An animal-as-client (AAC) theory for zoo exhibit design

References

• American Zoo and Aquarium Association 2002 Home page, available at http://www.aza.org/aboutaza/
   Google Scholar
• Beebe WC 1906 The Bird, Its Form and Function (New York: Henry Holt)
   Google Scholar
• Boesch , C . 1996 . The emergence of cultures among wild chimpanzees . Proceedings of the British Academy , 88 : 251 – 268 .
   Google Scholar
• Booth NK 1983 Basic Elements of Landscape Architectural Design (Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press)
   Google Scholar
• Brady , B , Huelsman , J and Maruska , E . 1990 . Cats in context: Cincinnati Zoo cat exhibit . International Zoo Yearbook , 29 : 169 – 174 .
   Google Scholar
• Broom , DM . 1988 . The scientific assessment of animal welfare . Applied Animal Behaviour Science , 20 : 5 – 19 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlstead K 1991 Husbandry of the Fennec fox Fennecus zerda : environmental conditions influencing stereotypic behaviour International Zoo Yearbook 30 202 207
   Google Scholar
• Carlstead K Shepherdson D 2000 Alleviating stress in zoo animals with environmental enrichment in: G. P. MobergJ. A. Mench (Eds) The Biology of Animal Stress: Basic Principles and Implications for Animal Welfare 337 354 (Wallingford: CABI Publishing)
   Google Scholar
• Castle E 1990 Husbandry and breeding of chameleons Chamaeleo spp. at Oklahoma City Zoo International Zoo Yearbook 29 74 84
   Google Scholar
• Cherfas J 1984 Zoo 2000 (London: British Broadcasting Corporation)
   Google Scholar
• Christie S Wheeler F 1990 Exhibit for the dwarf mongoose Helogale parvula at London Zoo International Zoo Yearbook 29 228 232
   Google Scholar
• Cohen C Regan T 2001 The Animal Rights Debate (Oxford: RowmanLittlefield)
   Google Scholar
• Conway 1968
   Google Scholar
• Conway , W . 1985 . The species survival plan and the conference on reproductive strategies for endangered wildlife . Zoo Biology , 4 : 219 – 223 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conway WG 1982 Zoo and aquarium philosophy in: K. Sausman (Ed) Zoological Park and Aquarium Fundamentals 3 12 (Wheeling, WV: The American Association of Zoological Parks and Aquariums)
   Google Scholar
• Curtis H 1983 Biology (New York: Worth)
   Google Scholar
• De Waal F 1982 Chimpanzee Politics: Power and Sex Among Apes (London: Jonathon Caoe)
   Google Scholar
• Descola P 1994 In the Society of Nature: A Native Ecology in Amazonia (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)
   Google Scholar
• Draper , WA and Bernstein , IS . 1963 . Stereotyped behaviour and cage size . ,, Perception and Motor Skills , 16 : 231 – 234 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards CA Bohlen PJ 1996 Biology and Ecology of Earthworms (New York: ChapmanHall)
   Google Scholar
• Eisenberg , JF and Kleiman , DG . 1977 . The usefulness of behavior studies in developing captive breeding programs for mammals . International Zoo Yearbook , 17 : 81 – 89 .
