Incomplete lives: experiences of Islamophobia as governmentality in education and employment in Flanders, Belgium

References

• Al-Saji, Alia. 2010. “The Racialization of Muslim Veils: A Philosophical Analysis.” Philosophy & Social Criticism 36 (8): 875–902. https://doi.org/10.1177/0191453710375589.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alimahomed-Wilson, Sabrina. 2020. “The Matrix of Gendered Islamophobia: Muslim Women’s Repression and Resistance.” Gender & Society 34 (4): 648–678. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243220932156.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen, Quaylan. 2010. “Racial Microaggressions: The Schooling Experiences of Black Middle-Class Males in Arizona’s Secondary Schools.” Journal of African American Males in Education (JAAME) 1 (2): 125–143.
   Google Scholar
• Amir-Moazami, Schirin. 2011. “Dialogue as a Governmental Technique: Managing Gendered Islam in Germany.” Feminist Review 98 (1): 9–27. https://doi.org/10.1057/fr.2011.8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amir-Moazami, Schirin, Christine M Jacobsen, and Maleiha Malik. 2011. “Islam and Gender in Europe: Subjectivities, Politics and Piety.” Feminist Review 98 (1): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1057/fr.2011.9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anidjar, G. 2003. The Jew, the Arab: A History of the Enemy. Redwood City: Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Arnaut, Karel, Jean-Michel Lafleur, Nadia Fadil, Jérémy Mandin, and Jaafar Alloul. 2020. “Leaving Europe: New Crises, Entrenched Inequalities and Alternative Routes of Social Mobility.” Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies 18 (3): 261–269. https://doi.org/10.1080/15562948.2020.1759751.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asad, Talal. 2003. Formations of the Secular: Christianity, Islam, Modernity. Redwood City: Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Avilés, Robert M. Davison, Manuel P. Guerrero, Heidi Barajas Howarth, and Glenn Thomas. 1999. “Perceptions of Chicano/Latino Students Who Have Dropped Out of School.” Journal of Counseling & Development 77 (4): 465–473. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.1999.tb02474.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belgian Council of State. 14 October 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Benfquih, Yousra, and Saïla Ouald Chaib. 2014. “Religious Signs in Public Schools: Belgian Council of State shows Judicial Bravery.” Strasbourg Observers. https://strasbourgobservers.com/2014/11/04/religious-signs-in-public-schools-belgian-council-of-state-shows-judicial-bravery/.
   Google Scholar
• Birt, Yahya. 2010. “Governing Muslims after 9/11.” In Thinking Through Islamophobia: Global Perspectives, edited by S. Sayyid, and A. K. Vakil, 117–127. London: Hurst.
   Google Scholar
• Bracke, Sarah, and Luis Manuel Hernández Aguilar. 2022. “Thinking Europe’s “Muslim Question”: On Trojan Horses and the Problematization of Muslims.” Critical Research on Religion 10 (0): 200. https://doi.org/10.1177/20503032211044430.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brems, Eva. 2020. “Belgium: Discrimination against Muslims in Belgium.” In State, Religion and Muslims: Between Discrimination and Protection at the Legislative, Executive and Judicial Levels, edited by Melek Saral, and Şerif Onur Bahçecik, 65–108. Leiden: Brill.
   Google Scholar
• Cavazos, J., A. G. Cavazos, M. Hinojosa, and M. Silva. 2009. “Dispelling Seven Myths Concerning Latina/o Students: A Call to Action for School Counselors.” Journal of School Counseling 7 (8): 1–26.
   Google Scholar
• Colak, F. Zehra, Lore Van Praag, and Ides Nicaise. 2023. “‘Oh, This is Really Great Work—Especially for a Turk’: A Critical Race Theory Analysis of Turkish Belgian Students’ Discrimination Experiences.” Race Ethnicity and Education, https://doi.org/10.1080/13613324.2020.1842351.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cychosz, Margaret, Rachel Romeo, Melanie Soderstrom, Camila Scaff, Hillary Ganek, Alejandrina Cristia, Marisa Casillas, Kaya de Barbaro, Janet Y. Bang, and Adriana Weisleder. 2020. “Longform Recordings of Everyday Life: Ethics for Best Practices.” Behavior Research Methods 52 (5): 1951–1969. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-020-01365-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D’Hondt, Fanny. 2016. “Ethnic Discrimination and Educational Inequality.” PhD, Sociology, Ghent.
   Google Scholar
• Fadil, Nadia. 2011. “Not-/Unveiling as an Ethical Practice.” Feminist Review 98 (1): 83–109. https://doi.org/10.1057/fr.2011.12.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fadil, Nadia, E. El Asri, and Sarah Bracke. 2015. “Belgium.” In Oxford Handbook of European Islam, edited by Jocelyn Cesari, 222–265. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fadil, Nadia, Annelies Moors, and Karel Arnaut. 2021. “Envisioning Hijra: The Ethics of Leaving and Dwelling of European Muslims.” Contemporary Islam 15 (1): 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11562-021-00461-7.
   Google Scholar
• Fernando, M. L. 2014. The Republic Unsettled: Muslim French and the Contradictions of Secularism. Durham: Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Finlay, Robin, and Peter Hopkins. 2020. “Resistance and Marginalisation: Islamophobia and the Political Participation of Young Muslims in Scotland.” Social & Cultural Geography 21 (4): 546–568. https://doi.org/10.1080/14649365.2019.1573436.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garner, Steve, and Saher Selod. 2015. “The Racialization of Muslims: Empirical Studies of Islamophobia.” Critical Sociology 41 (1): 9–19. https://doi.org/10.1177/0896920514531606.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gholami, Reza. 2021. “Critical Race Theory and Islamophobia: Challenging Inequity in Higher Education.” Race Ethnicity and Education 24 (3): 319–337. https://doi.org/10.1080/13613324.2021.1879770.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammerberg, Thomas. 2010. Human Rights in Europe: No Grounds for Complacency. Brussels: Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights.
   Google Scholar
• Jouili, Jeanette. 2009. “Negotiating Secular Boundaries: Pious Micro-Practices of Muslim Women in French and German Public Spheres.” Social Anthropology 17 (4): 455–470. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8676.2009.00082.x.
   Google Scholar
• Jouili, Jeanette. 2015. Pious Practice and Secular Constraints: Women in the Islamic Revival in Europe. Redwood City: Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kaya, Ayhan. 2011. “Islamophobia as a Form of Governmentality: Unbearable Weightiness of the Politics of Fear.” In Willy Brandt Series of Working Papers in International Migration and Ethnic Relations, edited by Björn Fryklund, 1–60. Malmö: Malmö Institute for Studies of Migration, Diversity and Welfare.
   Google Scholar
• Kaya, Ayhan. 2015. “Islamophobia.” In The Oxford Handbook of European Islam, edited by Jocelyn Cesari, 745–769. Oxford, UK.
   Google Scholar
• Kessler, Ronald C., Kristin D. Mickelson, and David R. Williams. 1999. “The Prevalence, Distribution, and Mental Health Correlates of Perceived Discrimination in the United States.” Journal of Health and Social Behavior 40 (3): 208–230. https://doi.org/10.2307/2676349.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klug, Brian. 2012. “Islamophobia: A Concept Comes of age.” Ethnicities 12 (5): 665–681. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468796812450363.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar, D. 2012. Islamophobia and the Politics of Empire. Chicago: Haymarket Books.
   Google Scholar
• Modood, T. 2005. Multicultural Politics: Racism, Ethnicity, and Muslims in Britain. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
   Google Scholar
• Moller, Stephanie, and Elizabeth Stearns. 2012. “Tracking Success.” Urban Education 47 (6): 1025–1054. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042085912454440.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mondon, Aurelien, and Aaron Winter. 2017. “Articulations of Islamophobia: From the Extreme to the Mainstream?” Ethnic and Racial Studies 40 (13): 2151–2179. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2017.1312008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nabi, Shaida-Raffat. 2011. How is Islamophobia Institutionalised? Racialised Governmentality and the Case of Muslim Students in British Universities. Manchester: University of Manchester.
   Google Scholar
• Open Society Justice Initiative. 2022. "Restrictions on Muslim Women's Dress in the 27 EU Member States and the United Kingdom: Current Law, Recent Legal Developments, and the State of Play.” Factsheet.
   Google Scholar
• Ouali, Nouria. 2000. “Affirmation de soi et Sécularisation des Identités Musulmanes.” In Voix et Voies des Musulmanes, edited by Ural Manço, 189–194. Brussels: Publications des Facultés Universitaires Saint Louis.
   Google Scholar
• Sayyid, S. 2014. “A Measure of Islamophobia.” Islamophobia Studies Journal 2 (1): 10–25. https://doi.org/10.13169/islastudj.2.1.0010.
   Google Scholar
• Šeta, Đermana. 2016. Forgotten women: the impact of Islamophobia on Muslim women. ENAR European Network against Racism.
   Google Scholar
• Struys, Bruno. 2021. “Lerarentekort zwengelt debat over hoofddoekverbod opnieuw aan: ‘Dit gaat om het recht op werk’.” De Morgen, October 20.
   Google Scholar
• Sue, D. W. 2010. Microaggressions in Everyday Life: Race, Gender, and Sexual Orientation. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Teney, Celine, Perrine Devleeshouwer, and Laurie Hanquinet. 2013. “Educational Aspirations among Ethnic Minority Youth in Brussels: Does the Perception of Ethnic Discrimination in the Labour Market Matter? A Mixed-Method Approach.” Ethnicities 13 (5): 584–606. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468796812472009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Timmerman, Chris, and Els Vanderwaeren. 2008. “Hoogopgeleide Jongeren Over hun Moslim Zijn in Vlaanderen.” In Diversiteit in Islam. Over Verschillende Belevingen van het Moslim Zijn., edited by Christiane Timmerman, and Els Vanderwaeren, 15–44. Leuven: Acco.
   Google Scholar
• Topolski, Anya. 2018. “The Race-Religion Constellation: A European Contribution to the Critical Philosophy of Race.” Critical Philosophy of Race 6 (1): 58–81. https://doi.org/10.5325/critphilrace.6.1.0058.
   Google Scholar
• Tyson, K. 2011. Integration Interrupted: Tracking, Black Students, and Acting White After Brown. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Van de Graaf, Cathérine. 2021. “Perceptions of Discrimination of Muslim Women in Belgium: A Study of Discriminatory Incidents Across Public and Private Organizations Reported to the National Equality Body.” Islamophobia Studies Journal 6 (2): 207–227. https://doi.org/10.13169/islastudj.6.2.0207.
   Google Scholar
• Van Praag, L., P. A. J. Stevens, and M. Van Houtte. 2014. “Belgium.” In The Palgrave Handbook of Race and Ethnic Inequalities in Education, edited by P. A. J. Stevens, and G. A. Dworkin, 106–138. London: Palgrave.
   Google Scholar
• Van Praag, Lore, Marie Verhoeven, Peter A. J. Stevens, and Mieke Van Houtte. 2019. “Belgium: Cultural Versus Class Explanations for Ethnic Inequalities in Education in the Flemish and French Communities.” In The Palgrave Handbook of Race and Ethnic Inequalities in Education, edited by Peter A. J. Stevens, and A. Gary Dworkin, 159–213. Cham: Springer International Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Wengraf, T. 2001. Qualitative Research Interviewing: Biographic Narrative and Semi-Structured Methods. Newbury Park, CA: SAGE Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Zine, Jasmin. 2006. “Unveiled Sentiments: Gendered Islamophobia and Experiences of Veiling among Muslim Girls in a Canadian Islamic School.” Equity & Excellence in Education 39 (3): 239–252. https://doi.org/10.1080/10665680600788503.
   Google Scholar
• Zuhri, Syaifudin. 2021. “Regimented Islamophobia : Islam, State, and Governmentality in Indonesia.” QIJIS (Qudus International Journal of Islamic Studies) 9: 387–422. https://doi.org/10.21043/qijis.v9i2.8249.
   Google Scholar