Evaluation of a useful method to identify snow‐covered areas under vegetation – comparisons among a newly proposed snow index, normalized difference snow index, and visible reflectance

References

• Asaoka , Y. , Kazama , S. and Sawamoto , M. 2002 . The variation characteristics of snow water resources in a wide area and its geographical and climatic dependency. . Journal of Japan Society of Hydrology and Water Resources , 15 : 279 – 289 . (in Japanese with English abstract)
   Google Scholar
• Bitner , D. , Carrollg , T. , Cline , D. and Romanov , P. 2002 . An assessment of the differences between three satellite snow cover mapping techniques. . Hydrological Processes , 16 : 3723 – 3733 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dozier , J. 1989 . Spectral signature of alpine snow cover from the Landsat Thematic Mapper. . Remote Sensing of Environment , 28 : 9 – 22 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gómez‐Landesa , E. and Rango , A. 2002 . Operational snowmelt runoff forecasting in the Spanish Pyrenees using the snowmelt runoff model. . Hydrological Processes , 16 : 1583 – 1591 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall , D. K. , Riggs , G. A. and Salomonson , V. V. 1995 . Development of methods for mapping global snow cover using moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer data. . Remote Sensing of Environment , 54 : 127 – 140 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall , D. K. , Foster , J. L. , Verbyla , D. L. , Klein , A. G. and Benson , C. S. 1998 . Assessment of snow‐cover mapping accuracy in a variety of vegetation‐cover densities in central Alaska. . Remote Sensing of Environment , 66 : 129 – 137 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kazama , S. and Sawamoto , M. 1995 . Estimation of the snow depth distribution and water resources volume using NOAA/AVHRR. . Journal of Japan Society of Hydrology and Water Resources , 8 : 477 – 483 . (in Japanese with English abstract)
   Google Scholar
• Klein , A. G. , Hall , D. K. and Riggs , G. A. 1998 . Improving snow cover mapping in forests through the use of a canopy reflectance model. . Hydrological Processes , 12 : 1723 – 1744 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maurer , E. P. , Rhoads , J. D. , Dubayah , R. O. and Lettenmaier , D. P. 2003 . Evaluation of the snow‐covered area data product from MODIS. . Hydrological Processes , 17 : 59 – 71 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Motoya , K. 2003 . Spectral characteristic‐based vegetation and snow indices on various surfaces in the Airborne Multi‐Spectral Scanner (AMSS) two‐altitude observation in 2001. . Journal of Japan Society of Hydrology and Water Resources , 16 : 408 – 419 . (in Japanese with English abstract)
   Google Scholar
• Motoya , K. , Saito , A. , Mabuchi , A. , Aoki , T. and Yamazaki , T. 2001 . Application to the Airborne Multi‐Spectral Scanner (AMSS) observation in 1998 of the vegetation and snow indices, based on the spectral reflectance characteristic. . Journal of Japan Society of Hydrology and Water Resources , 14 : 239 – 245 . (in Japanese with English abstract)
   Google Scholar
• Ødegaard , H. A. , Anderson , T. and Ostrem , G. Application of satellite data for snow mapping in Norway. NASA Conference Publication , Vol. 2116 , pp. 93 – 106 .
   Google Scholar
• Painter , T. H. and Dozier , J. 2004 . Measurements of the hemispherical‐directional reflectance of snow at fine spectral and angular resolution. . Journal of Geophysical Research , 109 : D18115 doi:10.1029/2003JD004458
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romanov , P. , Gutman , G. and Csiszar , I. 2000 . Automated monitoring of snow cover over North America with multispectral satellite data. . Journal of Applied Meteorology , 39 : 1866 – 1880 .
   Google Scholar
• Rosenthal , W. and Dozier , J. 1996 . Automated mapping of montane snow cover at subpixel resolution from the Landsat Thematic Mapper. . Water Resources Research , 32 : 115 – 130 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saito , A. and Yamazaki , T. 1999 . Characteristics of spectral reflectance for vegetation ground surfaces with snow‐cover; Vegetation indices and snow indices. . Journal of Japan Society of Hydrology and Water Resources , 12 : 28 – 38 . (in Japanese with English abstract)
   Google Scholar
• Seidel , K. and Martinec , J. 2004 . “ Remote Sensing in Snow Hydrology ” . Berlin : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Shimamura , Y. , Izumi , T. , Nakayama , D. and Matsuyama , H. 2003 . Estimation of snow water equivalent and snowmelt water using the snow index ‐A case study in the Kurobe basin. . Journal of Japan Society of Hydrology and Water Resources , 16 : 331 – 348 . (in Japanese with English abstract)
   Google Scholar
• Welles , J. M. and Norman , J. M. 1991 . Instrument for indirect measurement of canopy architecture. . Agronomy Journal , 83 : 818 – 825 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiao , X. , Shen , Z. and Qin , X. 2001 . Assessing the potential of VEGETATION sensor data for mapping snow and ice cover: A normalized difference snow and ice index. . International Journal of Remote Sensing , 22 : 2479 – 2487 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiao , X. , Moore , III B. , Qin , X. , Shen , Z. and Boles , S. 2002 . Large‐scale observations of alpine snow and ice cover in Asia: Using multi‐temporal VEGETATION sensor data. . International Journal of Remote Sensing , 23 : 2213 – 2228 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar