References
- BARTH , F. , ed. 1969 . Ethnic groups and boundaries , Boston : Little, Brown and Co .
- BECKER , H. S. 1963 . Outsiders: studies in the sociology of deviance , New York : Free Press .
- BELL , D. 1975 . “ ‘Ethnicity and social change’ ” . In Ethnicity , Edited by: Glazer , N. and Moynihan , D. P. Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press .
- BERGER , P. L. and LUCKMANN , T. 1966 . The social construction of reality , Harmondsworth : Penguin .
- BRAKE , M. 1980 . The sociology of youth culture and youth subcultures , London : Routledge and Kegan Paul .
- BROWN , J. 1977 . Shades of grey: a report on police‐West Indian relations in Handsworth , Cranfield : Cranfield Institute of Technology .
- BROWN , K. 1981 . “ ‘Race, class and culture: towards a theorisation of the “choice/constraint” concept’ ” . In Social interaction and ethnic segregation , Edited by: Jackson , P. and Smith , S. J. London : Academic Press .
- CASHMORE , E. E. 1979 . Rastaman , London : George Allen and Unwin .
- COHEN , A. 1980 . ‘Drama and politics in the development of a London carnival’ . Man , 15 : 65 – 87 .
- COHEN , A. 1982 . ‘A polyethnic London carnival as a contested cultural performance’ . Ethnic and Racial Studies , 5 : 23 – 41 .
- COHEN , A. K. 1965 . The sociology of the deviant act: anomie theory and beyond’ . American Sociological Review , 30 : 1 – 14 .
- CROSS , M. 1978 . ‘Colonialism and ethnicity: a theory and comparative study’ . Ethnic and Racial Studies , 1 : 37 – 59 .
- DEPARTMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENT . 1977 . Unequal city: final report of the Birmingham Inner Area Study , London : H.M.S.O .
- ERIKSON , K. T. 1964 . “ ‘Notes on the sociology of deviance’ ” . In The other side , Edited by: Becker , H. S. New York : Free Press .
- GOFFMAN , E. 1971 . Relations in public , New York : Basic Books .
- GOLDTHORPE , J. H. 1980 . Social mobility and class structure in modern Britain , Oxford : Clarendon Press .
- HALL , S. , CRITCHER , C. , JEFFERSON , T. , CLARKE , J. and ROBERTS , B. 1978 . Policing the crisis , London : Macmillan .
- HALL , S. and JEFFERSON , T. , eds. 1976 . Resistance through rituals , London : Hutchinson .
- HANNERZ , U. 1969 . “ The management of danger’ ” . Department of Anthropology, Stockholm University . Unpublished paper
- HANNERZ , U. 1974 . “ ‘Ethnicity and opportunity in urban America’ ” . In Urban ethnicity , Edited by: Cohen , A. London : Tavistock .
- HANNERZ , U. 1980 . Exploring the Gxy , New York : Columbia University Press .
- JACKSON , P. and SMITH , S. J. , eds. 1981 . Social interaction and ethnic segregation , London : Academic Press .
- JOHN , A. 1972 . Race and the inner city , London : Runnymede Trust .
- KITSUSE , J. I. 1964 . “ ‘Social reactions to deviant behaviour: problems of theory and method’ ” . In The other side , Edited by: Becker , H. S. New York : Free Press .
- KNIGHT , B. and HAYES , R. 1981 . Self help in the inner city , London : London Voluntary Service Committee .
- LEMERT , E. 1967 . Human deviance, social problems and social control , Englewood Cliffs : Prentice‐Hall .
- LEY , D. 1974 . The black inner city as frontier outpost , Washington D.C. : Association of American Geographers .
- MILES , R. and PHIZACKLEA , A. , eds. 1978 . Racism and political action in Britain , London : Routledge and Kegan Paul .
- MITCHELL , J. C. ‘African images of the town: a quantitative exploration’ . Paper presented to the Manchester Statistical Society . January 29 .
- MITCHELL , J. C. 1974 . “ ‘Perceptions of ethnicity and ethnic behaviour: an empirical exploration’ ” . In Urban ethnicity , Edited by: Cohen , A. London : Tavistock .
- MITCHELL , J. C. Cities, society and social perception , forthcoming
- MOLOHON , K.T. , PATON , R. and LAMBERT , M. 1979 . ‘An extension of Barth's concept of ethnic boundaries to include both other groups and developmental stages of ethnic groups’ . Human Relations , 32 : 1 – 17 .
- NUGENT , N. and KING , R. 1978 . “ ‘Ethnic minorities, scapegoating and the extreme right’ ” . In Racism and political action in Britain , Edited by: Miles , R. and Phizacklea , A. London : Routledge and Kegan Paul .
- PAINE , R. 1974 . ‘Second thoughts about Barth's models’ , Occasional Paper No. 24 London : Royal Anthropological Institute .
- PARKIN , F. 1971 . Class inequality and political order , London : MacGibbon and Kee .
- PARKIN , F. 1979 . Marxism and class theory: a bourgeois critique , London : Tavistock .
- PEACH , C. 1975 . Urban social segregation , London : Longman .
- PEACH , C. , ROBINSON , V. and SMITH , S. , eds. 1981 . Ethnic segregation in cities , London : Croom Helm .
- REX , J. and TOMLINSON , S. 1979 . Colonial immigrants in a British city , London : Routledge and Kegan Paul .
- ROCK , P. 1979 . The making of symbolic interactionism , Totowa, New Jersey : Rowman and Littlefield .
- SHAH , S. 1979 . “ ‘Aspects of the geographical analysis of Asian immigrants in London’ ” . University of Oxford . Unpublished D.Phil thesis
- SMITH , S. J. 1982a . ‘Race and reactions to crime’ . New Community , 10 : 233 – 242 .
- SMITH , S. J. 1982b . ‘Victimisation in the inner city’ . British Journal of Criminology , 22 : 386 – 402 .
- SMITH , S.J. 1983 . ‘Public policy and the effects of crime in the inner city: a British example’ . Urban Studies , 20 : 229 – 239 .
- SUTTLES , G. D. 1968 . The social order of the slum , Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
- SUTTLES , G. D. 1972 . The social construction of communities , Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
- WEAVER , G. J. 1980 . “ ‘Political groups and young blacks in Handsworth’ ” . Discussion Paper Series C no. 38 Faculty of Commerce and Social Science, Birmingham University .
- WEBER , M. 1968 . Economy and society , Edited by: Roth , G. and Wittich , C. New York : Bedminster .
- YANCEY , W. L. , ERICKSEN , E. P. and JULIANI , R.N. 1976 . ‘Emergent ethnicity: a review and reformulation’ . American Sociological Review , 41 : 391 – 403 .
- The author wishes to thank Dr. J. Clyde Mitchell for his critical enthusiasm, which contributed much to the research on which this paper is based.