Modelling the impact of land-cover change on potential soil loss in the Taita Hills, Kenya, between 1987 and 2003 using remote-sensing and geospatial data

References

• Alcantara-Ayala , I. , Esteban-Chavez , O. and Parrot , J.F. 2006 . Landsliding related to land-cover change: a diachronic analysis of hillslope instability distribution in the Sierra Norte, Puebla, Mexico . Catena , 65 : 152 – 165 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angima , S.D. , Stott , D.E. , O'Neill , M.K. , Ong , C.K. and Weesies , G.A. 2003 . Soil erosion prediction using RUSLE for central Kenya highland conditions . Agriculture, Ecosystem and Environment , 97 : 295 – 308 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aragao , L.E.O.C. , Yadvinder , M. , Barbier , N. , Lima , A. , Shimabukuro , Y. , Anderson , L. and Saatchi , S. 2008 . Interactions between rainfall, deforestation and fires during recent years in the Brazilian Amazonia . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B , 363 : 1779 – 1785 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnoldus , H.M. 1980 . “ An approximation of the rainfall factor in the universal soil loss equation ” . In Assessment of Erosion , Edited by: De Boodt , M. and Gabriels , D. 127 – 132 . Chichester : John Wiley and Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Baatz , M. and Schäpe , A. 2000 . “ Multiresolution segmentation: an optimization approach for high quality multi-scale image segmentation ” . In Angewandte Geographische Infor-mationsverarbeitung , Edited by: Strobl , J. and Blaschke , T. Vol. XII , 12 – 23 . Heidelberg : Wichmann .
   Google Scholar
• Baldyga , T.J. , Miller , S.N. , Driese , K.L. and Gichaba , C.N. 2007 . Assessing land cover change in Kenya's Mau Forest region using remotely sensed data . African Journal of Ecology , 46 : 46 – 54 .
   Google Scholar
• Barber , R.G. , Moore , T.R. and Thomas , D.B. 1979 . The erodibility of two soils from Kenya . Soil Science , 30 : 579 – 591 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benz , U.C. , Hoffmann , P. , Willhauck , G. , Lingenfelder , I. and Heynen , M. 2004 . Multi-resolution, object-oriented fuzzy analysis of remote sensing data for GIS-ready information . ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing , 58 : 239 – 258 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brink , A.B. and Eva , H.D. 2008 . Monitoring 25 years of land cover change dynamics in Africa: a sample based remote sensing approach . Applied Geography , 29 : 501 – 512 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burnett , C. and Blaschke , T. 2003 . A multi-scale segmentation/object relationship modelling methodology for landscape analysis . Ecological Modelling , 168 : 233 – 249 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Central Bureau of Statistics . 2002 . Kenya 1999 Population and Housing Census , Nairobi : Ministry of Finance and Planning .
   Google Scholar
• Clark , B.J.F. and Pellikka , P.K.E. The development of a land use change detection methodology for mapping the Taita Hills, South-East Kenya . Proceedings of the 31st International Symposium of Remote Sensing of the Environment . June 20–24 2005 , St. Petersburg, Russia. CD-ROM .
   Google Scholar
• Clark , B.J.F. and Pellikka , P.K.E. 2009 . “ Landscape analysis using multiscale segmentation and object orientated classification ” . In Recent Advances in Remote Sensing and Geoinformation Processing for Land Degradation Assessment , Edited by: Röder , A. and Hill , J. 323 – 342 . Leiden : Taylor & Francis .
   Google Scholar
• Clark , B.J.F. , Suomalainen , J. and Pellikka , P.K.E. 2011 . An historical empirical line method for the retrieval of the surface reflectance factor from multi-temporal SPOT HRV, HRVIR and HRG multispectral satellite imagery . International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation , 13 : 292 – 307 .
   Google Scholar
• Cole , K.L. and Arundel , S.T. 2004 . “ Modeling the climatic requirements for southwestern plant species ” . In Proceedings of 21st Annual Pacific Climate Workshop , Asilomar, CA, , USA : Department of Water Resources . 28–31 March 2004
   Google Scholar
• Craven , P. and Wahba , G. 1979 . Smoothing noisy data with spline functions: estimating the correct degree of smoothing by the method of generalized cross-validation . Numerical Mathematics , 31 : 377 – 403 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Bie , C.A.J.M . 2005 . Assessment of soil erosion indicators for maize-based agro-ecosystems in Kenya . Catena , 59 : 231 – 251 .
   Google Scholar
• Desmet , P.J.J. and Govers , G. 1995 . GIS-based simulation of erosion and deposition patterns in an agricultural landscape: a comparison of model results with soil map information . Catena , 25 : 389 – 401 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Gregorio , A. 2005 . Land Cover Classification System (LCCS), Version 2: Classification Concepts and User Manual , Rome : FAO . Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Environmental and Natural Resources Series 8
   Google Scholar
• Dunn , M. and Hickey , R. 1998 . The effect of slope algorithms on slope estimates within a GIS . Cartography , 27 : 9 – 15 .
   Google Scholar
• Engel, B., 2003, Estimating Soil Erosion Using RUSLE (Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation) Using ArcView. Purdue University web publication. Available online at http://cobweb.ecn.purdue.edu/~engelb/abe526/gisrusle/gisrusle.html (http://cobweb.ecn.purdue.edu/~engelb/abe526/gisrusle/gisrusle.html) (Accessed: 12 May 2009 ).
   Google Scholar
• ERDAS (Earth Resources Data Analysis System) . 2005 . ERDAS Field Guide , Norcross : Leica Geosystems Geospatial Imaging, LLC .
   Google Scholar
• 1974 . Soil Map of the World. Vol. 1, Legend , Vol. 1 , Paris : UNESCO .
   Google Scholar
• Flanagan , D.C. , Ascough , J.C. , Nearing , M.A. and Laflen , J.M. 2001 . “ The water erosion prediction project (WEPP) model ” . In Landscape Erosion and Evolution Modeling , Edited by: Harmon , R.S. and Doe , W.W. 145 – 199 . New York : Kluwer Academic/Plenum .
   Google Scholar
• Foster , G.R. , Lane , L.J. , Nowlin , J.D. , Laflen , J.M. and Young , R.A. 1981 . Estimating erosion and sediment yield on field-sized areas . Transactions of America Society of Agricultural Engineering , 24 : 1253 – 1262 .
   Google Scholar
• Gachimbi , L.N. , Gicheru , P.T. , Nyangw'ara , M.K. , Lekasi , J.K. , Sijali , I.V. and Kimigo , J. Agricultural Productivity and Sustainable Land Management in Kenya (APSLM): Smallholder Farming, Rural Livelihoods, Biodiversity and Copping mechanisms in Taita Taveta District: Baseline Survey Report . Technical Report No. 1 . 2005 . Nairobi: Kenya Agricultural Research Institute
   Google Scholar
• Githiru , M. and Lens , L. 2007 . Application of fragmentation research to conservation planning for multiple stakeholders: an example from the Taita Hills, southeast Kenya . Biological Conservation , 137 : 271 – 278 .
   Google Scholar
• Harding , J.S. , Benfield , E.F. , Bolstad , P.V. , Heffman , G.S. and James III , E.B.D. 1998 . Stream biodiversity: the ghost of land use past . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , 95 : 14 843 – 14 847 .
   Google Scholar
• Hickey , R. 2000 . Slope angle and slope length solutions for GIS . Cartography , 29 : 1 – 8 .
   Google Scholar
• Hutchinson , M.F. 1989 . A new procedure for griding elevation and streamline data with automatic removal of spurious pits . Journal of Hydrology , 106 : 211 – 232 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hutchinson , M.F. 1991 . “ The application of thin plate splines to continent-wide data assimilation ” . In Data Assimilation Systems , Edited by: Jasper , J.D. 104 – 113 . Melbourne, Kenya : Bureau of Meteorology . BMRC Research Report No. 27
   Google Scholar
• Imbernon , J. 1999 . Pattern and development of land use changes in Kenyan highland since 1950s . Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment , 76 : 67 – 73 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaetzold , R. and Schmidt , H. 1983 . Farm Management Handbook of Kenya , Vol. II , Kenya : East Kenya Ministry of Agriculture .
   Google Scholar
• Kassam , A.H. , van Velthuizen , H.T. , Mitchell , A.J.B. , Fischer , G.W. and Shah , M.M. 1991 . Agro-Ecological Land Resources Assessment for Agricultural Development Planning: A Case Study of Kenya—Technical Annex 2: Soil Erosion and Productivity , Rome : Land and Water Development Division, FAO .
   Google Scholar
• Katila , M. and Tomppo , E. 2001 . Selecting estimation parameters for the Finnish multisource National Inventory . Remote Sensing of Environment , 76 : 16 – 32 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinnell , P.I.A. 2001 . Slope length factor for applying the USLE-M to erosion in grid cells . Soil and Tillage Research , 58 : 11 – 17 .
   Google Scholar
• Kirkby , M.J. and Morgan , R.P.C. 1980 . Soil Erosion , Chichester : John Wiley and Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Klik , A. and Truman , C.C. September 22–26 2003 . “ What is a typical rainstorm? ” . In Proceedings of International Symposium, 25 Years of Assessment of Erosion , Edited by: Gabriels , D. and Cornelis , W. September 22–26 , 93 – 98 . Ghent : Belgium .
   Google Scholar
• KMD . s.a . Kenya Meteorological Department rainfall records
   Google Scholar
• Lal , R. 1996 . Deforestation and land-use effects on soil degradation and rehabilitation in Western Nigeria. I. Soil physical and hydrological properties . Land Degradation and Development , 7 : 19 – 45 .
   Google Scholar
• Lee , S. 2004 . Soil erosion assessment and its verification using the universal soil loss equation and geographic information system: a case study at Boun, Korea . Environmental Geology , 45 : 457 – 465 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lekasi , K.V. , Sijali , I.V. , Gicheru , P. , Gachimbi , L. and Nyangw'ara , M.K. Agricultural Productivity and Sustainable Land Management Project Report on Participatory Rapid Appraisal for Wusi Sub-location in the Taita Hills Catchment . Technical Report No. 10 . 2005 . Nariobi: Kenya Agricultural Research Institute
   Google Scholar
• Lens , L. , van Dongen , S. , Norris , K. , Githiru , M. and Matthysen , E. 2002 . Avian persistence in fragmented rainforest . Science , 298 : 1236 – 1238 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lovett , J.C. and Wasser , S.K. , eds. 1993 . Biogeography and Ecology of the Rainforests of Eastern Africa , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lung , T. and Schaab , G. 2006 . Assessing fragmentation and disturbance of west Kenyan rainforests by means of remotely sensed time series data and landscape metrics . African Journal of Ecology , 44 : 491 – 506 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma , J.W. , Xue , Y. , Ma , C.F. and Wang , Z.G. 2003 . A data fusion approach for soil erosion monitoring in the Upper Yangtze River Basin of China based on the universal soil loss equation (USLE) model . International Journal of Remote Sensing , 24 : 4777 – 4789 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mantel , S. and van Engelen , V.W.P. 1997 . The Impact of Land Degradation on Food Productivity–Case Studies of Uruguay, Argentina and Kenya, Vol. 1: main report. Report 97/01 , Wageningen : International Soil Reference and Information Centre .
   Google Scholar
• Maro , P.S. 1988 . Agricultural land management under population pressure: the Kilimanjaro experience, Tanzania . Mountain Research and Development , 8 : 273 – 282 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mati , B.M. 2000 . Assessment of erosion hazard with USLE and GIS—a case study of the upper Ewaso Ngiro basin of Kenya . International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation , 2 : 78 – 86 .
   Google Scholar
• Mati , B.M. and Veihe , A. 2001 . Application of the USLE in a savannah environment: comparative experiences from east and west Africa . Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography , 22 : 138 – 155 .
   Google Scholar
• McMichael , C.E. and Hope , A.S. 2007 . Predicting streamflow response to fire-induced landcover change: implications of parameter uncertainty in the MIKE SHE model . Journal of Environmental Management , 84 : 245 – 256 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Millward , A.A. and Mersey , J.E. 1999 . Adapting the RUSLE to model soil erosion potential in a mountainous tropical watershed . Catena , 38 : 109 – 129 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore , I.D. and Burch , G.J. 1986a . Modeling erosion and deposition. Topographic effects . Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers , 29 : 1624 – 1630 .
   Google Scholar
• Moore , I.D. and Burch , G.J. 1986b . Physical basis of the length-slope factor in the universal soil loss equation . Soil Science Society of America Journal , 50 : 1294 – 1298 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan , R.P.C. 2001 . A simple approach to soil loss prediction: a revised Morgan–Morgan– Finney model . Catena , 44 : 305 – 322 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan , R.P.C. and Davidson , D.A. 1991 . Soil Erosion and Conservation , London : Longman Group .
   Google Scholar
• Morgan , R.P.C. , Quinton , J.N. , Smith , R.E. , Govers , G. , Poesen , J.W.A. , Auerswald , K. , Chisci , G. , Torri , D. and Styczen , M.E. 1998 . The European soil erosion model (EUROSEM): a dynamic approach for predicting sediment transport from fields and small catchments . Earth Surface Processes and Landforms , 23 : 527 – 544 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Msagha , J. 2004 . “ Population development in the Taita Hills, Kenya ” . In Taita Hills and Kenya 2004 – Seminar, Reports and Journal of a Field Excursion to Kenya , Edited by: Pellikka , P. , Ylhäisi , J. and B. , Clark . Vol. 40 , 39 – 46 . Helsinki : Expedition reports of the Department of Geography, University of Helsinki . ISBN 952-10-2077-6
   Google Scholar
• Onyando , J.O. , Kisoyan , P. and Chemelil , M.C. 2005 . Estimation of potential soil erosion for river Perkerra catchment in Kenya . Water Resources Management , 19 : 133 – 143 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pellikka , P. , Lötjönen , M. , Siljander , M. and Lens , L. 2009 . Airborne remote sensing of spatiotemporal change (1955–2004) in indigenous and exotic forest cover in the Taita Hills, Kenya . International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation , 11 : 221 – 232 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pellikka , P.K.E. , Clark , B.J.F , Sirviö , T. and Masalin , K. Environmental change monitoring applying satellite and airborne remote sensing data in the Taita Hills, Kenya . Proceedings of 1st International Conference on Remote Sensing and Geoinformation Processing in the Assessment and Monitoring of Land Degradation and Desertification . September 7–9 2005 , Trier, Germany. RGLDD . E-Proceedings
   Google Scholar
• Plourde , L. and Congalton , R.G. 2003 . Sampling method and sample placement: how do they affect the accuracy of remotely sensed maps . Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing , 69 : 289 – 297 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Renard , K.G. , Foster , G.R. , Weesies , G.A. , McCool , D.K. and Yoder , D.C. 1997 . Predicting Soil Erosion by Water: A Guide to Conservation Planning with the Revised Soil Erosion Loss Equation (RUSLE) , Washington, DC : US Department of Agriculture . Agricultural Handbook No. 703
   Google Scholar
• Riaño , D. , Chuvieco , E. , Salas , J. and Aguado , I. 2003 . Assessment of different topographic corrections in Landsat-TM data for mapping vegetation types . IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing , 41 : 1056 – 1061 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sirviö , T. , Rebeiro-Hargrave , A. and Pellikka , P. Geoinformation in gully erosion studies in the Taita Hills, SE-Kenya, preliminary results . Proceedings of 5th AARSE conference (African Association of Remote Sensing of the Environment) . October 18–21 2004 , Nairobi, Kenya. CD-ROM .
   Google Scholar
• Smithen , A.A. and Schulze , R.E. 1982 . The spatial distribution in southern Africa of rainfall erosivity for use in the USLE . Water SA , 8 : 74 – 78 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soini , E. Livelihood Capital, Strategies and Outcomes in the Taita Hills of Kenya . ICRAF Working Paper no. 8 . 2005a . Nairobi: World Agroforestry Centre
   Google Scholar
• Soini , E. 2005b . Land use change patterns and livelihood dynamics on the slopes of Mt. Kilimanjaro, Tanzania . Agricultural Systems , 85 : 306 – 323 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sombroek , W.G. , Braun , H.M.H. and van der Pouw , B.J.A. The Exploratory Soil Map and Agro-climatic Zone Map of Kenya . Report No. E1 . 1980 . Nairobi: Kenya Soil Survey
   Google Scholar
• Sunderlin , W.D. , Ndoye , O. , Bikié , H. , Laporte , N. , Mertens , B. and Pokam , J. 2000 . Economic crisis, small-scale agriculture, and forest cover change in southern Cameroon . Environmental Conservation , 27 : 284 – 290 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swank , W.T. , Vose , J.M. and Elliott , K.J. 2001 . Long-term hydrological and water quality responses following commercial clearcutting of mixed hardwoods on a southern Appalachian catchment . Forest Ecology and Management , 143 : 163 – 178 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teillet , P.M. , Guindon , B. and Goodenough , D.G. 1982 . On the slope-aspect correction of multispectral scanner data . Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing , 8 : 84 – 106 .
   Google Scholar
• Thiam , A.K. 2003 . The causes and spatial pattern of land degradation risk in southern Mauritania using multitemporal AVHRR NDVI imagery and field data . Land Degradation and Development , 14 : 133 – 142 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tucker , C.J. 1979 . Red and photographic infrared linear combinations for monitoring vegetation . Remote Sensing of Environment , 8 : 127 – 150 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vigiak , O. , Okoba , B.O. , Sterk , G. and Groenenberg , S. 2005 . Modelling catchment-scale erosion patterns in the East African Highlands . Earth Surface Processes and Landforms , 30 : 183 – 196 .
   Google Scholar
• Viney , N.R. and Sivapalan , M. 1999 . A conceptual model for sediment transport: application to the Avon River Basin in Western Australia . Hydrological Processes , 13 : 727 – 743 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von Rompaey , A.J.J. , Verstraeten , G. , van Oost , K. , Govers , G. and Poesen , J. 2001 . Modelling mean annual sediment yield using a distributed approach . Earth Surface Processes and Landforms , 26 : 1221 – 1236 .
   Google Scholar
• Wischmeier , W.H. and Smith , D.D. 1978 . Predicting Rainfall Erosion Losses: A Guide to Conservation Planning , Washington, DC : US Department of Agriculture . Agricultural Handbook No. 587
   Google Scholar
• Wischmeier , W.H. , Smith , D.D. and Uhland , R.E. 1958 . Evaluation of factors in the soil-loss equation . Agricultural Engineering , 39 : 458 – 462 .
   Google Scholar
• Wu , B. , Zhou , Y. , Huang , J. , Tian , Y. and Huang , W. Proceedings of the Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium . September 20–24 2004 . Spatial pattern of soil and water loss and its affecting factors analysis in the upper basin of Miyun reservoir , pp. 4700 – 4702 . Vol. 7
   Google Scholar
• Zhou , P. , Luukkanen , O. , Tokola , T. and Nieminen , J. 2008 . Effect of vegetation factor on soil erosion in a mountainous watershed . Catena , 75 : 319 – 325 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou , P. , Nieminen , J. , Tokola , T. , Luukkanen , O. and Oliver , T. 2006 . “ Large scale soil erosion modeling for a mountainous watershed ” . In GeoEnvironment and Landscape Evolution II , Edited by: MartinDuque , J.F. 55 – 67 . Southampton, , UK, and Boston, MA : Wessex Institute of Technology Press .
   Google Scholar