   Google Scholar
• Ellen RF 1996 The cognitive geometry of nature: a contextual approach in: P. DescolaG. Palsson (Eds) Nature and Society 103 124 (New York: Routledge)
   Google Scholar
• Estes RD 1991 The Behavior Guide to African Mammals (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press)
   Google Scholar
• Galdikas BMF 1979 Orangutan adaptation at Tanjung Putting reserve: mating and ecology in: D. A. HamburgE. R. McCowan (Eds) The Great Apes 195 233 (Redwood City, CA: Benjamin/Cummings)
   Google Scholar
• Galdikas BMF Briggs N 1999 Orangutan Odyssey (New York: Harry N. Abrams)
   Google Scholar
• Goodall J 1965 Chimpanzees of the Gombe Stream Reserve in: I. De Vore (Ed.) Primate Behavior 425 473 (New York: Holt, RinehartWinston)
   Google Scholar
• Grant , BR and Grant , PR . 1996 . Cultural inheritance of song and its role in the evolution of Darwin's finches . Evolution , 50 : 2471 – 2487 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gribl J 1975 Development plan for the Munich Zoological Gardens, Hellabrunn in: P. G. Michelmore (Ed.) Zoo Design: Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Zoo Design and Construction 48 53 (Paignton, Devon, Whitley Wildlife Conservation Trust)
   Google Scholar
• Hediger H 1950 Wild Animals in Captivity (New York: Dover)
   Google Scholar
• Ho MW Fox SW 1988 Evolutionary Processes and Metaphors (Chichester: John Wiley)
   Google Scholar
• Hubrecht , RC , Serpell , JA and Poole , TB . 1992 . Correlates of pen size and housing conditions on the behaviour of kennelled dogs . Applied Animal Behaviour Science , 34 : 365 – 383 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ingold T 1996 The optimal forger and economic man in: P. DescolaG. Palsson (Eds) Nature and Society 25 44 (New York: Routledge)
   Google Scholar
• Jacobi EF 1975 The zoo of the future in: P. G. Michelmore (Ed.) Zoo Design: Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Zoo Design and Construction 34 37 (Paignton, Devon, Whitley Wildlife Conservation Trust)
   Google Scholar
• Kastelein RA Mosterd P 1989 The excavation technique for molluscs of Pacific walruses Odobenus rosmarus divergensunder controlled conditions Aquatic Mammals 15 3 5
   Google Scholar
• Kastelein RA Paasse M Klinkhamer P Wiepkema PR 1991 Food dispensers as occupational therapy for the walrus Odobenus rosmarus divergens at the Harderwijk Marine Mammal Park International Zoo Yearbook 30 207 212
   Google Scholar
• Kastelein RA Wiepkema PR Slegtenhorst C 1989 The use of molluscs to occupy Pacific walruses (Odobenus rosmarus divergens) in human care Aquatic Mammals 15 6 8
   Google Scholar
• Keddy PA 1989 Competition (New York: Chapman and Hall)
   Google Scholar
• Keiper , RR . 1969 . Causal factors of stereotypies in caged birds . Animal Behaviour , 17 : 114 – 119 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King CE 1990 Reproductive management of the Oriental white stork Ciconia boyciana in captivity International Zoo Yearbook 29 85 90
   Google Scholar
• Kleiman , DG . 1994 . Animal behavior studies and zoo propagation programs . Zoo Biology , 13 : 411 – 412 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacArthur , RH . 1958 . Population ecology of some warblers of northeastern coniferous forests . Ecology , 39 : 599 – 619 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mann , CC and Plummer , ML . 1992 . The butterfly problem . The Atlantic Monthly , 269 (1) : 47 – 70 .
   Google Scholar
• Margodt K 2000 The Welfare Ark—Suggestions for a Renewed Policy on Zoos (Brussels: Vrije Universiteit Brussels Press)
   Google Scholar
• Markovitz H 1982 Behavioural Enrichment in the Zoo (New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold)
   Google Scholar
• Maser C 1994 Sustainable Forestry: Philosophy, Science, and Economics (Delray Beach, FL, St Lucia Press)
   Google Scholar
• Mendel FC 1981 Use of hands and feet of two-toed sloths Choloepus hoffmanni during climbing and terrestrial locomotion Journal of Mammalogy 62 (2) 413 421
   Google Scholar
• Moussaieff Masson J McCarthy S 1995 When Elephants Weep: The Emotional Lives of Animals (New York: Delacorte)
   Google Scholar
• Mullan B Marvin G 1987 Zoo Culture (London: WeidenfeldNicolson)
   Google Scholar
• Murdoch , J and Pratt , AC . 1993 . Rural studies: modernism, postmodernism and the ‘post-rural’ . Journal of Rural Studies , 10 : 411 – 427 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Napier JR Napier PH 1985 The Natural History of the Primates (Wallingford: Gem Publishing)
   Google Scholar
• Nelson , CH and Johnson , KR . 1987 . Whales and walruses as tillers of the sea floor . Scientific American , 256 : 74 – 81 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Brien TG 1997 Behavioural ecology of the North Sulawesi Tarictic Hornbill Penelopides exarhatus exarhatus during the breeding season Ibis 139 97 101
   Google Scholar
• Page J 1990 Zoo—The Modern Ark (New York: Key Porter Books)
   Google Scholar
• Patton MQ 1990 Qualitative Evaluation and Research Methods (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage)
   Google Scholar
• Paulk , HH , Dienske , H and Ribbens , LG . 1977 . Abnormal behaviour in relation to cage size in rhesus monkeys . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 86 : 87 – 92 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peaker , M . 1990 . Nutritional requirements and diets for hummingbirds and sunbirds . International Zoo Yearbook , 29 : 109 – 118 .
   Google Scholar
• Peschl MF 1999 The development of scientific concepts and their embodiment in the representational activities of cognitive systems in: P. Van Loocke (Ed.) The Nature of Concepts 184 214 (New York: Routledge)
   Google Scholar
• Phillips BS 1971 Social Research: Strategy and Tactics (New York: The Macmillan Company)
   Google Scholar
• Philo , C . 1995 . Animals, geography and the city: notes on exclusions and inclusions . Environment and Planning D: Society and Space , 13 : 665 – 681 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ralls K 1995 Why is behaviour so rarely incorporated into conservation planning? in: Proceedings of the Twenty-Fourth International Ethological Conference Abstracts (Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii)
   Google Scholar
• Rendell , L and Whitehead , H . 2001 . Culture in whales and dolphins . Behavioral and Brain Sciences , 24 : 309 – 382 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richard AF 1985 Primates in Nature (New York: W. H. Freeman)
   Google Scholar
• Ridley M 2003 Nature via Nurture (Toronto: HarperCollins)
   Google Scholar
• Rijksen HD Meijaard E 1999 Our Vanishing Relative: The Status of Wild Orangutans at the Close of the Twentieth Century (Boston, MA: Kluwer Academic)
   Google Scholar
• Rodman PS 1979 Individual activity patterns and the solitary nature of orangutans in: D. A. HamburgE. R. McCowan (Eds) The Great Apes 195 233 (Redwood City, CA: Benjamin/Cummings)
   Google Scholar
• Rosen R 1967 Optimality Principles in Biology (London: Butterworths)
   Google Scholar
• Seidel GE Whitmore RC 1982 Effect of forest structure on American redstart Setophaga ruticilla foraging behaviour Wilson Bulletin 94 (3) 289 296
   Google Scholar
• Sheets-Johnstone M 1996 Human versus non-human: binary opposition as an ordering principle of western human thought Between the Species Winter & Spring 57 63
   Google Scholar
• Skutch AF 1983 Birds of Tropical America (Austin, TX: University of Texas Press)
   Google Scholar
• Snyder RL 1975 Behavioural stress in captive animals in: Research in Zoos and Aquariums 41 76 (Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences)
   Google Scholar
• Stronge J Mannis K Mansell J 1990 The exhibit for Gentoo penguins Pygoscelia papua at Belfast Zoo International Zoo Yearbook 29 224 228
   Google Scholar
• Tarpy C 1993 New zoos: taking down the bars National Geographic July 2 37
   Google Scholar
• Toovey JW 1975 General principles of zoo building design in: P. G. Michelmore (Ed.) Zoo Design: Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Zoo Design and Construction 14 17 (Paignton, Devon, Whitley Wildlife Conservation Press)
   Google Scholar
• Travers B 1991 Do zoos protect rare species or just entertain humans? The Toronto Star 23 February, p. A8
   Google Scholar
• Trivers R 1985 Social Evolution (Don Mills, Ontario: Benjamin/Cummins)
   Google Scholar
• Wemelsfelder F 1993 Animal Boredom: Towards an Empirical Approach of Animal Subjectivity (Utrecht: Elinkwijk)
   Google Scholar
• Wielebnowski N 1998 Contributions of behavioral studies to captive management and breeding of rare and endangered mammals in: T. Caro (Ed.) Behavioral Ecology and, Conservation Biology (New York: Oxford University Press)
   Google Scholar
• Williams M 1990 Beaver country: a North American beaver Castor canadensis exhibit at Drusillas Zoo Park International Zoo Yearbook 29 221 224
   Google Scholar
• Wolch , J and Emel , J . 1995 . Bringing animals back . ,, Environment and Planning D: Society and Space , 13 : 619 – 636 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zicsi A 1983 Earthworm ecology in deciduous forests in central and southeast Europe in: Satchell, J. E. (Ed.) Earthworm Ecology (New York: ChapmanHall)
   Google Scholar