‘Racialised facilitative capital’ and the paving of differential paths to achievement of Afro-Trinidadian boys

References

• Bodenhorn, H. 2006. “Colorism, complexion homogamy, and household wealth: Some historical evidence.” The American Economic Review 96(2): 256–260.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonilla-Silva, E., and D.R. Dietrich. 2008. The Latin Americanization of racial stratification in the U.S. In Racism in the 21st century: An empirical analysis of skin colour, ed. R.E. Hall, 151–70. New York: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Bourdieu, P. 1986. “The forms of capital.” In Handbook of theory and research for the sociology of education, edited by J. G. Richardson, 46–58. New York: Greenwood Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bourdieu, P. 1999. “Scattered remarks.” European Journal of Social Theory 2(3): 334–340.
   Google Scholar
• Braithwaite, L. 1953. “Social stratification in Trinidad: A preliminary analysis.” Social and Economic Studies 2(2): 5–175.
   Google Scholar
• Brereton, B. 1979. Race relations in colonial Trinidad 1870–1900. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Camejo, A. 1971. “Racial discrimination in employment in the private sector in Trinidad and Tobago: A study of the business elite and the social structure.” Social and Economic Studies 20(3): 294–318.
   Google Scholar
• Campbell, C. C. 1996. The young colonials: A social history of education in Trinidad and Tobago, 1843–1939. Kingston: University of the West Indies Press.
   Google Scholar
• Campbell, C. C. 1997. Endless education: Main currents in the education system of modern Trinidad and Tobago 1939–1986. Kingston: University of the West Indies Press.
   Google Scholar
• Central Statistical Office. 2003. Pocket digest. Port of Spain: Ministry of Planning and Development Government of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago.
   Google Scholar
• Christians, C. G. 2000. “Ethics and politics in qualitative research.” In Handbook of qualitative research, edited by N. K. Denzin and Y. S. Lincoln, 133–155. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Codjoe, H. M. 2001. “Fighting a ‘public enemy’ of black academic achievement: The persistence of racism and the schooling experiences of black students in Canada.” Race Ethnicity and Education 4(4): 343–375.
   Google Scholar
• Codjoe, H. M. 2006. “The role of an affirmed black cultural identity and heritage in the academic achievement of African-Canadian students.” Intercultural Education 17(1): 33–54.
   Google Scholar
• Coppin, A. 1997. “Color in an English-speaking Caribbean labor market.” Journal of Developing Areas 31(3): 399–410.
   Google Scholar
• Coppin, A. 2000. “Insights into the work and family lives of Afro-Caribbean men.” The Review of Black Political Economy 27(4): 65–86.
   Google Scholar
• Coppin, A., and R. N. Olsen. 1998. “Earnings and ethnicity in Trinidad and Tobago.” Journal of Development Studies 34(3): 116–134.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dei, G. J. S., J. Mazzuca, E. Mcisaac, and J. Zine. 1997. Reconstructing ‘drop-out’: A critical ethnography of the dynamics of black students’ disengagement from school. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
   Google Scholar
• Delgado, R., and J. Stefancic. 2001. Critical race theory: An introduction. New York: New York University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Demie, F., and C. McLean. 2007. “Raising the achievement of African heritage pupils: A case study of good practice in British schools.” Educational Studies 33(4): 425–434.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dixson, A.D., and C.K. Rousseau, eds. 2006. Critical race theory in education: All God’s children got a song. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Du Bois, W. E. B. 2009. The souls of black folk. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fanon, F. 1967. Black skin, white masks. New York: Grove Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fraser, T. 2004. The emerging underclass. The Trinidad Guardian, July 15. http://legacy.guardian.co.tt/archives/2004-07-15/Tonyfraser.html.
   Google Scholar
• Hall, R.E., ed. 2008. Racism in the 21st century: An empirical analysis of skin color. New York: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Harewood, J. 1971. “Racial discrimination in employment in Trinidad and Tobago (based on data from the 1960 census).” Social and Economic Studies 20(3): 267–293.
   Google Scholar
• Hersch, J. 2006. “Skin-tone effects among African Americans: Perceptions and reality.” The American Economic Review 96(2): 251–255.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes, M., and B. R. Hertel. 1990. “The significance of color remains: A study of life chances, mate selection, and ethnic consciousness among black Americans.” Social Forces 68(4): 1105–1120.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunter, M. 2002. “‘If you’re light you’re alright’: Light skin color as social capital for women of color.” Gender and Society 16(2): 175–193.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunter, M. 2008. “The cost of color: What we pay for being black and brown.” In Racism in the 21st century: An empirical analysis of skin color, edited by R. E. Hall, 63–76. New York: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• ames, C.L.R. 1932. Life of Captain A. A. Cipriani. Nelson: Coulton.
   Google Scholar
• Jenkins, R. 2002. Pierre Bourdieu. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Jules, V. 1994. A study of the secondary school population in Trinidad and Tobago: Placement patterns and practices – a research report. St Augustine: Centre for Ethnic Studies, University of the West Indies.
   Google Scholar
• Keith, V. M., and C. Herring. 1991. “Skin tone and stratification in the black community.” The American Journal of Sociology 97(3): 760–778.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan, A. 1993. “What is ‘a Spanish’?; Ambiguity and ‘mixed’ ethnicity in Trinidad.” In Trinidad ethnicity, edited by K. A. Yelvington, 180–207. London: Macmillan Press.
   Google Scholar
• Khan, A. 2004. Callaloo nation: Metaphors of race and religious identity among South Asians in Trinidad. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ladson-Billings, G., and W. F. Tate. 2006. “Towards a critical race theory of education.” In Critical race theory in education: All God’s children got a song, edited by A. D. Dixson and C. K. Rousseau, 11–30. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Lowenthal, D. 1967. “Race and color in the West Indies.” Daedalus 96(2): 580–626.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mackenzie, C. G. 1991. “Denominational primary schooling: The case of Trinidad and Tobago.” International Review of Education 37(2): 211–226.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayhew, A. 1938. Education in the colonial empire. London: Longmans, Green and Co.
   Google Scholar
• Omi, M., and H. Winant. 2002. “Racial formation.” In Race critical theories, edited by P. Essed and D. T. Goldberg, 123–145. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Rampersad, R. 2012. “Interrogating pigmentocracy: The intersections of race and social class in the primary education of Afro-Trinidadian boys.” In Intersectionality and race in education, edited by K. Bhopal and J. Preston, 57–75. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Reay, D. 1998. Class work: Mothers’ involvement in their childrens’ primary schooling. London: UCL Press.
   Google Scholar
• Reay, D. 2005. “Beyond consciousness? the psychic landscape of social class.” Sociology 39(5): 911–928.
   Google Scholar
• Segal, D. A. 1993. “‘Race’ and ‘colour’ in pre-independence Trinidad and Tobago.” In Trinidad ethnicity, edited by K. A. Yelvington, 81–115. London: Macmillan Press.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor, E. 2009. “The foundations of critical race theory in education: An introduction.” In Foundations of critical race theory in education, edited by E. Taylor, D. Gillborn and G. Ladson-Billings, 1–13. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Thompson, M. S., and V. M. Keith. 2001. “The blacker the berry: Gender, skin tone, self-esteem, and self-efficacy.” Gender and Society 15(3): 336–357.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomlinson, S. 2008. Race and education: Policy and politics in Britain. Maidenhead: Open University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Valencia, R.R., ed. 1997. The evolution of deficit thinking: Educational thought and practice. London: Falmer Press.
   Google Scholar
• Yosso, T. J. 2006. “Whose culture has capital? A critical race theory discussion of community cultural wealth.” In Critical race theory in education: All God’s children got a song, edited by A. D. Dixson and C. K. Rousseau, 167–189. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar