1,931
Views
10
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Surviving the white space: perspectives on how middle-class Black men navigate cultural racism

, , ORCID Icon, &
Pages 2513-2531 | Received 26 Jun 2019, Accepted 22 Sep 2020, Published online: 12 Nov 2020

References

  • Anderson, E. 2015. “The White Space.” Sociology of Race and Ethnicity 1 (1): 10–21.
  • Assari, S., and C. Caldwell. 2017. “Social Determinants of Perceived Discrimination Among Black Youth: Intersection of Ethnicity and Gender.” Children 5 (2): 24.
  • Assari, S., and M. Lankarani. 2018. “Workplace Racial Composition Explains High Perceived Discrimination of High Socioeconomic Status African American Men.” Brain Sciences 8 (8): 139.
  • Assari, S., M. Lankarani, and C. Caldwell. 2018. “Does Discrimination Explain High Risk of Depression among High-Income African American Men?” Behavioral Sciences 8 (4): 40.
  • Bonilla-Silva, E. 2014. Racism Without Racists: Color-Blind Racism and the Persistence of Racial Inequality in America. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
  • Bonilla-Silva, E. and G. Baiocchi. 2001. “Anything but Racism: How Sociologists Limit the Significance of Racism.” Race and Society, 4, 117–131.
  • Braveman, P. A., C. Cubbin, S. Egerter, S. Chideya, K. S. Marchi, M. Metzler, S. Posner. 2005. “Socioeconomic Status in Health Research: One Size does not fit all.” JAMA 294 (22): 2879–2888. doi:10.1001/jama.294.22.2879.
  • Brayboy-Jackson, P. 2003. “A Research Agenda for the Black Middle Class: Work Stress, Survival Strategies, and Mental Health.” Journal of Health and Social Behavior 44: 442–455.
  • Charmaz, K. 2006. Constructing Grounded Theory: A Practical Guide Through Qualitative Analysis. London: Sage.
  • Cole, E. R., and S. R. Omari. 2003. “Race, Class and the Dilemmas of Upward Mobility for African Americans.” Journal of Social Issues 59 (4): 785–802.
  • Creswell, J. W. 2013. Qualitative Inquiry & Research Design: Choosing Among Five Approaches. 3rd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Darity, W., D. Hamilton, M. Paul, A. Aja, A. Price, A. Moore, and C. Chiopris. 2018. What we get Wrong about Closing the Racial Wealth Gap. http://narrowthegap.org/images/documents/Wealth-Gap---FINAL-COMPLETE-REPORT.pdf
  • Davis, D., and B. Silver. 2003. “Stereotype Threat and Race of Interviewer Effects in a Survey on Political Knowledge.” American Journal of Political Science 47 (1): 33–45.
  • Evans, L. and W. L. Moore. 2015. “Impossible Burdens: White Institutions, Emotional Labor, and Micro-Resistance.” Social Problems 62 (3): 439–454.
  • Feagin, J. R., and M. P. Sikes. 1994. Living with Racism. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.
  • Fryer, C. S., S. R. Passmore, R. C. Maietta, J. Petruzzelli, E. Casper, N. A. Brown, J. Butler, et al. 2016. “The Symbolic Value and Limitations of Racial Concordance in Minority Research Engagement.” Qualitative Health Research 26 (6): 830–841.
  • Geronimus, A. T., S. A. James, M. Destin, L. A. Graham, M. Hatzenbuehler, M. Murphy, J. A. Pearson, et al. 2016. “Jedi Public Health: Co-Creating an Identity-Safe Culture to Promote Health Equity.” SSM – Population Health 2: 105–116.
  • Harvey Wingfield, A. 2010. “Are Some Emotions Marked “Whites Only”? Racialized Feeling Rules in Professional Workplaces.” Social Problems 57 (2): 251–268.
  • Harvey Wingfield, A. 2019. Flatlining: Race, Work and Health Care in the New Economy. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Harvey Wingfield, A., and R. S. Alston. 2012. “The Understudied Case of Black Professional Men: Advocating an Intersectional Approach.” Sociology Compass 6 (9): 728–739.
  • Hicken, M. T., H. Lee, J. Ailshire, S. A. Burgard, and D. R. Williams. 2013. “‘Every Shut Eye, Ain’t Sleep’: The Role of Racism-Related Vigilance in Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Sleep Difficulty.” Race and Social Problems 5 (2): 100–112.
  • Hicken, M. T., H. Lee, and A. K. Hing. 2018. “The Weight of Racism: Vigilance and Racial Inequalities in Weight-Related Measures.” Social Science & Medicine 199: 157–166.
  • Higginbotham, E., and L. Weber. 1992. “Moving Up with Kin and Community: Upward Social Mobility for Black and White Women.” Gender and Society 6 (3): 416–440.
  • Hudson, D. L., K. M. Bullard, H. W. Neighbors, A. T. Geronimus, J. Yang, and J. S. Jackson. 2012. “Are Benefits Conferred with Greater Socioeconomic Position Undermined by Racial Discrimination among African American men?” Journal of Men’s Health 9 (2): 127–136.
  • Hudson, D. L., H. W. Neighbors, A. T. Geronimus, and J. S. Jackson. 2011. “The Relationship Between Socioeconomic Position and Depression Among a US Nationally Representative Sample of African Americans.” Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 47 (3): 373–381.
  • Hudson, D. L., H. W. Neighbors, A. T. Geronimus, and J. S. Jackson. 2015. “Racial Discrimination, John Henryism, and Depression among African Americans.” Journal of Black Psychology 42 (3): 221–243.
  • Hudson, D., T. Sacks, K. Irani, and A. Asher. 2020. “The Price of the Ticket: Health Costs of Upward Mobility among African Americans.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17: 1179.
  • Irani, K., A. Serwin, and D. Hudson. 2020. “Investigating Vigilance: A New Way to Account for the Effects of Racism on Health Inequities.” Journal on Race, Inequality, and Social Mobility in America 2 (1): 4.
  • Kent, M. M. 2007. “Immigration and America's Black Population.” Population Bulletin 62 (4). https://www.prb.org/wp-content/uploads/2007/12/62.4immigration.pdf.
  • Lacy, K. R. 2007. Blue-Chip Black: Race, Class, and Status in the New Black Middle Class. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Lewis, J. A., R. Mendenhall, S. A. Harwood, and M. Browne Huntt. 2016. “‘Ain’t I a Woman?’ Perceived Gendered Racial Microaggressions Experienced by Black Women.” The Counseling Psychologist 44 (5): 758–780.
  • Lewis, T. T., W. M. Troxel, H. M. Kravitz, J. T. Bromberger, K. A. Matthews, and M. H. Hall. 2013. “Chronic Exposure to Everyday Discrimination and Sleep in a Multiethnic Sample of Middle-Aged Women.” Health Psychology 32: 810–819.
  • Lewis, T. T., D. R. Williams, M. Tamene, and C. R. Clark. 2014. “Self-Reported Experiences of Discrimination and Cardiovascular Disease.” Current Cardiovascular Risk Reports 8: 365.
  • Meghji, A. 2017. “Encoding and Decoding Black and White Cultural Capitals: Black Middle-Class Experiences.” Cultural Sociology 13 (1): 3–19.
  • Morgan, D. L., and R. A. Krueger. 1998. The Focus Group Kit. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Noh, S., and V. Kaspa. 2003. “Perceived Discrimination and Depression: Moderating Effects of Coping, Acculturation, and Ethnic Support.” American journal of public health 93 (2): 232–238. doi:10.2105/ajph.93.2.232.
  • Pearson, J. 2008. “Can't Buy Me Whiteness: New Lessons from the Titanic on Race, Ethnicity, and Health.” Du Bois Review 5 (1): 27–47.
  • Sacks, T. K. 2018. “Performing Black Womanhood: A Qualitative Study of Stereotypes and the Healthcare Encounter.” Critical Public Health 28 (1): 59–69.
  • Ray, R. 2017. “Black People don't Exercise in my Neighborhood: Perceived Racial Composition and Leisure-Time Physical Activity Among Middle Class Blacks and Whites.” Social Science Research 66: 42–57.
  • Shapiro, T. 2004. The Hidden Cost of Being African American: How Wealth Perpetuates Inequality. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • van Ryn Michelle, Diana J. Burgess, John F. Dovidio, Sean M. Phelan, Somnath Saha, Jennifer Malat, Joan M. Griffin, Steven S. Fu, and Sylvia Perry. 2011. “The The Impact of Racism on Clinician Cognition, Behavior, and Clinical Decision Making.” Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 8 (1): 199–218.
  • Wallace, J. M., S. Goodkind, C. M. Wallace, and J. G. Bachman. 2008. “Racial, Ethnic, and Gender Differences in School Discipline among U.S. High School Students: 1991–2005.” The Negro Educational Review 59 (1–2), 47–62.
  • Waters, M. C. 1999. Black Identities: West Indian Immigrant Dreams and American Realities. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Waters, M. C., V. C. Tran, P. Kasinitz, and J. H. Mollenkopf. 2010. “Segmented Assimilation Revisited: Types of Acculturation and Socioeconomic Mobility in Young Adulthood.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 33 (7): 1168–1193.
  • Welch, K. 2007. “Black Criminal Stereotypes and Racial Profiling.” Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice 23 (3): 276–288.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.