Obviousness: the unexpected benefit of phenotypic dissimilarity

References

• Abel, Guy J., and Nikola Sander. 2014. “Migration Flows.” Science 343: 1520–1522. doi: 10.1126/science.1248676
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arce, Carlos H., Edward Murguia, and W. Parker Frisbie. 1987. “Phenotype and Life Chances Among Chicanos.” Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences 9 (1): 19–32. doi: 10.1177/073998638703090102
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ASARB (Association of Statisticians of American Religious Bodies). 2010. U.S. Religion Census: Religious Congregations & Membership Study. Lenexa, KS: Association of Statisticians of American Religious Bodies.
   Google Scholar
• Brewer, Marilyn B. 1988. “A Dual Process Model of Impression Formation.” In Advances in Social Cognition, edited by Thomas K. Srull, and Robert S. Wyer, Jr., Vol. 1, 1–36. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Caruso, Eugene M., Nicole L. Mead, and Emily Balcetis. 2009. “Political Partisanship Influences Perception of Biracial Candidates’ Skin Tone.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106 (48): 20168–20173. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0905362106
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cornell, Stephen E., and Douglas Hartmann. 2007. Ethnicity and Race: Making Identities in a Changing World. 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge.
   Google Scholar
• Davis, Fred. 1961. “Deviance Disavowal: The Management of Strained Interaction by the Visibly Handicapped.” Social Problems 9 (2): 120–132. doi: 10.2307/799007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dorman, Jacob S. 2013. Chosen People: The Rise of American Black Israelite Religions. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gans, Herbert J. 1979. “Symbolic Ethnicity: The Future of Ethnic Groups and Cultures in America.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 2 (1): 1–20. doi: 10.1080/01419870.1979.9993248
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goffman, Erving. 1963. Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity. New York: Simon & Schuster.
   Google Scholar
• Goldstein, Eric L. 2006. The Price of Whiteness: Jews, Race, and American Identity. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hagiwara, Nao, Deborah A. Kashy, and Joseph Cesario. 2012. “The Independent Effects of Skin Tone and Facial Features on Whites’ Affective Reactions to Blacks.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 48 (4): 892–898. doi: 10.1016/j.jesp.2012.02.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harvey, Richard D., Nicole LaBeach, Ellie Pridgen, and Tammy Gocial. 2005. “The Intragroup Stigmatization of Skin Tone Among Black Americans.” Journal of Black Psychology 31 (3): 237–253. doi: 10.1177/0095798405278192
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hebl, Michelle R., Melissa J. Williams, Jane M. Sundermann, Harrison J. Kell, and Paul G. Davies. 2012. “Selectively Friending: Racial Stereotypicality and Social Rejection.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 48 (6): 1329–1335. doi: 10.1016/j.jesp.2012.05.019
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hersch, Joni. 2011. “Skin Color, Physical Appearance, and Perceived Discriminatory Treatment.” The Journal of Socio-Economics 40 (5): 671–678. doi: 10.1016/j.socec.2011.05.006
   Google Scholar
• Hill, Mark E. 2002. “Skin Color and the Perception of Attractiveness among African Americans: Does Gender Make a Difference?” Social Psychology Quarterly 65 (1): 77–91. doi: 10.2307/3090169
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hobbs, Allyson. 2014. A Chosen Exile: A History of Racial Passing in American Life. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hogg, Michael A. 1993. “Group Cohesiveness: A Critical Review and Some New Directions.” European Review of Social Psychology 4 (1): 85–111. doi: 10.1080/14792779343000031
   Google Scholar
• Hogg, Michael A. 2001. “A Social Identity Theory of Leadership.” Personality and Social Psychology Review 5 (3): 184–200. doi: 10.1207/S15327957PSPR0503_1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunter, Margaret. 2007. “The Persistent Problem of Colorism: Skin Tone, Status, and Inequality.” Sociology Compass 1 (1): 237–254. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-9020.2007.00006.x
   Google Scholar
• Jacobson, Matthew Frye. 1998. Whiteness of a Different Color: European Immigrants and the Alchemy of Race. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Jiménez, Tomás R. 2004. “Negotiating Ethnic Boundaries: Multiethnic Mexican Americans and Ethnic Identity in the United States.” Ethnicities 4 (1): 75–97. doi: 10.1177/1468796804040329
   Google Scholar
• Jiménez, Tomás R., and Adam L. Horowitz. 2013. “When White Is Just Alright: How Immigrants Redefine Achievement and Reconfigure the Ethnoracial Hierarchy.” American Sociological Review 78 (5): 849–871. doi: 10.1177/0003122413497012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keith, Verna M., and Cedric Herring. 1991. “Skin Tone and Stratification in the Black Community.” American Journal of Sociology 97 (3): 760–778. doi: 10.1086/229819
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khanna, Nikki. 2004. “The Role of Reflected Appraisals in Racial Identity: The Case of Multiracial Asians.” Social Psychology Quarterly 67 (2): 115–131. doi: 10.1177/019027250406700201
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khanna, Nikki, and Cathryn Johnson. 2010. “Passing as Black: Racial Identity Work among Biracial Americans.” Social Psychology Quarterly 73 (4): 380–397. doi: 10.1177/0190272510389014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsen, Nella. 1929. Passing. New York: Knopf.
   Google Scholar
• Lerman, Amy E., Katherine T. McCabe, and Meredith L. Sadin. 2015. “Political Ideology, Skin Tone, and the Psychology of Candidate Evaluations.” Public Opinion Quarterly 79 (1): 53–90. doi: 10.1093/poq/nfu055
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lofland, John, and Lyn H. Lofland. 1995. Analyzing Social Settings: A Guide to Qualitative Observation and Analysis. 3rd ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
   Google Scholar
• Olney, Marjorie F., and Karin F. Brockelman. 2005. “The Impact of Visibility of Disability and Gender on the Self-Concept of University Students with Disabilities.” Journal of Postsecondary Education and Disability 18 (1): 80–91.
   Google Scholar
• Pauker, Kristin, Max Weisbuch, Nalini Ambady, Samuel R. Sommers, Zorana Ivcevic, and Reginald B. Adams. 2009. “Not so Black and White: Memory for Ambiguous Group Members.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 96 (4): 795–810. doi: 10.1037/a0013265
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PFRPL (Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life). 2010. U.S. Religious Knowledge Survey. Washington, DC: Pew Research Center.
   Google Scholar
• Richardson, Laurel. 2003. “Looking Jewish.” Qualitative Inquiry 9 (5): 815–821. doi: 10.1177/1077800403252742
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ridgeway, Cecilia L, and Kristan Glasgow Erickson. 2000. “Creating and Spreading Status Beliefs.” American Journal of Sociology 106 (3): 579–615. doi: 10.1086/318966
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ripley, William Z. 1899. The Races of Europe. New York: Appleton.
   Google Scholar
• Rockquemore, Kerry Ann, and David L. Brunsma. 2008. Beyond Black: Biracial Identity in America. 2nd ed. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
   Google Scholar
• Roth, Wendy D. 2016. “The Multiple Dimensions of Race.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 39 (8): 1310–1338. doi: 10.1080/01419870.2016.1140793
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stepanova, Elena V., and Michael J. Strube. 2009. “Making of a Face: Role of Facial Physiognomy, Skin Tone, and Color Presentation Mode in Evaluations of Racial Typicality.” The Journal of Social Psychology 149 (1): 66–81. doi: 10.3200/SOCP.149.1.66-81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tajfel, Henri. 1978. “Social Categorization, Social Identity and Social Comparison.” In Differentiation Between Social Groups: Studies in the Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations, edited by Henri Tajfel, 61–76. Oxford: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Waters, Mary C. 1990. Ethnic Options: Choosing Identities in America. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• West, Tessa V., Adam R. Pearson, John F. Dovidio, Blair T. Johnson, and Curtis E. Phills. 2014. “Racial Attitudes and Visual Cues in Political Judgments: Support for Obama during the 2008 Presidential Election.” Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology 20 (4): 583–590. doi: 10.1037/a0036947
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar