – 411 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neuringer , H. and Conner , W. E. 1985 . Omega‐3 fatty acids in the brain and retina: Evidence for their essentiality . Nutrition Review , 44 : 285 – 294 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Connor , D. L. , Hall , R. Adamkin , D. 2001 . Growth and development in preterm infants fed long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids: a prospective, randomized controlled trial . Pediatrics , 108 (2) : 359
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osendarp , S. J. M. , Baghurst , K. I. Bryan , J. 2007 . Effect of a 12‐month micronutrient intervention on learning and memory in well‐nourished and marginally nourished school‐aged children: 2 parallel, randomized, placebo‐controlled studies in Australia and Indonesia . American Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 86 (4) : 1082 – 1093 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pawlosky , R. J. , Hibbeln , J. R. , Novotny , J. A. and Salem , N. Jr. 2001 . Physiological compartmental analysis of alpha‐linolenic acid metabolism in adult humans . Journal of Lipid Research , 42 (8) : 1257 – 1265 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peet , M. 2004 . Nutrition and schizophrenia: beyond omega‐3 fatty acids . Prostaglandins Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids , 70 (4) : 417 – 422 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peet , M. and Horrobin , D. F. 2002 . A dose‐ranging study of the effects of ethyl‐eicosapentaenoate in patients with ongoing depression despite apparently adequate treatment with standard drugs . Archives of General Psychiatry , 59 (10) : 913 – 919 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plourde , M. and Cunnane , S.C. 2007 . Extremely limited synthesis of long‐chain polyunsaturates in adults: implications for their essentiality and use as supplements . Applied Physiology, Nutrition and Metabolism , 32 : 619 – 634 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Portwood , M. 2006 . The role of dietary fatty acids in children's behaviour and learning . Nutrition and Health , 18 : 233 – 247 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Purvis , A. 2007 . Can fish oils really improve your mind? Available online at: http://www.guardian.co.uk/lifeandstyle/2007/aug/19/foodanddrink.features3 (accessed December 2007)
   Google Scholar
• Reisbick , S. and Connor , W. 1985 . Omega‐3 fatty acids in the brain and retina: evidence for their essentiality . Nutrition Review , 44 : 285 – 294 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reisbick , S. , Neuringer , M. , Hasnain , R. and Connor , W. 1994 . Home cage behaviour of rhesus monkeys with long‐term deficiency of omega‐3 fatty acids . Physiology and Behaviour , 55 : 231 – 239 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richardson , A. J. 2008 . Omega‐3 fatty acids and mood: The devil is in the detail . British Journal of Nutrition , 99 : 221 – 223 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richardson , A. J. and Montgomery , P. 2005 . The Oxford–Durham study: a randomized, controlled trial of dietary supplementation with fatty acids in children with developmental coordination disorder . Pediatrics , 115 (5) : 1360 – 1366 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richardson , A. J. and Puri , B. K. 2002 . A randomized double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study of the effects of supplementation with highly unsaturated fatty acids on ADHD‐related symptoms in children with specific learning difficulties . Progress in Neuro‐Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry , 26 (2) : 233 – 239 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richardson , A. J. , Calvin , C. M. Clisby , C. 2000 . Fatty acid deficiency signs predict the severity of reading and related difficulties in dyslexic children . Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes, and Essential Fatty Acids , 63 (1–2) : 69 – 74 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rioux , F. M. , Innis , S. M. , Dyer , R. and MacKinnon , M. 1997 . Diet induced changes in liver and bile but not brain fatty acids can be predicted from differences in plasma phospholipid fatty acids in formula and milk‐fed piglets . Journal of Nutrition , 127 : 370 – 377 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan , A. S. and Nelson , E. B. 2008 . Assessing the effect of docosahexaenoic acid on cognitive functions in healthy, preschool children: a randomized, placebo‐controlled, double‐blind study . Clinical Pediatrics , 47 (4) : 355 – 362 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simopoulos , A. P. 1999 . Evolutionary aspects of omega‐3 fatty acids in the food supply . Prostaglandins Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids , 60 (5–6) : 421 – 429 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simopoulos , A. P. 2002 . The importance of the ratio of omega‐6/omega‐3 essential fatty acids . Biomedicine & Psychopharmacotherapy , 56 : 365 – 379 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sinn , N. 2007 . Physical fatty acid deficiency signs in children with ADHD symptoms . Prostaglandins Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids , 77 : 109 – 115 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sinn , N. and Bryan , J. 2007 . Effect of supplementation with polyunsaturated fatty acids and micronutrients on learning and behavior problems associated with child ADHD . Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics , 28 (2) : 82 – 91 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sinn , N. , Bryan , J. and Wilson , C. 2008 . Cognitive effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms: a randomised controlled trial . Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids , 78 (4–5) : 311 – 326 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , W. L. 1992 . Prostonoid biosynthesis and mechanisms of action . American Journal of Physiology , 263 : 181 – 191 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevens , L. , Zhang , W. Peck , L. 2003 . EFA supplementation in children with inattention, hyperactivity, and other disruptive behaviors . Lipids , 38 (10) : 1007 – 1021 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevens , L. J. , Zentall , S. S. , Abate , M. L. , Kuczek , T. and Burgess , J. R. 1996 . Omega‐3 fatty acids in boys with behavior, learning, and health problems . Physiology & Behavior , 59 (4–5) : 915 – 920 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoll , A. L. , Severus , W. E. Freeman , M. P. 1999 . Omega 3 fatty acids in bipolar disorder—a preliminary double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial . Archives of General Psychiatry , 56 (5) : 407 – 412 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stordy , B. J. 2000 . Dark adaptation, motor skills, docosahexaenoic acid, and dyslexia . American Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 71 (1) : 323S – 326S .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stradomska , T. J. , Tylki‐Szymanska , A. and Bentkowski , Z. 1999 . Very long‐chain fatty acids in Rett syndrome . European Journal of Pediatrics , 158 (3) : 226 – 229 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor , R. S. and Connock , M. J. 2007 . Effects of oily fish/omega‐3 fatty acids on behavioural, cogitative and educational outcomes of normal school children: a systematic review , University of Birmingham . Department of Public Health and Epidemiology Report 58
   Google Scholar
• Vaisman , N. , Kaysar , N. Zaruk‐Adasha , Y. 2008 . Correlation between changes in blood fatty acid composition and visual sustained attention performance in children with inattention: effect of dietary n‐3 fatty acids containing phospholipids . American Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 87 (5) : 1170 – 1180 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vancassel , S. , Durand , G. Barthelemy , C. 2001 . Plasma fatty acid levels in autistic children . Prostaglandins Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids , 65 (1) : 1 – 7 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vazir , S. , Nagalla , B. , Thangiah , V. , Kamasamudram , V. and Bhattiprolu , S. 2006 . Effect of micronutrient supplement on health and nutritional status of schoolchildren: mental function . Nutrition , 22 (1) : S26 – S32 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voigt , R. G. , Llorente , A. M. Jensen , C. L. 2001 . A randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial of docosahexaenoic acid supplementation in children with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder . Journal of Pediatrics , 139 (2) : 189 – 196 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weidner , G. , Connor , S. L. , Hollis , J. F. and Connor , W. E. 1992 . Improvements in hostility and depression in relation to dietary change and cholesterol lowering—the family heart study . Annals of Internal Medicine , 117 (10) : 820 – 823 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wozniak , J. , Biederman , J. Mick , E. 2007 . Omega‐3 fatty acid monotherapy for pediatric bipolar disorder: a prospective open‐label trial . European Neuropsychopharmacology , 17 (6–7) : 440 – 447 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yehuda , S. , Rabinovitz , S. and Mostofsky , D.I. 1999 . Essential fatty acids are mediators of brain biochemistry and cognitive functions . Journal of Neuroscience Research , 56 : 565 – 570 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar