The climatological record of clear‐sky longwave radiation at the Earth's surface: evidence for water vapour feedback?

References

• Berk , A. , Bernstein , L. S. and Robertson , D. C. 1989 . MODTRAN: A Moderate Resolution Model for LOWTRAN 7 , USA, MA : US Air Force Phillips Laboratory, Nascom Air Force Base . Report AFGL‐TR‐89‐0122
   Google Scholar
• Bony , S. , Colman , R. , Kattsov , V. M. , Allan , R. P. , Bretherton , C. S. , Dufresne , J.‐L. , Hall , A. , Hallegatte , S. , Holland , M. M. , Ingram , W. , Randall , D. A. , Soden , B. J. , Tselioudis , G. and Webb , M. J. 2006 . How well do we understand and evaluate climate change feedback processes? . Journal of Climate , 19 : 3445 – 3482 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliott , W. P. and Gaffen , D. J. 1991 . On the utility of radiosonde humidity archives for climate studies. . Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society , 72 : 1507 – 1520 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaffen , D. J. 1994 . Temporal inhomogeneities in radiosonde temperature records. . Journal of Geophysical Research , 99 : 3667 – 3676 .
   Google Scholar
• Garratt , J. R. and Prata , A. J. 1996 . Downwelling longwave fluxes at continental surfaces: a comparison of observations with GCM simulations and implications for the global land‐surface radiation budget. . Journal of Climate , 9 : 646 – 655 .
   Google Scholar
• Garratt , J. R. , O'Brien , D. M. , Dix , M. R. , Murphy , J. M. , Stephens , G. L. and Wild , M. 1999 . Surface radiation fluxes in transient climate simulations. . Global and Planetary Change , 20 : 33 – 55 .
   Google Scholar
• Griffin , D. W. , Kellogg , C. A. , Garrison , V. H. and Shinn , E. A. 2002 . The global transport of dust. . American Scientist , 90 : 228 – 235 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IPCC . 2001 . Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis , Edited by: Houghton , J. T , Ding , Y , Griggs , D. J , Noguer , M , van der Linden , P. J , Dai , X , Maskell , K and Johnson , C. A . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• IPCC . 2007 . Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis: Summary for Policy Makers , Geneva, , Switzerland : IPCC Secretariat, WMO .
   Google Scholar
• Li , J. 2000 . Gaussian quadrature and its application to infrared radiation. . Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences , 57 : 753 – 765 .
   Google Scholar
• Luers , J. K. and Eskridge , R. E. 1998 . Use of radiosonde temperature data in climate studies. . Journal of Climate , 11 : 1002 – 1019 .
   Google Scholar
• Ohmura , A. , Gilgen , H. , Hegnera , H. , Müllera , G. , Wild , M. , Dutton , E. G. , Forgan , B. , Fröhlichd , C. , Philipona , R. , Heimo , A. , König‐Langlof , G. , McArthur , B. , Pinker , R. , Whitlock , C. H. and Dehne , K. 1998 . Baseline Surface Radiation Network (BSRN/WCRP), a new precision radiometry for climate research. . Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society , 79 : 2115 – 2136 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Philipona , R. , Dutton , E. G. , Stoffel , T. , Michalsky , J. , Reda , I. , Stifter , A. , Wendling , P. , Wood , N. , Clough , S. A. , Mlawer , E. J. , Anderson , G. , Revercomb , H. E. and Shippert , T. R. 2001 . Atmospheric longwave irradiance uncertainty: pyrgeometers compared to an absolute sky‐scanning radiometer, atmospheric emitted radiance interferometer, and radiative transfer model calculations. . Journal of Geophysical Research , 106 : 28129 – 28141 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Philipona , R. , Durr , B. , Marty , C. , Ohmura , A. and Wild , M. 2004 . Radiative forcing: measured at Earth's surface: corroborate the increasing greenhouse effect. . Geophysical Research Letters , 31 : 1 – 4 . L03202
   Google Scholar
• Prata , A. J. 1996 . A new long‐wave formula for estimating downward clear‐sky radiation at the surface. . Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society , 122 : 1127 – 1151 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramanathan , V. , Crutzen , P. J. , Kiehl , J. T. and Rosenfeld , D. 2001 . Aerosols, climate, and the hydrological cycle. . Science , 294 : 2119 – 2124 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roeckner , E. , Bengtsson , L. , Feichter , J. , Lelieveld , J. and Rodhe , H. 1999 . Transient climate change simulations with a coupled atmosphere‐ocean GCM including the tropospheric sulfur cycle. . Journal of Climate , 12 : 3004 – 3032 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trenberth , K. , Fasullo , J. and Smith , L. 2005 . Trends and variability in column‐integrated atmospheric water vapor. . Climate Dynamics , 24 : 741 – 758 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wild , M. , Ohmura , A. , Gilgen , H. and Roeckner , E. 1995 . Validation of GCM simulated radiative fluxes using surface observations. . Journal of Climate , 8 : 1309 – 1324 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wild , M. , Ohmura , A. and Gilgen , H. 2004 . On the consistency of trends in radiation and temperature records and implications for the global hydrological cycle. . Geophysical Research Letters , 31 : 1 – 4 . L11201
   Google Scholar
• Yao , M.‐S. and Del Genio , A. D. 1999 . Effect of cloud parameterization on the simulation of climate changes in the GISS GCM. . Journal of Climate , 12 : 761 – 779 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yue , S. , Pilon , P. and Cavadis , G. 2002 . Power of the Mann–Kendall and Spearman's rho tests for detecting monotonic trends in hydrological series. . Journal of Hydrology , 259 : 254 – 271 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar