Ethnicity and gender gaps in early childhood

References

• Alexander , K. L. , Entwisle , D. R. , Blyth , D. A. and McAdoo , H. P. 1988 . Achievement in the first two years of school: patterns and processes . Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development , 53 (2) : i – 157 .
   Google Scholar
• Archer , L. and Francis , B. 2005 . ‘They never go off the rails like other ethnic groups’: teachers' constructions of British Chinese pupils' gender identities and approaches to learning . British Journal of Sociology of Education , 26 (2) : 165 – 182 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker , H. 1963 . Outsiders , New York : Free Press .
   Google Scholar
• Biggs , A. and Edwards , V. 1992 . ‘I treat them all the same’: teacher‐pupil talk in multiethnic classrooms . Language and Education , 5 (3) : 161 – 176 .
   Google Scholar
• Blatchford , P. , Burke , J. , Farquhar , C. , Plewis , I. and Tizard , B. 1989 . Teacher expectations in infant school: associations with attainment and progress, curriculum coverage and classroom interaction . British Journal of Educational Psychology , 59 : 19 – 30 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooker , L. 2002 . Starting school: young children and learning cultures , Buckingham , , UK : Open University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Brooks‐Gunn , J. , Klebanov , P. and Duncan , G. 1996 . Ethnic differences in children's intelligence test scores . Child Development , 67 (2) : 396 – 408 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coley , R. J. 2001 . Differences in the gender gap: comparisons across racial/ethnic groups in education and work , Princeton , NJ : Educational Testing Center .
   Google Scholar
• Connolly , P. 1998 . Racism, gender identities and young children: social relations in a multi‐ethnic, inner‐city primary school , New York : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Crozier , G. 2005 . ‘There's a war against our children’: black educational underachievement revisited . British Journal of Sociology of Education , 26 (5) : 585 – 598 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danby , S. 1998 . “ The serious and playful work of gender: talk and social order in a preschool classroom ” . In Gender in early childhood , Edited by: Yelland , N. 175 – 205 . London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Elliott , C. D. 1996 . The British Ability Scales II , Windsor , , UK : NFER‐NELSON .
   Google Scholar
• Feingold , A. 1992 . Sex differences in variability in intellectual abilities: a new look at an old controversy . Review of Educational Research , 62 (1) : 61 – 84 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Francis , B. 1999 . Lads, lasses and (new)Labour: 14–16‐year‐old students' responses to the ‘laddish behaviour and boys' underachievement’ debate . British Journal of Sociology of Education , 20 (3) : 355 – 371 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fryer , R. G. Jr. and Levitt , S. D. 2004 . Understanding the Black–White test score gap in the first two years of school . Review of Economics and Statistics , 86 (2) : 447 – 464 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fryer , R. G. and Levitt , S. D. 2006 . The black–white test score gap through third grade . American Law and Economics Review , 8 (2) : 249 – 281 .
   Google Scholar
• George , A. , Hansen , K. and Schoon , I. 2007 . “ Child behaviour and cognitive development ” . In Millennium Cohort Study Second Survey: a user's guide to initial findings , Edited by: Hansen , K. and Joshi , H. 94 – 109 . London : Centre for Longitudinal Studies .
   Google Scholar
• Gillborn , D. 1990 . ‘Race’, ethnicity and education , London : Unwin Hyman .
   Google Scholar
• Gillborn , D. 2008 . Racism and education: coincidence or conspiracy? , London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Gillborn , D. and Mirza , H. S. 2000 . Educational inequality: mapping race, class and gender , London : Office for Standards in Education .
   Google Scholar
• Hansen , K. and Hawkes , D. 2009 . Childcare and child development . Journal of Social Policy , 38 : 211 – 239 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen , K. , Hawkes , D. and Joshi , H. 2009 . “ The timing of motherhood, mothers' employment and child outcomes ” . In Fertility, living arrangements, care and mobility , Edited by: Stillwell , J. , Coast , E. and Kneale , D. 59 – 80 . Amsterdam : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Hill , V. 2005 . Through the past darkly: a review of the British Ability Scales Second Edition . Child and Adolescent Mental Health , 10 : 87 – 98 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jackson , C. 2002 . ‘Laddishness’ as a self‐worth protection strategy . Gender and Education , 14 (1) : 37 – 51 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lohman , D. F. and Lakin , J. M. 2009 . Consistencies in sex differences on the Cognitive Abilities Test across countries, grades, test forms, and cohorts . British Journal of Educational Psychology , 79 : 389 – 407 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lynn , R. and Mikk , J. 2009 . Sex differences in reading achievement . Trames , 13 (1) : 3 – 13 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Machin , S. and McNally , S. 2005 . Gender and student achievement in English schools . Oxford Review of Economic Policy , 21 (3) : 357 – 372 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacNaughton , G. 2000 . Rethinking gender in early childhood education , London : Paul Chapman .
   Google Scholar
• Marks , G. N. 2008 . Accounting for the gender gaps in student achievement in reading and mathematics: evidence from 31 countries . Oxford Review of Education , 34 (1) : 89 – 109 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mensah , F. K. and Kiernan , K. E. 2009 . Gender differences in educational attainment: influences of the family environment . British Educational Research Journal, iFirst Article , Available online at http://pdfserve.informaworld.com/534239_751316765_911011688.pdf (accessed 22 January 2010)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merton , R. K. 1968 . Social theory and social structure , New York : Free Press .
   Google Scholar
• Noguera , P. A. 2003 . The trouble with black boys: the role and influence of environmental and cultural factors on the academic performance of African American males . Urban Education , 38 (4) : 431 – 459 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nowell , A. and Hedges , L. V. 1998 . Trends in gender difference in academic achievement from 1960 to 1994: an analysis of differences in mean, variance, and extreme score . Sex Roles , 39 (112) : 21 – 43 .
   Google Scholar
• Salisbury , J. , Rees , G. and Gorard , S. 1999 . Accounting for the differential attainment of boys and girls at school . School Leadership and Management , 19 (4) : 403 – 426 .
   Google Scholar
• Stobart , G. , Elwood , J. and Quinlan , M. 1992 . Gender bias in examinations: how equal are the opportunities? . British Educational Research Journal , 18 (3) : 261 – 276 .
   Google Scholar
• Strand , S. 1999 . Ethnic group, sex and economic disadvantage: associations with pupils' educational progress from Baseline to the end of Key Stage 1 . British Educational Research Journal , 25 (2) : 179 – 202 .
   Google Scholar
• Strand , S. , Deary , I. J. and Smith , P. 2006 . Sex differences in Cognitive Abilities Test scores: a UK national picture . British Journal of Educational Psychology , 76 : 463 – 480 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Ausdale , D. and Feagin , J. 2001 . The first r: how children learn race and racism , Lanham , MD : Rowman and Littlefield .
   Google Scholar
• Warrington , M. and Younger , M. 1999 . Perspectives on the gender gap in English secondary schools . Research Papers in Education , 14 (1) : 51 – 77 .
   Google Scholar
• Wright , C. , Weekes , D. and McGlaughlin , A. 2000 . ‘Race’, class and gender in exclusion from school , London : Falmer Press .
   Google Scholar
• Yelland , N. and Grieshaber , S. 1998 . “ Blurring the edges ” . In Gender in early childhood , Edited by: Yellend , N. 1 – 14 . London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Younger , M. and Warrington , M. 1996 . Differential achievement of girls and boys at GCSE . British Journal of Sociology of Education , 17 (3) : 299 – 313 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar