Impossible presence: race, nation and the cultural politics of ‘being Norwegian’

References

• Allen, Danielle S. 2004. Talking to Strangers: Anxieties of Citizenship since Brown v. Board of Education. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago.
   Google Scholar
• Andersen, Øystein. 2007. “Helseministeren krever svar i ambulansesaken.” Dagbladet, August 7. http://www.dagbladet.no/nyheter/2007/08/07/508195.html.
   Google Scholar
• Andersson, Mette. 2012. “The Debate about Multicultural Norway before and after 22 July 2011.” Identities: Global Studies in Culture and Power 19 (4): 418–427. doi:10.1080/1070289X.2012.684442.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arendt, Hannah. 1944. “Race-Thinking before Racism.” Review of Politics 6 (1): 36–73. doi:10.1017/S0034670500002783.
   Google Scholar
• Awuonda, Moussa. 1996. “Norwegian Health Chief Angers Africans.” The Lancet 348 (9021): 190.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balibar, Étienne. 2004. We, the People of Europe? Reflections on Transnational Citizenship. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Balibar, Étienne, and Immanuel M. Wallerstein. 1991. Race, Nation, Class: Ambiguous Identities. New York: Verso.
   Google Scholar
• Bhattacharyya, Gargi. 2008. Dangerous Brown Men: Exploiting Sex, Violence and Feminism in the War on Terror. London: Zed Books.
   Google Scholar
• Blakely, Allison. 1993. Blacks in a Dutch World: The Evolution of Racial Imagery in a Modern Society. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Blakely, Allison. 2012. “Coda: Black Identity in France in a European Perspective.” In Black France/France noire: The History and Politics of Blackness, edited by Trica Danielle Keaton, T. Denean Sharpley-Whiting, and Tyler Stovall,287–305. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Børringbo, Klaus. 2006. “Dyrest i verden – igjen.” Aftenposten, August 10. http://www.aftenposten.no/bolig/Dyrest-i-verden---igjen-6532837.html.
   Google Scholar
• Bowen, John R. 2007. Why the French don't Like Headscarves: Islam, the State, and Public Space. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Brochmann, Grete, and Anniken Hagelund. 2012. Immigration Policy and the Scandinavian Welfare State 1945–2010. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, Jacqueline Nassy. 2005. Dropping Anchor, Setting Sail: Geographies of Race in Black Liverpool. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Brubaker, Rogers. 1992. Citizenship and Nationhood in France and Germany. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bunzl, Matti. 2007. Anti-Semitism and Islamophobia: Hatreds Old and New in Europe. Chicago, IL: Paradigm.
   Google Scholar
• Cisse, Yacoub. 2006. “Africans in Norway: A Scattered Community. Looking at the Lives of the Small African Community in Danmark-Norway.” Paper presented at Afroeurope@s: Culturas E Identidades, Universidad de León, Spain, October 18–21.
   Google Scholar
• Douglas, Mary. [1966] 2002. Purity and Danger: An Analysis of Concepts of Pollution and Taboo. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Ebron, Paulla A. 2005. Performing Africa. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Eriksen, Thomas H. 1993. “Being Norwegian in a Shrinking World.” In Continuity and Change: Aspects of Contemporary Norway, edited by Anne Cohen Kiel, 11–37. Oslo: Scandinavian University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Eriksen, Thomas H. 1997. “The Nation as a Human Being: A Metaphor in a Mid-Life Crisis? Notes on the Imminent Collapse of Norwegian National Identity.” In Siting Culture: The Shifting Anthropological Object, edited by Karen Fog Olwig and Kirsten Hastrup, 103–122. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Essed, Philomena. 1991. Understanding Everyday Racism: An Interdisciplinary Theory. Newbury Park: SAGE.
   Google Scholar
• Essed, Philomena, and Sandra Trienekens. 2008. “Who Wants to Feel White? Race, Dutch Culture and Contested Identities.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 31 (1): 52–72. doi:10.1080/01419870701538885.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fanon, Frantz. [1952] 2008. Black Skin, White Masks. New York: Grove Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ford, Glyn. 1992. Fascist Europe: The Rise of Racism and Xenophobia. London: Pluto Press.
   Google Scholar
• Foucault, Michel. 2003. Society Must Be Defended: Lectures at the College de France, 1975–1976. Edited by Mauro Bertani, Francois Ewald, and Alessandro Fontana. English series by Arnold Davidson. Translated by David Macey. New York: Picador.
   Google Scholar
• Gilroy, Paul. 2000. Against Race: Imagining Political Culture beyond the Color Line. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Goldberg, David T. 2006. “Racial Europeanization.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 29 (2): 331–364. doi:10.1080/01419870500465611.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gullestad, Marianne. 1996. Everyday Life Philosophers: Modernity, Morality and Autobiography in Norway. Oslo: Scandinavian University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gullestad, Marianne. 1997. “Home, Local Community and Nation: Connections between Everyday Life Practices and Discourses on the Nation in Contemporary Norway.” Focaal 30 (1): 39–60.
   Google Scholar
• Gullestad, Marianne. 2002. Det norske sett med nye øyne. Kritisk analyse av norsk innvandringsdebatt. Oslo: Scandinavian University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gullestad, Marianne. 2003. “Fighting for a Sustainable Self-Image: The Role of Descent in Individualised Identification.” Focaal 42: 51–62.
   Google Scholar
• Gullestad, Marianne. 2005. “Normalising Racial Boundaries: The Norwegian Dispute about the Term Neger.” Social Anthropology 13 (1): 27–46. doi:10.1017/S0964028204000850.
   Google Scholar
• Gullestad, Marianne. 2006. Plausible Prejudice: Everyday Experiences and Social Images of Nation, Culture and Race. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.
   Google Scholar
• Hage, Ghassan. 2000. White Nation: Fantasies of White Supremacy in a Multicultural Society. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Hagelund, Anniken. 2003. The Importance of Being Decent: Political Discourse on Immigration in Norway 1970–2002. Oslo: Unipax.
   Google Scholar
• Herzfeld, Michael. 2001. “European Reflections on an African Ethnoscape.” Interventions: International Journal of Postcolonial Studies 3 (1): 47–54. doi:10.1080/13698010020027001.
   Google Scholar
• IMDI (Integrerings-Og Mangfoldsdirecktoratet). 2008. Integrert, men diskriminert – en undersøkelse blant innvandrere fra Afrika, Asia, Øst-Europea og Sør-og Mellom-Amerika. IMDI Rapport 9-2008. Oslo: IMDI
   Google Scholar
• Keaton, Trica. 2006. Muslim Girls and the other France: Race, Identity Politics and Social Exclusion. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kemp, Ida Halvorsen. 2008. “Burde gjort mer for å frem den ‘andre siden’.” Aftenposten, October 3. http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/iriks/article2690728.ece.
   Google Scholar
• Kitschelt, Herbert, and Anthony McGann. 1995. The Radical Right in Western Europe: A Comparative Analysis. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kjerland, Kirsten, and Anne K. Bang. 2002. Nordmenn i Afrika – Afrikanere i Norge. Bergen: Vigmostad & Bjørke.
   Google Scholar
• Lamont, Michele. 2000. The Dignity of Working Men: Morality and the Boundaries of Race, Class, and Immigration. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Liebig, Thomas. 2009. The Labour Market Integration of Immigrants and their Children in Norway. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
   Google Scholar
• Murji, Karim, and John Solomos. 2005. Racialization: Studies in Theory and Practice. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Nimako, Kwame, and Stephen Small. 2009. “Theorizing Black Europe and African Disapora: Implications for Citizenship, Nativism, and Xenophobia.” In Black Europe and the African Diaspora, edited by Darlene Clark Hine, Trica Keaton and Stephen Small, 212–237. Chicago: University of Illinois Press.
   Google Scholar
• Olsen, Bjørn. 2008. Employment and Education among Young Immigrants and Norwegian-Born to Immigrant Parents. Report, 2008/44. Oslo: Statistics Norway.
   Google Scholar
• Pred, Allan. 2000. Even in Sweden: Racisms, Racialized Spaces, and the Popular Geographical Imagination. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Puwar, Nirmal. 2004. Space Invaders: Race, Gender and Bodies out of Place. Oxford: Berg.
   Google Scholar
• Rognmo, Gro. 2008. “Jeg kalte Farah en jævla gris.” Dagbladet, November 26. http://www.dagbladet.no/2008/11/26/nyheter/rettssak/ambulansesaken/rasisme/3836636/
   Google Scholar
• Sawyer, Lena. 2006. “Racialization, Gender, and the Negotiation of Power in Stockholm's African Dance Courses.” In Globalization and Race: Transformations in the Cultural Production of Blackness, edited by Kamari Maxine Clarke and Deborah A. Thomas, 316–334. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Shweder, Richard A., Martha Minnow, and Hazel R. Markus. 2002. Engaging Cultural Differences: The Multicultural Challenge in Liberal Democracies. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• Silverstein, Paul. 2004. Algeria in France: Transpolitics, Race, and Nation. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
   Google Scholar
• SSB (Statistisk Sentralbyrå). 2010. “Innvandring og innvandrere.” Accessed November 28. http://www.ssb.no/emner/00/00/10/innvandring/
   Google Scholar
• SSB (Statistisk Sentralbyrå). 2013. “Folkemengd og kvartalsvise befolkningsendringar,  4. kvartal 2012.” Accessed November 28. http://www.ssb.no/folkendrkv/
   Google Scholar
• Svalesen, Leif. 2000. The Slave Ship Fredensborg. Translated by Pat Shaw and Selena Winsnes. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor, Charles. 1994. Multiculturalism: Examining the Politics of Recognition. Edited by Amy Gutmann. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Thompson, Simon, and Majid Yar, eds. 2011. The Politics of Misrecognition: Rethinking Political and Intellectual Theory. London: Ashgate.
   Google Scholar
• Thorhallsson, Baldur, ed. 2004. Iceland and European Integration: On the Edge. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• van Nieuwkerk, Karin. 2004. “Veils and Wooden Clogs don't Go Together.” Ethnos 69 (2): 229–246. doi:10.1080/0014184042000212876.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vasta, Ellie. 2009. “Engaging with Diversity: Europe between Imagined Homogeneity and Enduring Cultural Difference.” In Paradoxes of Cultural Recognition: Perspectives from Northern Europe, edited by Sharam Alghasi, Thomas Hylland Eriksen and Halleh Ghorashi, 19–38. Farnham: Ashgate.
   Google Scholar
• Werbner, Pnina. 1997. “Afterword: Writing Multiculturalism and Politics in the New Europe.” In The Politics of Multiculturalism in the New Europe: Racism, Identity and Community, edited by Tariq Modood and Pnina Werbner, 261–267. London: Zed Books.
   Google Scholar
• Wieviorka, Michel. 2002. “The Development of Racism in Europe.” In A Companion to Racial and Ethnic Studies, edited by David Theo Goldberg and John Solomos, 460–474. Malden: Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Wikan, Unni. 2002. Generous Betrayal: Politics of Culture in the New Europe. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wright, Michelle M. 2004. Becoming Black: Creating Identity in the African Diaspora. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Yuval-Davis, Nira. 2011. The Politics of Belonging: Intersectional Contestations. London: SAGE.
   Google Scholar