The EOLE Project: A multiwavelength laser remote sensing (lidar) system for ozone and aerosol measurements in the troposphere and the lower stratosphere. Part II: Aerosol measurements over Athens, Greece

References

• Ackerman , J. 1998 . The extinction-to-backscatter ratio of tropospheric aerosol: a numerical study . Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic T echnology , 15 : 1043 – 1050 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ansmann , A. , Riebesell , M. and Weitkamp , C. 1990 . Measurement of atmospheric aerosol extinction pro? les with a Raman lidar . Optics L etters , 15 : 746 – 748 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ansmann , A. , Wandinger , U. , Riebesell , M. , Weitkamp , C. and Michaelis , W. 1992 . Independent measurement of extinction and backscatter pro? les in cirrus clouds by using a combined Raman elastic-backscatter lidar . Applied Optics , 31 : 7113 – 7131 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asimakopoulos , D. , Deligiorgi , D. , Drakopoulos , C. , Helmis , C. , Kokkori , K. , Lalas , D. , Sikiotis , D. and Varotsos , C. 1992 . An experimental study of nighttime air pollutant transport over complex terrain in Athens . Atmospheric Environment B , 26 : 59 – 71 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ancellet , G. , Papayannis , A. , Megie , G. and Pelon , J. 1989 . Tropospheric ozone measurements using a Nd:YAG laser and the Raman shifting technique . Journal of Oceanic and Atmospheric T echnology , 6 : 832 – 839 .
   Google Scholar
• Balis , D. , Papayannis , A. , Galani , E. , Marenco , F. , Santacesaria , V. , Hamonou , E. , Chazette , P. , Ziomas , I. and Zerefos , C. 2000 . Tropospheric LIDAR aerosol measurements and sun photometric observations at Thessaloniki, Greece . Atmospheric Environment , 34 : 925 – 932 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bais , A. , Zerefos , C. and McElroy , C. T. 1996 . Solar UV measurements with a double-and single-monochromator Brewer ozone spectrophotometers . Geophysical Research L etters , 23 : 833 – 836 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Browell , E. V. , Ismail , S. and Shipley , S. 1985 . Ultraviolet measurements of ozone pro? les in regions of spatially inhomogeneous aerosols . Applied Optics , 24 : 2827 – 2836 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruhl , C. and Crutzen , P. 1989 . On the disproportionate role of tropospheric ozone as a ? lter against UV-B radiation . Geophysical Research Letters , 22 : 2151 – 2154 .
   Google Scholar
• Chazette , P. , David , C. , Lefrere , J. , Godin , S. , Pelon , J. and Megie , G. 1995 . Comparative lidar study of the optical, geometrical and dynamical properties of stratospheric post-volcanic aerosols following the erruption of El Chichon and Mount Pinatubo . Journal of Geophysical Research , 100 : 23195 – 23207 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clappier , A. , Martilli , A. , Grossi , P. , Thunis , P. , Pasi , F. , Krueger , B. , Calpini , B. , Graziani , G. and VAN DER Bergh , H. 2000 . EVect of sea breeze on air pollution in the Greater Athens Area. Part I: numerical simulations and field observations . Journal of Applied Meteorology , 39 : 546 – 562 .
   Google Scholar
• Cooper , D. and Eichinger , W. 1994 . Structure of the atmosphere in an urban planetary boundary layer from lidar and radiosonde observations . Journal of Geophysical Research , 99 : 22937 – 22948 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cruz , C. N. and Pandis , S. N. 1997 . A study of the ability of pure secondary organic aerosol to act as cloud condensation nucleus . Atmospheric Environment , 31 : 2205 – 2214 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dentener , F. J. and Crutzen , P. J. 1993 . Reaction of N2O5on tropospheric aerosols: impact on the global distributions of NOx, O3and OH . Journal of Geophysical Research , 98 : 7149 – 7163 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dupont , E. , Pelon , J. and Flamant , C. 1994 . Study of the moist convective boundary layer structure by backscattering lidar . Boudary-L ayer Meteorology , 69 : 1 – 25 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dupont , E. , Menut , L. , Carissimo , B. , Pelon , J. and Flamant , P. 1999 . Comparison between the atmospheric boundary layer in Paris and its rural suburbs during the ECLAP Experiment . Atmospheric Environment , 33 : 979 – 994 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eltemann , L. 1968 . UV, visible and IR attenuation for altitudes to 50 km, AFCR-68-0153 , Bedford, MA , , USA : Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories .
   Google Scholar
• Endlich , R. , Ludwig , E. and Uthe , E. 1979 . An automatic method for determining the mixing depth from lidar observations . Atmospheric Environment , 13 : 1051 – 1056 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrare , R. , Scols , J. and Eloranta , E. 1991 . Lidar observations of banded convection during BLX83 . Journal of Applied Meteorology , 30 : 312 – 326 .
   Google Scholar
• Grabowski , J. and Papayannis , A. 1999 . Lidar inversion algorithm for the simultaneous retrieval of the vertical pro? les of the ‘lidar ratio’ and aerosol extinction (or backscattering) coeYcient in the troposphere . ENVIRONSENCE-SPIE , 3821 : 12 – 18 .
   Google Scholar
• Guesten , H. , Heinrich , G. , Cvitas , T. , Klansinc , L. , Ruscic , B. , Lalas , D. and Petrakis , M. 1987 . Photochemical formation and transport of ozone in Athens, Greece . Atmospheric Environment B , 22 : 1855 – 1861 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jenkin , M. and Clemitshaw , K. 2000 . Ozone and other secondary photochemical pollutants: chemical processes governing their formation in the planetary boundary layer . Atmospheric Environment , 34 : 2499 – 2527 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalabokas , P. , Viras , L. and Repapis , C. 1999a . Analysis of the 11-year record (1987-1997) of air pollution measurements in Athens, Greece. Part I: primary air pollutants . Global Nest: the International Journal , 1 : 169 – 176 .
   Google Scholar
• Kalabokas , P. , Viras , L. and Repapis , C. 1999b . Analysis of the 11-year record (1987-1997) of air pollution measurements in Athens, Greece. Part II: photochemical air pollutants . Global Nest: the International Journal , 1 : 177 – 184 .
   Google Scholar
• Kallos , G. , Kassomenos , P. and Pielke , R. 1993 . Synoptic and mesoscale weather conditions during air pollution episodes in Athens, Greece . Boundary-L ayer Meteorology , 62 : 163 – 184 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kallos , G. , Kotroni , V. , Lagouvardos , K. and Papadopoulos , A. 1998 . On the long-range transport of air pollutants from Europe to Africa . Geophysical Research Letters , 25 : 619 – 622 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kavouras , I. G. , Mihalopoulos , N. and Stephanou , E. G. 1998 . Formation of atmospheric particles from organic acids produced by forests . Nature , 395 : 683 – 686 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klemm , O. , Ziomas , I. , Balis , D. , Suppan , P. , Slemr , J. , Romero , R. and Vyras , L. 1998 . A summer air pollution study in Athens, Greece . Atmospheric Environment , 32 : 2071 – 2088 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klett , J. 1985 . Lidar inversion with variable backscatter to extinction ratios . Applied Optics , 24 : 1638 – 1643 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kneizys , F. X. 1983 . Atmospheric transmittance/radiance: computer code Lowtran 6 , Report AFGL-TR-83-0187 Air Force Geophysics Laboratory .
   Google Scholar
• Krichbaumer , W. and Werner , Ch. 1994 . Current state-of-the-art of LIDAR inversion methods for atmospheres of arbitrary optical density . Applied Physics B , 59 : 517 – 523 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kunkel , K. , Eloranta , E. and Shipley , S. 1977 . Lidar observations of the convective boundary layer . Journal of Applied Meteorology , 16 : 1306 – 1311 .
   Google Scholar
• Lalas , D. , Tobrou , M. , Petrakis , M. , Asimakopoulos , D. and Helmis , C. 1987 . An experimental study of the horizontal and vertical distribution of ozone over Athens . Atmospheric Environment B , 21 : 2681 – 2693 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mantis , H. , Repapis , C. , Zerefos , C. and Ziomas , I. 1992 . Assessment of the potential for photochemical air pollution in Athens: a comparison of emissions and air-pollutant levels in Athens with those in Los Angeles . Journal of Applied Meteorology , 31 : 1467 – 1476 .
