Prejudice against Muslims: anxiety as a mediator between intergroup contact and attitudes, perceived group variability and behavioural intentions

References

• Afshar , H. , Aitken , R. Franks , M. 2005 ‘Feminisms, Islamophobia and identities’ , Political Studies , 53 , 262 83
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ajzen , I. 1991 ‘The theory of planned behavior’ , Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes , 50 , 179 211
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albarracin , D. et al. . 2001 ‘Theories of reasoned action and planned behavior as models of condom use: A meta-analysis’ , Psychological Bulletin , 127 , 1 , 142 61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen , C. Nielsen , J. S. 2002 Summary Report on Islamophobia in the EU after 11 September 2001 , Vienna : European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia
   Google Scholar
• Allport , G. W. 1954 The Nature of Prejudice , Reading, MA : Addison-Wesley
   Google Scholar
• Baron , R. M. Kenny , D. A. 1986 ‘The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations’ , Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 51 , 6 , 1173 82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BBC Online 2006 ‘Parallel lives?’ , http://www.bbc.co.uk/lancashire/content/articles/2006/11/21/parallel_lives_feature.shtml (accessed 23 June 2009)
   Google Scholar
• BBC Online 2008 ‘The men accused of car bomb plot’ , http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7662134.stm (accessed 9 October 2008)
   Google Scholar
• Binder , J. et al. . 2009 ‘Does contact reduce prejudice or does prejudice reduce contact? A longitudinal test of the contact hypothesis in three European countries’ , Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 96 , 4 , 843 56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bousfield , C. and Hutchison , P. 2010 . Contact, anxiety, and young people's attitudes and behavioural intentions towards the elderly . Educational Gerontology , 36 ( 6 ) : 451 – 466 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cameron , L. , Rutland , A. Brown , R. 2007 ‘Promoting children's positive intergroup attitudes towards stigmatized groups: extended contact and multiple classification skills training’ , International Journal of Behavioral Development , 31 , 5 , 454 66
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cole , M. 2009 ‘A Plethora of “suitable enemies”: British racism at the dawn of the twenty-first century’ , Ethnic and Racial Studies , 32 , 1671 85
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Community Cohesion Reveiw Team 2001 Community Cohesion: A Report of the Independent Review Team , London : Home Office
   Google Scholar
• Dixon , J. , Durrheim , K. Tredoux , C. 2005 ‘Beyond the optimal strategy: a “reality check” for the contact hypothesis’ , American Psychologist , 60 , 7 , 697 711
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Echebarria-Echabe , A. Fernandez-Guede , E. 2006 ‘Effects of terrorism on attitudes and ideological orientation’ , European Journal of Social Psychology , 36 , 2 , 259 65
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finney , N. Simpson , L. 2009 ‘Sleepwalking into Segregation? Challenging the Myths about Race and Migration’ , Bristol : Polity Press
   Google Scholar
• Greater London Authority 2006 Muslims in London , London : Greater London Authority
   Google Scholar
• Hutchison , P. et al. . 2006 ‘Protecting threatened identity: sticking with the group by emphasizing ingroup heterogeneity’ , Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 32 , 12 , 1620 32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• et al. Forthcoming ‘Anxiety, outcome expectancies, and young people's willingness to engage in contact with the elderly’ , Educational Gerontology
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Islam , M. R. Hewstone , M. 1993 ‘Dimension of contact as predictors of intergroup anxiety, perceived outgroup variability and outgroup attitudes: an integrative model’ , Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 19 , 6 , 700 10
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liebkind , K. McAlister , A. L. 1999 ‘Extended contact through peer modelling to promote tolerance in Finland’ , European Journal of Social Psychology , 29 , 5 , 765 80
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merskin , D. 2004 ‘The construction of Arabs as enemies: post-September 11 discourse of George W. Bush’ , Mass Communication and Society , 7 , 2 , 157 75
   Google Scholar
• Nosek , B. A. et al. . 2007 ‘Pervasiveness and correlates of implicit attitudes and stereotypes’ , European Review of Social Psychology , 18 , 1 , 36 88 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ostrom , T. M. Sedikides , C. 1992 ‘Out-group homogeneity effects in natural and minimal groups’ , Psychological Bulletin , 112 , 3 , 536 52
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paolini , S. et al. . 2004 ‘Effects of direct and indirect cross-group friendships on judgements of Catholics and Protestants in Northern Ireland: the mediating role of an anxiety-reduction mechanism’ , Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 30 , 6 , 770 86
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park , B. Judd , C. M. 1990 ‘Measures and models of perceived group variability’ , Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 59 , 2 , 173 91
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park , J. , Felix , K. Lee , G. 2007 ‘Implicit attitudes toward Arab-Muslims and the moderating effects of social information’ , Basic and Applied Social Psychology , 29 , 1 , 35 45
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pettigrew , T. F. 1998 ‘Intergroup contact: theory, research and new perspectives’ , Annual Review of Psychology , 49 , 65 85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pettigrew , T. F. Tropp , L. R. 2006 ‘A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory’ , Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 90 , 5 , 751 83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pettigrew , T. F. Tropp , L. R. 2008 ‘How does intergroup contact reduce prejudice? Meta-analytic tests of three mediators’ , European Journal of Social Psychology , 38 , 6 , 922 34
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips , D. 2006 ‘Parallel lives? Challenging discourses of British Muslim self-segregation’ , Environment and Planning D: Society and Space , 24 , 25 40
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plant , E. A. Devine , P. 2003 ‘The antecedents and implications of interracial anxiety’ , Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 29 , 6 , 790 801
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preacher , K. J. Leonardelli , G. L. 2001 ‘Calculation for the Sobel test: an interactive calculation tool for mediation tests’ , http://www.psych.ku.edu/preacher/sobel/sobel.htm (accessed 29 January 2009)
   Google Scholar
• Quattrone , G. A. Jones , E. E. 1980 ‘The perception of variability within in-groups and out-groups: implications for the law of small numbers’ , Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 38 , 1 , 141 52
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheridan , L. P. 2006 ‘Islamophobia pre- and post-September 11th, 2001’ , Journal of Interpersonal Violence , 21 , 3 , 317 36
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheridan , L. P. Gillet , R. 2005 ‘Major world events and discrimination’ , Asian Journal of Social Psychology , 8 , 2 , 191 7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephan , W. G. Renfro , C. L. 2002 , ‘ The role of threat in intergroup relations ’, in D. M. Mackie E. R. Smith , From Prejudice to Intergroup Emotions: Differentiated Reactions to Social Groups , New York : Psychology Press , 191 207
   Google Scholar
• Stephan , W. G. Stephan , C. W. 1985 ‘Intergroup anxiety’ , Journal of Social Issues , 41 , 3 , 157 76
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sutton , S. 1998 ‘Predicting and explaining intentions and behavior: how well are we doing?’ , Journal of Applied Social Psychology , 28 , 15 , 1317 38
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tam , T. et al. . 2006 ‘Intergroup contact and grandparent-grandchild communication: the effects of self-disclosure on implicit and explicit biases against older people’ , Group Processes & Intergroup Relations , 9 , 3 , 413 30
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tam , T. et al. . 2009 ‘Intergroup trust in Northern Ireland’ , Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 35 , 1 , 45 59
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner , R. N. , Crisp , R. J. Lambert , E. 2007 ‘Imagining intergroup contact can improve intergroup attitudes’ , Group Processes and Intergroup Relations , 14 , 4 , 427 41
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner , R. N. , Hewstone , M. Voci , A. 2007 ‘Reducing explicit and implicit outgroup prejudice via direct and extended contact: the mediating role of self-disclosure and intergroup anxiety’ , Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 93 , 3 , 369 88
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner , R. N. et al. . 2008 ‘A test of the extended contact hypothesis: the mediating role of intergroup anxiety, perceived ingroup and outgroup norms, and inclusion of the outgroup in the self’ , Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 95 , 4 , 843 60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viki , G. T. et al. . 2006 ‘Race and willingness to cooperate with the police: the role of quality of contact, attitudes towards the behaviour and subjective norms’ , British Journal of Social Psychology , 45 , 2 , 285 302
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voci , A. Hewstone , M. 2003 ‘Intergroup contact and prejudice toward immigrants in Italy: the meditational role of anxiety and the moderational role of group salience’ , Group Processes and Intergroup Relations , 6 , 1 , 37 51
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilder , D. A. Shapiro , P. 1989 ‘Effects of anxiety on impression formation in a group context: an anxiety-assimilation hypothesis’ Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 25 , 6 , 481 99
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright , S. C. et al. . 1997 ‘The extended contact effect: knowledge of cross-group friendships and prejudice’ , Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 73 , 1 , 73 90
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar