688
Views
6
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
ARTICLES

The religious affiliation and anti-Semitism of secondary school-age Swedish youths: an analysis of survey data from 2003 and 2009

Pages 2705-2721 | Received 23 Aug 2013, Accepted 01 Apr 2015, Published online: 20 Jul 2015

References

  • ADL (Anti-Defamation League). 2002. European Attitudes towards Jews, Israel and the Palestinian-Israeli Conflict. Accessed May 28, 2012. http://www.adl.org/anti_semitism/European_Attitudes.pdf.
  • ADL (Anti-Defamation League). 2004. Attitudes toward Jews, Israel and the Palestinian-Israeli Conflict in Ten European Countries. Accessed May 28, 2012. http://www.adl.org/anti_semitism/european_attitudes_april_2004.pdf.
  • ADL (Anti-Defamation League). 2007. Standing Up to Anti-Semitism and Hate. Around the Globe. In America. In Your Community. Accessed May 28, 2012. http://www.adl.org/annual_report/Annual_Report_2007.pdf.
  • ADL (Anti-Defamation League). 2009. Attitudes toward Jews in Seven European Countries. Accessed May 28, 2012. http://www.adl.org/Public%20ADL%20Anti-Semitism%20Presentation%20February%202009%20_3_.pdf.
  • Adorno, T. W., E. Frenkel-Brunswik, D. J. Levinson, and R. N. Sanford. 1982. The Authoritarian Personality. Abbr. ed. New York: Norton.
  • AJC (American Jewish Committee). 1999. Knowledge and Remembrance of the Holocaust in Sweden. Accessed May 28, 2012. http://www.ajc.org/site/apps/nlnet/content2.aspx?c=ijITI2PHKoG&b=838459&ct=1042063.
  • AJC (American Jewish Committee). 2005. Thinking about the Holocaust 60 Years Later. Accessed May 28, 2012. http://www.ajc.org/site/apps/nl/content3.asp?c=ijITI2PHKoG&b=846741&ct=1025513.
  • Allport, G. 1979. The Nature of Prejudice. 25th anniv. ed. Cambridge: Perseus Books.
  • Anti-Semitism Research. 2002. Antisemitism: Incidents in the Netherlands and Provisional Report from 2002. Amsterdam: Centrum Informatie in Documentatie Israel.
  • Araya, T., N. Akrami, B. Ekehammar, and L.-E. Hedlund. 2002. “Reducing Prejudice through Priming of Control-Related Words.” Experimental Psychology 49 (3): 222–227.
  • Bachman, J. G., P. M. O’Malley, and J. Johnston. 1978. Youth in Transition. Vol. 6: Adolescence to AdulthoodChange and Stability in the Lives of Young Men. Ann Arbor, MI: Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan.
  • Bachner, H., and J. Ring. 2005. Antisemitiska attityder och föreställningar i Sverige [Anti-Semitic Attitudes and Imaginations in Sweden]. Stockholm: Forum för levande historia och Brottsförebyggande Rådet.
  • Bangstad, S., and M. Bunzl. 2010. “‘Anthropologists are Talking’ about Islamophobia and Anti-Semitism in the New Europe.” Ethnos: Journal of Anthropology 75 (2): 213–228. doi:10.1080/00141841003764021.
  • Baum, S. 2009. “Christian and Muslim Anti-Semitic Beliefs.” Journal of Contemporary Religion 24 (2): 137–156. doi:10.1080/13537900902816632.
  • Bergmann, W. 2008. “Anti-Semitic Attitudes in Europe: A Comparative Perspective.” Journal of Social Issues 64 (2): 343–362. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.2008.00565.x.
  • Bevelander, P., and J. Otterbeck. 2009. “Young People's Attitudes towards Muslims in Sweden.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 33 (3): 404–425. doi:10.1080/01419870802346048.
  • Blalock, H. M. 1967. Towards a Theory of Minority Group Relations. New York: Wiley.
  • Bleich, E. 2009. “Where Do Muslims Stand on Ethno-racial Hierarchies in Britain and France: Evidence from Public Opinion Surveys, 1988–2008.” Patterns of Prejudice 43 (3–4): 379–400.
  • Blumer, H. 1958. “Race Prejudice as a Sense of Group Position.” Pacific Sociological Review 1 (1): 3–7. doi:10.2307/1388607.
  • Bobo, L. 1983 “Whites’ Opposition to Busing: Symbolic Racism or Realistic Group Conflict.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 45 (6): 1196–1210. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.45.6.1196.
  • Bohman, A., and M. Hjerm. 2014a. “How the Religious Context Affects the Relationship between Religiosity and Attitudes toward Immigration.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 37 (6): 937–957.
  • Bohman, A., and M. Hjerm. 2014b. “Is It Getting Worse? Anti-immigrant Attitudes in Europe during the 21th Century.” In European Populism and Winning the Immigration Debate, edited by Clara Sandelind, 41–64. Stockholm: Fores.
  • Branch, C. W., and N. Newcombe. 1986. “Racial Attitude Development among Young Black Children as a Function of Parental Attitudes: A Longitudinal and Cross-Sectional Study.” Child Development 57 (3): 712–721. doi:10.2307/1130348.
  • Breitman, R. 2007. “Muslim Anti-Semitism: Historical Background.” Current Psychology 26 (3–4): 213–222. doi:10.1007/s12144-007-9015-5.
  • BRÅ. 2012. Hatbrott 2011: Statistik över polisanmälningar med identifierade hatbrottsmotiv. Rapport 2012:7 [Hate Crime 2012: Statistics on Report to the Police with Identified Hate Crime Motive]. Stockholm: Brottsförebyggande Rådet.
  • Coenders, M., M. Lubbers, P. Scheepers, and M. Verkuyten. 2008. “More than Two Decades of Changing Ethnic Attitudes in the Netherlands.” Journal of Social Issues 64 (2): 269–285. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.2008.00561.x.
  • Coenders, M., and P. Scheepers. 1998. “Support for Ethnic Discrimination in the Netherlands 1979–1993.” European Sociological Review 14 (4): 405–422. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.esr.a018247.
  • Cohen, F. 2008. The New Anti-Semitism Israel Model: Empirical Tests. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan
  • Deprez, A., and K. Raeymaeckers. 2010. “Bias in the News? The Representation of Palestinians and Israelis in the Coverage of the First and Second Intifada.” International Communication Gazette 72 (1): 91–109. doi:10.1177/1748048509350341.
  • Dixon, J. C. 2006. “The Ties That Bind and Those That Don’t. Towards Reconciling Group Threat and Contact Theories of Prejudice.” Social Forces 84 (4): 2179–2204. doi:10.1353/sof.2006.0085.
  • Doyle, A. B., and F. E. Aboud. 1995. “A Longitudinal Study of White Children's Racial Prejudices as a Social-Cognitive Development.” Merrill-Palmer Quarterly Journal of Development Psychology 41 (2): 209–228.
  • Dunn, K. P., and S. P. Singh. 2011. “The Surprising Non-Impact of Radical Right-Wing Populist Party Representation on Public Tolerance of Minorities.” Journal of Elections, Public Opinion & Parties 21 (3): 313–331. doi:10.1080/17457289.2011.588333.
  • Ekehammar, B., and N. Akrami. 2003. “The Relation between Personality and Prejudice. A Variable- and Person-Centered Approach.” European Journal of Personality 17 (6): 449–464. doi:10.1002/per.494.
  • EUMC (European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia). 2004. Manifestations of Antisemitism in the EU 2002–2003. Accessed May 28, 2012. http://fra.europa.eu/sites/default/files/fra_uploads/184-AS-Main-report.pdf.
  • Fan, P.-L., and M. M. Mooney. 2000. “Influences on Gender-Role Attitudes during the Transition to Adulthood.” Social Science Research 29 (2): 258–283. doi:10.1006/ssre.1999.0669.
  • Fein, H. 1987. “Dimensions of Antisemitism: Attitudes, Collective Accusations and Actions.” In The Persisting Question. Sociological Perspectives and Social Contexts of Modern Antisemitism. Vol. 1 of Current Research on Antisemitism, edited by Helen Fein, 34–59. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
  • FRA (European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights). 2011. Antisemitism: Summary Overview of the Situation in the European Union 2001–2010. Accessed March 31, 2014. http://fra.europa.eu/en/publication/2012/antisemitism-summary-overview-situation-european-union-2001-2010.
  • Ganor, B. 2011. “An Intifada in Europe? A Comparative Analysis of Radicalization Processes among Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza versus Muslim Immigrants in Europe.” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 34 (8): 587–599. doi:10.1080/1057610X.2011.582629.
  • Hall, D. L., D. C. Matz, and W. Wood. 2010. “Why Don’t We Practice What We Preach? A Meta-analytic Review of Religious Racism.” Personality and Social Psychology Review 14 (1): 126–139. doi:10.1177/1088868309352179.
  • Henry, P. J., and D. O. Sears. 2002. “The Symbolic Racism 2000 Scale.” Political Psychology 23 (2): 253–283. doi:10.1111/0162-895X.00281.
  • Heitmeyer, W., ed. 2005. Deutsche Zustände, Folge 3 [German Condition, Part 3]. Frankfurt am main: Suhrkamp.
  • Hjerm, M., and K. Nagayoshi. 2011. “The Composition of the Minority Population as a Threat: Can Real Economic and Cultural Threats Explain Xenophobia?” International Sociology 26: 1–29.
  • Hormuth, S. E., and W. G. Stephan. 1981. “Effects of Viewing ‘Holocaust’ on Germans and Americans: A Just-World Analysis.” Journal of Applied Psychology 11 (3): 240–251.
  • Huesmann, L. R., E. F. Dubow, P. Boxer, V. Souweidane, and J. Ginges. 2012. “Foreign Wars and Domestic Prejudice: How Media Exposure to the Israeli‐Palestinian Conflict Predicts Ethnic Stereotyping by Jewish and Arab American Adolescents.” Journal of Research on Adolescence 22 (3): 556–570. doi:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2012.00785.x.
  • Iganski, P. 2008. Hate Crime and the City. Bristol: Policy Press.
  • Jacobs, D., Y. Veny, L. Callier, B. Herman, and A. Descamps. 2011. “The Impact of the Conflict in Gaza on Antisemitism in Belgium.” Patterns of Prejudice 45 (4): 341–360. doi:10.1080/0031322X.2011.605845.
  • Kaplan, E. H., and C. A. Small. 2006. “Anti-Israel Sentiment Predicts Anti-Semitism in Europe.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 50 (4): 548–561. doi:10.1177/0022002706289184.
  • Kinder, D. R., and L. M. Sanders. 1996. Divided by Color: Racial Politics and Democratic Ideals. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
  • Kracke, B., M. Oepke, E. Wild, and P. Noack. 1998. “Adolescents, Families, and German Unification: The Impact of Social Change on Antiforeigner and Antidemocratic Attitudes.” In Adolescents, Cultures and Conflicts: Growing up in Contemporary Europe, edited by Jari-Erik Nurmi, 149–170. New York: Garland.
  • Kressel, N. J. 2012. The Sons of Pigs and Apes: Muslim Antisemitism and the Conspiracy of Silence. Dulles, VA: Potomac Books.
  • Larsson, G. 2005. “The Impact of Global Conflicts on Local Contexts: Muslims in Sweden after 9/11 – The Rise of Islamophobia, or New Possibilities?” Islam and Christian–Muslim Relations 16 (1): 29–42.
  • Lee, D. 2001. “The Normal School and Some of Its Abnormalities: Community Influences on Anti-racist Multicultural Education Developments.” Race, Ethnicity and Education 4 (1): 63–82. doi:10.1080/713693046.
  • Levinson, D. J., and R. N. Sanford. 1944. “A Scale for the Measurement of Anti-Semitism.” The Journal of Psychology 17 (2): 339–370. doi:10.1080/00223980.1944.9917200.
  • Löwander, B. 2010. Den mångtydiga intoleransen: En studie av gymnasieungdomars attityder läsåret 2009/2010 [The Ambiguous Intolerance: A Study of High School Youth Attitudes of the Class of 2009/2010]. Stockholm: Forum för levande historia.
  • Meertens, R. W., and T. F. Pettigrew. 1997. “Is Subtle Prejudice Really Prejudice?” Public Opinion Quarterly 61 (1): 54–71. doi:10.1086/297786.
  • Meer, N., and T. Modood. 2009. “Refutations of Racism in the ‘Muslim Question’.” Patterns of Prejudice 43 (3–4): 335–354. doi:10.1080/00313220903109250.
  • Meuleman, B., E. Davidov, and J. Billiet. 2009. “Changing Attitudes toward Immigration in Europe, 2002–2007: A Dynamic Group Conflict Theory Approach.” Social Science Research 38 (2): 352–365. doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2008.09.006.
  • Miller, R. B., and J. Glass. 1989. “Parent-child Attitude Similarity across the Life Course.” Journal of Marriage and the Family 51 (4): 991–997. doi:10.2307/353211.
  • Miller, S. D., and D. O. Sears. 1986. “Stability and Change in Social Tolerance: A Test of the Persistence Hypothesis.” American Journal of Political Science 30 (1): 214–236. doi:10.2307/2111302.
  • Moore, K., P. Manson, and J. Lewis. 2008. Images of Islam in the UK: The Representation of British Muslims in the National Print News Media 20002008. Cardiff: Cardiff School of Journalism, Media and Cultural Studies.
  • Nier, J. A., G. R. Mottola, and S. L. Gaertner. 2000. “The O.J. Simpson Criminal Verdict as a Racially Symbolic Event. A Longitudinal Analysis of Racial Attitude Change.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 26 (4): 507–516. doi:10.1177/0146167200266009.
  • Peace, T. 2009. “Un antisémitisme nouveau? The Debate about a ‘New Antisemitism’ in France.” Patterns of Prejudice 43 (2): 103–121. doi:10.1080/00313220902793773.
  • Portes, A., and M. Zhou. 1993. “The New Second Generation: Segmented Assimilation and Its Variants.” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 530 (1): 74–96. doi:10.1177/0002716293530001006.
  • Quillian, L. 1996. “Group Threat and Regional Change in Attitudes toward African-Americans.” American Journal of Sociology 102 (3): 816–860. doi:10.1086/230998.
  • Ring, J., and S. Morgenthau. 2004. Intolerans: Antisemitiska, homofobiska, islamofobiska och invandringsfientliga tendenser bland unga [Intolerance: Anti-Semitic, Homophobic, Islamophobia and Immigrant Hostile Tendencies among Youth]. Stockholm: Forum för levande historia and Brottsförebyggande Rådet.
  • Robinson, J., R. Witenberg, and A. Sanson. 2001. “The Socialisation of Tolerance.” In Understanding Prejudice, Racism, and Social Conflict, edited by Martha Augoustinos and Katherine J. Reynolds, 73–88. London: Sage.
  • Salzborn, S. 2010. “The Politics of Anti-Semitism.” Journal for Study of Anti-Semitism 2 (1): 89–114.
  • Schoenfeld, G. 2004. The Return of Anti-Semitism. San Francisco, CA: Encounter Books.
  • Sears, D. O., and P. J. Henry. 2003. “The Origins of Symbolic Racism.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 85 (2): 259–275. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.259.
  • Sears, D. O., C. Van Laar, M. Carillo, and R. Kosterman. 1997. “Is It Really Racism? The Origins of White Americans’ Opposition to Race Targeted Policies.” Public Opinion Quarterly 61 (1): 16–53. doi:10.1086/297785.
  • Segev, E., and M. Blondheim. 2010. “The Footprint of the Palestinian-Israeli Conflict in Online world News: The Puzzle of Salience.” Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict: Pathways toward Terrorism and Genocide 3 (2): 72–85. doi:10.1080/17467586.2010.530288.
  • Segev, E., and M. Blondheim. 2013. “Online News about Israel and Palestine: A Cross-National Comparison of Prominence and Trends.” Digital Journalism 1 (3): 386–398. doi:10.1080/21670811.2012.744560.
  • Selznick, G. J., and S. Steinberg. 1969. The Tenacity of Prejudice. New York: Harper and Row.
  • Semyonov, M., R. Raijman, and A. Gorodzeisky. 2006. “The Rise of Anti-foreigner Sentiment in European Societies, 1998–2000.” American Sociological Review 71 (3): 426–449. doi:10.1177/000312240607100304.
  • Smith, T. 1997. “Recognising Difference: The Romani ‘Gypsy’ Child Socialisation and Education Process.” British Journal of Education 18 (2): 243–256.
  • Tossavainen, M. 2003. Det förnekade hatet. Antisemitism bland araber och muslimer i Sverige [The Denying Hate. Anti-Semitism among Arabs and Muslims in Sweden]. Stockholm: Svenska kommittén mot Antisemitism.
  • Tossavainen, M. 2005. “Arab and Muslim Anti-Semitism in Sweden.” Jewish Political Studies Review 17: 3–4.
  • Urban, D., and J. Singelmann. 1997. “Politische Wertorientierung bei Ostdeutschen Jugendlichen. Politische Sozialisation als Autoregressiver Prozess [Political Value Orientation among East German Youth. Political Socialization as a Autoregressive Process].” Politische Vierteljahresschrift 38: 5–26.
  • Verkuyten, M., and J. Thijs. 2010. “Religious Group Relations among Christian, Muslim and Nonreligious Early Adolescents in the Netherlands.” The Journal of Early Adolescence 30 (1): 27–49. doi:10.1177/0272431609342984.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.