What factors account for black–white differences in anti-Muslim sentiment in the contemporary USA?

References

• Adorno, Theodor, et al. 1950 The Authoritarian Personality, New York: Harper and Row
   Google Scholar
• Alatas, Syed 2007 ‘Perceptions of Muslim revival’, The Muslim World, vol. 97, no. 3, pp. 377–84.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldwin, James 1984 ‘Blacks and Jews’, The Black Scholar, vol. 19, no. 6, pp. 3–15.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buchsbaum, Herbert 1993 ‘Islam in America‘, Scholastic Update, 22 October, pp. 15–16
   Google Scholar
• Curtis, Edward 2002 Islam in Black America: Identity, Liberation, and Difference in African-American Islamic Thought, Albany, NY: State University of New York Press
   Google Scholar
• Curtis, Edward 2005 ‘African-American Islamization reconsidered: black history narratives and Muslim identity’, Journal of the American Academy of Religion, vol. 73, no. 3, pp. 659–84.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D'alessio, Stewart and Stolzenberg, Lisa J. 1991 ‘Anti-Semitism in America: the dynamics of prejudice’, Sociological Inquiry, vol. 61, no. 3, pp. 359–66.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dollard, John, et al. 1939 Frustration and Aggression, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press
   Google Scholar
• Edgell, Penny, Gerteis, Joseph and Hartmann, Douglas 2006 ‘Atheist as “other”: moral boundaries and cultural membership in American society’, American Sociological Review, vol. 71, no. 2, pp. 211–34.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation) 2000 ‘‘Hate crime statistics – 2000’ Available from: http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/hate-crime/2000 [Accessed 15 February 2011]
   Google Scholar
• FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation) 2001‘Hate crime statistics – 2001’ Available from: http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/hate-crime/2001 [Accessed 15 February 2011]
   Google Scholar
• Froese, Paul and Bader, Christopher 2010 America's Four Gods: What We Say about God – and What That Says about Us, New York: Oxford University Press
   Google Scholar
• Hamm, Mark 2009 ‘Prison Islam in the age of sacred terror’, British Journal of Criminology, vol. 49, no. 5, pp. 667–85.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson, Sherman 2005 Islam and the Blackamerican: Looking toward the Third Resurrection, New York: Oxford University Press
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, Stephen 1992 ‘Anti-Arab prejudice in “Middletown”’, Psychological Reports, vol. 70, pp. 811–18.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laue, James 1964 ‘A contemporary revitalization movement in American race relations: the “Black Muslims”’, Social Forces, vol. 42, no. 3, pp. 315–23.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lerner, Michael and West, Cornel 1996 Jews and Blacks: A Dialogue on Race, Religion, and Culture in America, New York: Plume
   Google Scholar
• Lincoln, Eric 1961 The Black Muslims in America, Boston, MA: Beacon Press
   Google Scholar
• Lipset, Seymour 1987 ‘Blacks and Jews: how much bias?‘, Public Opinion, vol. 10, pp. 4–5; 57–8
   Google Scholar
• Mccloud, Aminah 2006 Transnational Muslims in American Society, Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida
   Google Scholar
• Moore, Kathleen 2007 ‘Muslims in the United States: pluralism under exceptional circumstances’, The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, vol. 612, no. 1, pp. 116–32.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paige, Jeffrey 1970 ‘Changing patterns of anti-white attitudes among blacks’, Journal of Social Issues, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 69–86.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park, Jaihyun, Felix, Karla and Lee, Grace 2007 ‘Implicit attitudes toward Arab-Muslims and the moderating effects of social information’, Basic and Applied Social Psychology, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 35–45.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pew Global Attitudes Project 2005 ‘‘The seventeen nation global attitudes survey’‘, 14 July. Available from: http://pewglobal.org/reports/pdf/248.pdf [Accessed 24 November 2010]
   Google Scholar
• Power, Carla 1998 ‘The new Islam‘, Newsweek, 16 March, pp. 34–7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Raden, David 1993 ‘Relationships between anti-Semitism and authoritarian attitudes in a national survey’, Psychological Reports, vol. 73, pp. 209–10.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saad, Lydia 2006 ‘‘Anti-Muslim sentiments fairy commonplace’’. Available from: http://www.gallup.com/poll/24073/antimuslim-sentiments-fairly-commonplace.aspx [Accessed 25 October 2010]
   Google Scholar
• Shaheen, Jack 2003 ‘Reel bad Arabs: how Hollywood vilifies a people’, The Annals of the American Academy, vol. 588, no. 1, pp. 171–93.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sigelman, Lee 1995 ‘Blacks, whites, and anti-Semitism’, Sociological Quarterly, vol. 36, no. 4, pp. 649–56.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slade, Shelley 1981 ‘The image of the Arab in America: analysis of a poll on American attitudes’, The Middle East Journal, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 143–62.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, H. Lovell, Fabricatore, Anthony and Peyrot, Mark 1999 ‘Religiosity and altruism among African American males: the Catholic experience’, Journal of Black Studies, vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 579–97.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, Tom 1991 ‘‘What do Americans think about Jews?’‘, A working paper. New York: American Jewish Committee. Available from: http://www.policyarchive.org/handle/10207/10286 [Accessed 8 November 2010]
   Google Scholar
• Suleiman, Michel 1988 The Arabs in the Mind of America, Brattleboro, VT: Amana Books
   Google Scholar
• Taylor, Robert 1988 ‘Structural determinants of religious participation among black Americans’, Review of Religious Research, vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 114–25.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thornton, Michel and Mizuno, Yuko 1995 ‘Religiosity and black adult feelings toward Africans, American Indians, West Indians, Hispanics, and Asian Americans’, Sociological Focus, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 113–28.
   Google Scholar
• Thornton, Michel and Taylor, Robert 1988a ‘Black American perceptions of black Africans’, Ethnic and Racial Studies, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 139–50.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thornton, Michel 1988b ‘Intergroup attitudes: black American perceptions of Asian Americans’, Ethnic and Racial Studies, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 474–88.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tinney, James 1981 ‘The religious experience of black men’, in Lawrence Gary (ed.), Black Men, Beverly Hills, CA: SAGE, pp. 269–76
   Google Scholar
• Turner, Richard 2003 Islam in the African-American Experience, Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press
   Google Scholar
• Watson, G. Llewellyn 1973 ‘Social structure and social movements: the black Muslims in the USA and the Ras-Tafarians in Jamaica’, The British Journal of Sociology, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 188–204.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilcox, Clyde and Jelen, Ted 1990 ‘Evangelicals and political tolerance’, American Politics Research, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 25–46.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson, Thomas 1986 ‘The asymmetry of racial distance between blacks and whites’, Sociology and Social Research, vol. 70, no. 2, pp. 161–3.
   Google Scholar
• Wuthnow, Robert 2004 ‘Presidential address 2003: the challenge of diversity’, Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, vol. 43, no. 2, pp. 159–70.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar