A northerly winter monsoon surge over the South China Sea studied by remote sensing and a numerical model

References

• Alpers , W. and Bruemmer , B. 1994 . Atmospheric boundary layer rolls observed by the synthetic aperture radar aboard the ERS-1 satellite . Journal of Geophysical Research , 99 : 12613 – 12621 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alpers , W. , Chen , J.-P. , Lin , I.-I. and Lien , C.-C. 2007 . Atmospheric fronts along the east coast of Taiwan studied by ERS synthetic aperture radar images . Journal of Atmospheric Sciences , 64 : 922 – 937 .
   Google Scholar
• Alpers , W. , Chen , J.-P. , Ch.-J , Pi and Lin , I.-I. 2010 . On the origin of atmospheric frontal lines off the east coast of Taiwan observed on space-borne synthetic aperture radar images . Monthly Weather Review , 138 : 475 – 496 .
   Google Scholar
• Alpers , W. and Huang , W. 2011 . On the discrimination of radar signatures of atmospheric gravity waves and oceanic internal waves on synthetic aperture radar images of the sea surface . IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing , 49 : 1114 – 1126 .
   Google Scholar
• Alpers , W. , Ivanov , A. and Horstmann , J. 2009 . Observations of bora events over the Adriatic Sea and Black Sea by spaceborne synthetic aperture radar . Monthly Weather Review , 137 : 1150 – 1161 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alpers , W. and Stilke , G. 1996 . Observation of a nonlinear wave disturbance in the marine atmosphere by the synthetic aperture radar aboard the ERS-1 satellite . Journal of Geophysical Research , 101 : 6513 – 6525 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruemmer , B. , Mueller , G. , Ch , Klepp , Spreen , G. , Romeiser , R. and Horstmann , J. 2010 . Characteristics and impact of a gale-force storm field over the Norwegian Sea . Tellus , 62 : 481 – 496 .
   Google Scholar
• Chang , C.-P. , Harr , A. and Chen , H.-J. 2005 . Synoptic disturbances over the equatorial South China Sea and western maritime continent during boreal winter . Monthly Weather Review , 133 : 489 – 503 .
   Google Scholar
• Chang , C.-P. , Millard , J.E. and Chen , G.T.J. 1983 . Gravitational character of cold surges during winter MONEX . Monthly Weather Review , 111 : 293 – 307 .
   Google Scholar
• Cheng , C.M. and Alpers , W. 2010 . Investigation of trapped atmospheric gravity waves over the South China Sea using Envisat synthetic aperture radar images . International Journal of Remote Sensing , 31 : 4725 – 4743 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chu , P.-S. and Park , S.-U. 1984 . Regional circulation characteristics associated with a cold surge event over East Asia during Winter MONEX . Monthly Weather Review , 112 : 955 – 965 .
   Google Scholar
• Curry , J.M. and Murty , R.C. 1974 . Thunderstorm-generated gravity waves . Journal of Atmospheric Sciences , 31 : 1402 – 1408 .
   Google Scholar
• Doviak , R.J. and Christie , D.R. 1989 . Thunderstorm generated solitary waves: a wind shear hazard . Journal of Aircraft , 26 : 423 – 431 .
   Google Scholar
• Erickson , C.O. and Whitney , L.F. 1973 . Picture of the month. Gravity waves following severe thunderstorms . Monthly Weather Review , 101 : 708 – 711 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haertel , C. , Carlson , F. and Thumblom , M. 2000 . Analysis and direct numerical simulation of the flow at a gravity-current head. Part 2: the lobe-and cleft instability . Journal of Fluid Mechanics , 418 : 213 – 229 .
   Google Scholar
• Heimann , D. 1994 . Frictional effects on cold fronts: geometric considerations . Contributions to Atmospheric Physics , 67 : 97 – 102 .
   Google Scholar
• Honda , Y. , Nishijima , M. , Koizumi , K. , Ohta , Y. , Tamiya , K. , Kawabata , T. and Tsuyuki , T. 2005 . A pre-operational variational data assimilation system for a non-hydrostatic model at the Japan Meteorological Agency: formulation and preliminary results . Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society , 131 : 3465 – 3475 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horstmann , J. and Koch , W. 2005 . Comparison of SAR wind field retrieval algorithms to a numerical model utilizing ENVISAT ASAR data . IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering , 30 : 508 – 515 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horstmann , J. , Koch , W. , Lehner , S. and Rosenthal , W. 1998 . Ocean wind field and their variability derived from SAR . Earth Observation Quarterly (ESA) , 59 : 8 – 12 .
   Google Scholar
• Hsu , W.R. 1986 . Numerical simulation of air mass modification over the East China Sea during the winter , 3815 West Lafayette , IN : PhD thesis, Purdue University . Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, 47–09, Section B
   Google Scholar
• JMA . 2007 . Outline of the operational numerical weather prediction at the Japan Meteorological Agency, Appendix to WMO Technical Progress Report on the Global Data-Processing and Forecasting System and Numerical Weather Prediction, March 2007 , 194 Tokyo : Japan Meteorological Agency .
   Google Scholar
• Johnson , R.H. and Houze Jr , R. 1987 . “ Precipitating cloud systems of the Asian monsoon ” . In Monsoon Meteorology , Edited by: Chang , C.-P. and Krishnamurti , T.N. 298 – 353 . Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Johnson , R.H. and Zimmermann , J.R. 1986 . Modification of the boundary layer over the South China Sea during a Winter MONEX cold surge event . Monthly Weather Review , 114 : 2004 – 2015 .
   Google Scholar
• Kelly , R.E. 1977 . “ The onset and development of Rayleigh–Benard convection in shear flows: a review ” . In Physicochemical Hydrodynamics , Edited by: Spalding , B.B. 65 – 79 . New York : Advance Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Koch , W. 2004 . Directional analysis of SAR images aiming at wind direction . IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing , 42 : 702 – 708 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuettner , J.P. 1971 . Cloud bands in the atmosphere . Tellus , 23 : 404 – 425 .
   Google Scholar
• Lemone , M. 1973 . The structure and dynamics of horizontal roll vortices in the planetary boundary layer . Journal of Atmospheric Sciences , 30 : 1077 – 1091 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim , H. and Chang , C.-P. 1981 . A theory for midlatitude forcing of tropical motions during winter monsoon . Journal of Atmospheric Sciences , 38 : 2377 – 2392 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monaldo , F. , Kerbaol , V. and the SAR Wind Team . The SAR measurement of ocean surface winds: an overview . Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Coastal and Marine Applications of SAR . September 8–12 2003 . Svalbard , , Norway : ESA publication SP-565, 2004 .
   Google Scholar
• Monaldo, F.M. and Beal, R., 2005, Wind speed and direction. In Synthetic Aperture Radar Marine User's Manual, C.R. Jackson and J.R. Apel (Eds.), pp. 305–320 (Asheville, NC: NOAA/NESDIS). http://www.sarusersmanual.com (http://www.sarusersmanual.com)
   Google Scholar
• Monaldo , F.M. , Thompson , D.R. , Beal , R.C. , PicheL , W.G. and Clemente-Colon , P. 2001 . Comparison of SAR-derived wind speed with model predictions and ocean buoy measurements . IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing , 39 : 2587 – 2600 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mueller , G. , Bruemmer , B. and Alpers , W. 1999 . Roll convection within an arctic cold-air outbreak: interpretation of in situ aircraft measurements and spaceborne SAR imagery by a three-dimensional atmospheric model . Monthly Weather Review , 127 : 363 – 380 .
   Google Scholar
• Prata , A.J. , Baines , P.G. and Tildesly , P.C. 2001 . Observations of concentric ring clouds west of Australia . International Journal of Remote Sensing , 22 : 2847 – 2852 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quilfen , Y. , Chapron , B. , Elfouhaily , T. , Katsaros , K. and Tounadre , J. 1998 . Observation of tropical cyclones by high-resolution scatterometry . Journal of Geophysical Research , 103 : 7767 – 7786 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramage , C.S. 1971 . Monsoon Meteorology , 296 San Diego , CA : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Saito , K. , Fujjita , T. , Yamada , Y. , Ishida , J. , Kumagai , Y. , Aranami , K. , Ohmori , S. , Nagasawa , R. , Kumagai , S. , Muroi , C. , Kato , T. , Eito , H. and Yamazaki , Y. 2006 . The operational JMA nonhydrostatic mesoscale model . Monthly Weather Review , 134 : 1266 – 1298 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sikora , T.D. , Young , G.S. and Winstead , T.S. 2006 . A novel approach to marine wind speed assessment using synthetic aperture radar . Weather and Forecasting , 21 : 109 – 115 .
   Google Scholar
• Simpson , J.E. 1997 . Gravity Currents in the Environment and the Laboratory , 2nd , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Stoffelen , A. and Anderson , D. 1997 . Scatterometer data interpretation: estimation and validation of the transfer function CMOD4 . Journal of Geophysical Research , 102 : 5767 – 5780 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun , W.Y. and Hsu , W.R. 1988 . Numerical study of a northerly surge over the ocean . Journal of Atmospheric Sciences , 45 : 1205 – 1227 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valenzuela , G.R. 1978 . Theories for the interaction of electromagnetic and oceanic waves: a review . Boundary-Layer Meteorology , 13 : 61 – 85 .
   Google Scholar
• Wong, W.K., 2010, Development of operational rapid update non-hydrostatic NWP and data assimilation systems in the Hong Kong Observatory. In 3rd International Workshop on Prevention and Mitigation of Meteorological Disasters in Southeast Asia, 1–4 March 2010, Beppu, Japan. http://www.weather.gov.hk/publica/reprint/r882.pdf (http://www.weather.gov.hk/publica/reprint/r882.pdf)
   Google Scholar
• Wu , M.C. and Chan , J.C.L. 1995 . Upper-level features associated with winter monsoon surges over South China . Monthly Weather Review , 123 : 662 – 680 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu , M.C. and Chan , J.C.L. 1997 . Surface features of winter monsoon surges over South China . Monthly Weather Review , 125 : 317 – 340 .
   Google Scholar
• Young , G.S. , Sikora , T.D. and Winstead , N.S. 2005 . Use of synthetic aperture radar in finescale surface analysis of synoptic-scale fronts at sea . Weather and Forecasting , 20 : 311 – 327 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang , Y. , Sperber , K.R. and Boyle , J.S. 1997 . Climatology and inter-annual variation of the East Asian winter monsoon: results from the 1979–95 NCEP–NCAR reanalysis . Monthly Weather Review , 125 : 2605 – 2619 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar