Support for Kurdish language rights in Turkey: the roles of ethnic group, group identifications, contact, and intergroup perceptions

References

• Allport, Gordon W. 1954. The Nature of Prejudice. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
   Google Scholar
• Barry, Brian. 2001. Culture and Equality: An Egalitarian Critique of Multiculturalism. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bilali, Rezarta. 2014. “The Downsides of National Identification for Minority Groups in Intergroup Conflicts in Assimilationist Societies.” The British Journal of Social Psychology 53 (1): 21–38. doi:10.1111/bjso.12012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bilali, Rezarta, Linda R. Tropp, and Nilanjana Dasgupta. 2012. “Attributions of Responsibility and Perceived Harm in the Aftermath of Mass Violence.” Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology 18 (1): 21–39. doi:10.1037/a0026671.
   Google Scholar
• Council of Europe. 2014. European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages-Giving Regional and Minority Languages a Say. Accessed November 26, 2015. https://edoc.coe.int/en/minority-languages/6314-european-charter-for-regional-or-minority-languages-giving-regional-and-minority-languages-a-say.html.
   Google Scholar
• Čehajić, Sabina, Rupert Brown, and Emanuele Castano. 2008. “Forgive and Forget? Antecedents and Consequences of Intergroup Forgiveness in Bosnia and Herzegovina.” Political Psychology 29 (3): 351–367. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9221.2008.00634.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Çelik, Ayşe Betül, and Andrew Blum. 2007. “Track II Interventions and the Kurdish Question in Turkey: An Analysis Using a Theories of Change Approach.” International Journal of Peace Studies 12 (2): 51–81.
   Google Scholar
• Çelik, Ayşe Betül, and Riva Kantowitz. 2009. “Trauma and Forgiveness: Comparing Experiences from Turkey and Guatemala.” In Forgiveness: Probing the Boundaries, edited by Stephen Bloch-Schulman and David White, 179–190. Oxford: Inter-Disciplinary Press.
   Google Scholar
• Derince, Mehmet Şerif. 2012. “Mother Tongue-based Multilingual Education: How?” Eğitim Bilim Toplum 10 (37): 143–151.
   Google Scholar
• Dixon, John, Kevin Durrheim, and Colin Tredoux. 2007. “Intergroup Contact and Attitudes Toward the Principle and Practice of Racial Equality.” Psychological Science 18 (10): 867–872. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01993.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dixon, Jeffrey C., and Murat Ergin. 2010. “Explaining Anti-Kurdish Beliefs in Turkey: Group Competition, Identity, and Globalization.” Social Science Quarterly 91 (5): 1329–1348. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6237.2010.00734.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Echeverria, Begoña. 2003. “Schooling, Language, and Ethnic Identity in the Basque Autonomous Community.” Anthropology and Education Quarterly 34 (4): 351–372. doi:10.1525/aeq.2003.34.4.351.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellemers, Naomi, Russell Spears, and Bertjan Doosje, eds. 1999. Social Identity: Context, Commitment, Content. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Evans, Geoffrey, and Ariana Need. 2002. “Explaining Ethnic Polarization over Attitudes towards Minority Rights in Eastern Europe: A Multilevel Analysis.” Social Science Research 31: 653–680. doi:10.1016/S0049-089X(02)00018-2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer-Neumann, Marion. 2014. “Immigrants’ Ethnic Identification and Political Involvement in the Face of Discrimination: A Longitudinal Study of the German Case.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 40 (3): 339–362. doi:10.1080/1369183X.2013.847362.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleischmann, Fenella, Karen Phalet, and Marc Swyngedouw. 2013. “Dual Identity under Threat: When and how do Turkish and Moroccan Minorities Engage in Politics?” Zeitschrift für Psychologie 221 (4): 214–222. doi:10.1027/2151-2604/a000151.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kentel, Ferhat, Meltem Ahıska, and Fırat Genç. 2007. “ Milletin Bölünmez Bütünlüğü Demokratikleşme Sürecinde Parçalayan Milliyetçilik(ler)” [The Indivisible Unity of the Nation: Nationalisms that Tear us Apart in Democratization Process]. TESEV.
   Google Scholar
• Keyman, E. Fuat. 2012. “Rethinking the ‘Kurdish Question’ in Turkey: Modernity, Citizenship and Democracy.” Philosophy and Social Criticism 38 (4–5): 467–476. doi:10.1177/0191453711435655.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirişçi, Kemal. 2011. “The Kurdish Issue in Turkey: Limits of European Union Reform.” South European Society and Politics 16 (2): 335–349. doi:10.1080/13608746.2011.577954.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Konda. 2011. Kürt Meselesinde Algı ve Beklentiler [Perceptions and Expectations in the Kurdish Issue]. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
   Google Scholar
• Levin, Shana, Jim Sidanius, Joshua L. Rabinowitz, and Christopher Federico. 1998. “Ethnic Identity, Legitimizing Ideologies, and Social Status: A Matter of Ideological Asymmetry.” Political Psychology 19 (2): 373–404. doi:10.1111/0162-895X.00109.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinovic, Borja, and Maykel Verkuyten. 2014. “The Political Downside of Dual Identity: Group Identifications and Religious Political Mobilization of Muslim Minorities.” The British Journal of Social Psychology 53 (4): 711–730. doi:10.1111/bjso.12065.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• May, Stephen. 2006. “Language Policy and Minority Rights.” In An Introduction to Language Policy: Theory and Method, edited by Thomas Ricento, 255–272. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• May, Stephen. 2011. Language and Minority Rights: Ethnicity, Nationalism and the Politics of Language. 2nd ed. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Minority Rights Group International. 2008. “Uyghurs.” Accessed January 30, 2015. http://www.minorityrights.org/5335/china/uyghurs.html.
   Google Scholar
• Öpengin, Ergin. 2012. “Sociolinguistic Situation of Kurdish in Turkey: Sociopolitical Factors and Language Use Patterns.” The International Journal of the Sociology of Language 217: 151–180. doi:10.1515/ijsl-2012-0053.
   Google Scholar
• Pettigrew, Thomas F., and Linda R. Tropp. 2011. When Groups Meet: The Dynamics of Intergroup Contact. New York: Psychology Press.
   Google Scholar
• Reicher, Stephen. 2007. “Rethinking the Paradigm of Prejudice.” South African Journal of Psychology 37 (4): 820–834. doi:10.1177/008124630703700410.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saguy, Tamar, Nicole Tausch, John F. Dovidio, and Felicia Pratto. 2009. “The Irony of Harmony: Intergroup Contact can Produce False Expectations for Equality.” Psychological Science 20 (1): 114–121. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02261.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schildkraut, Deborah J. 2014. “Boundaries of American Identity: Evolving Understandings of ‘Us’.” Annual Review of Political Science 17: 441–460. doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-080812-144642.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shelton, J. Nicole, Jennifer A. Richeson, and Jessica Salvatore. 2005. “Expecting to be the Target of Prejudice: Implications for Interethnic Interactions.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 31 (9): 1189–1202. doi:10.1177/0146167205274894.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simon, Bernd, and Olga Grabow. 2010. “The Politicization of Migrants: Further Evidence that Politicized Collective Identity is a Dual Identity.” Political Psychology 31 (5): 717–738. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9221.2010.00782.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simon, Bernd, and Bert Klandermans. 2001. “Politicized Collective Identity: A Social Psychological Analysis.” American Psychologist 56 (4): 319–331. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.56.4.319.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skutnabb-Kangas, Tove, and Robert Phillipson. 1995. “Linguistic Human Rights, Past and Present.” In Linguistic Human Rights: Overcoming Linguistic Discrimination, edited by Tove Skutnabb-Kangas and Robert Phillipson, 71–110. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
   Google Scholar
• Thornberry, Patrick. 1991. International Law and the Rights of Minorities. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
   Google Scholar
• Uçarlar, Nesrin, and Mehmet Şerif Derince. 2012. “The Problem of Mother Tongue in Turkey: Experiences of Kurdish students.” Eğitim Bilim Toplum 10 (37): 21–51.
   Google Scholar
• United Nations Development Programme. 2004. Human Development Report 2004: Cultural Liberty in Today's Diverse World. New York: United Nations.
   Google Scholar
• Van Zomeren, Martijn, Tom Postmes, and Russell Spears. 2008. “Toward an Integrative Social Identity Model of Collective Action: A Quantitative Research Synthesis of three Socio-psychological Perspectives.” Psychological Bulletin 134 (4): 504–535. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.134.4.504.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verkuyten, Maykel, and Ali Aslan Yildiz. 2006. “The Endorsement of Minority Rights: The Role of Group Position, National Context, and Ideological Beliefs.” Political Psychology 27 (4): 527–548. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9221.2006.00525.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vorauer, Jacquie D., Kelley J. Main, and Gordon B. O'Connell. 1998. “How do Individuals Expect to be Viewed by Members of Lower Status Groups? Content and Implications of Meta-stereotypes.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 75 (4): 917–937. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.75.4.917
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright, Stephen C., and Micah E. Lubensky. 2009. “The Struggle for Social Equality: Collective Action vs. Prejudice Reduction.” In Intergroup Misunderstandings: Impact of Divergent Social Realities, edited by Stephanie Demoulin, Jacques-Philippe Leyens, and John F. Dovidio, 291–310. New York: Psychology Press.
   Google Scholar
• Zeydanlıoğlu, Welat. 2012. “Turkey's Kurdish Language Policy.” The International Journal of the Sociology of Language 217: 99–125. doi:10.1515/ijsl-2012-0051.
   Google Scholar