   Google Scholar
• Marenco , F. , Santacesaria , V. , Bais , A. , Balis , D. , di Sarra , A. , Papayannis , A. and Zerefos , C. S. 1997 . Optical properties of tropospheric aerosols determined by lidar and spectrophotometric measurements (PAUR campaign) . Applied Optics , 36 : 6875 – 6886 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsumoto , M. and Takeuchi , N. 1994 . EVects of misestimated far-end boundary values on two common lidar inversion solutions . Applied Optics , 33 : 6451 – 6456 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melas , D. 1998 . Anatomy of the sea-breeze circulation in Athens under weak large-scale synoptic winds . Atmospheric Environment , 32 : 2223 – 2237 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meng , Z. , Dubdub , D. and Seinfeld , J. H. 1997 . Chemical coupling between atmospheric ozone and particulate matter . Science , 277 : 116 – 119 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Millan , M. M. , Artinano , B. , Alonso , L. , Castro , M. , Fernandez-Patier , R. and Goberna , J. 1992 . Mesometeorological cycles of air pollution in the Iberian Peninsula , EEC Air Pollution Research Report, 44
   Google Scholar
• Millan , M. M. , Artinano , B. , Alonso , L. and Kallos , G. 1997 . Photooxidant dynamics in the Mediterranean basin in summer: Results from European research projects . Journal of Geophysical Research , 102 : 8811 – 8823 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papayannis , A. , Ancellet , G. , Pelon , J. and Megie , G. 1990 . Multiwavelength LIDAR for ozone measurements in the troposphere and the lower stratosphere . Applied Optics , 29 : 467 – 476 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papayannis , A. 1995 . The EOLE Project: a Greek LIDAR System for ozone and aerosol measurements in the troposphere and the lower stratosphere. Part I: overview . International Journal of Remote Sensing , 16 : 3595 – 3604 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papayannis , A. , Bais , A. , Balis , D. , VAN DER Bergh , H. , Calpini , B. , Durieux , E. , Fioranni , L. , Jaquet , L. , Ziomas , I. and Zerefos , C. S. 1998 . The Role of urban and suburban aerosols on solar UV radiation over Athens, Greece . Atmospheric Environment , 32 : 2193 – 2201 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perpa . 1995 . Air pollution control. Department of the Ministry Of Urban Planning, Public Works and the Environment, Athens, Greece , Annual Report 206
   Google Scholar
• Schwartz , J. , Dockery , D. and Neas , L. 1996 . Urban mortality rates due to Particulate Matter in the USA . Journal of Air Waste and Management Association , 46 : 927 – 932 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suppan , P. , Fabian , P. , Vyras , L. and Gryning , S. E. 1998 . The behaviour of ozone and PAN concentrations for diVerent wind regimes during the Medcaphot-Trace Campaign, in the Greater area of Athens, Greece . Atmospheric Environment , 32 : 2089 – 2102 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Svensson , G. 1998 . A numerical model for chemical and meteorological processes in the atmospheric boundary layer. Part II: a case study of the air quality situation in Athens, Greece . Atmospheric Environment , 32 : 2269 – 2289 .
   Google Scholar
• Teillet , P. M. 1990 . Rayleigh optical depth comparison from various sources . Applied Optics , 29 : 1897 – 1990 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• US Standard Atmosphere . 1976 . US standard atmosphere , Washington DC , , USA : US Government Printing OYce .
   Google Scholar
• Varvayanni , M. , Catsaros , N. , Conte , P. , Statharas , J. and Bartzis , J. 1998 . Development and interaction of thermally driven ? ows over Attiki peninsula under northerly background wind--a case study . Atmospheric Environment , 32 : 2291 – 2312 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zerefos , C. , Meleti , C. , Bais , A. and Lambros , A. 1995 . The recent UVB variability over southeastern Europe . Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology , 31 : 15 – 19 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ziomas , I. , Suppan , P. , Rappengluck , B. , Balis , D. , Tzoumaka , P. , Melas , D. , Papayannis , A. , Fabian , P. and Zerefos , C. 1995 . A contribution to the study of the photochemical smog in the Greater Athens Area . Contributions to Atmospheric Physics , 68 : 191 – 203 .
   Google Scholar
• Ziomas , I. 1998 . The Mediterranean Campaign of Photochemical Tracers--Transport and Chemical Evolution (MEDCAPHOT-TRACE): an outline . Atmospheric Environment , 32 : 2045 – 2053 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar