Identifying invasive plant species using field spectroscopy in the VNIR region in successional systems of north-central Virginia

References

• Agarwal, R., P. Ranjan, and H. Chipman. 2013. “A New Bayesian Ensemble of Trees Classifier for Identifying Multi-Class Labels in Satellite Images.” Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing 39 (6): 507–520. doi:10.5589/m14-003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albright, T., H. Chen, L. Chen, and Q. Guo. 2010. “The Ecological Niche and Reciprocal Prediction of the Disjunct Distribution of an Invasive Species: The Example of Ailanthus Altissima.” Biological Invasions 12 (8): 2413–2427. doi:10.1007/s10530-009-9652-8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen, M., and K. Shea. 2006. “Spatial Segregation of Congeneric Invaders in Central Pennsylvania, USA.” Biological Invasions 8 (3): 509–521. doi:10.1007/s10530-005-6407-z.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aneece, I., and H. Epstein. 2015. “Distinguishing Early Successional Plant Communities Using Ground-Level Hyperspectral Data.” Remote Sensing 7 (12): 16588–16606. doi:10.3390/rs71215850.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armel, G., G. Hall, H. Wilson, and N. Cullen. 2005. “Mesotrione Plus Atrazine Mixtures for Control of Canada Thistle (Cirsium Arvense).” Weed Science 53 (2): 202–211. doi:10.1614/WS-04-039R.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asner, G. 1998. “Biophysical and Biochemical Sources of Variability in Canopy Reflectance.” Remote Sensing of Environment 64 (3): 234–253. doi:10.1016/S0034-4257(98)00014-5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asner, G., M. Jones, R. Martin, D. Knapp, and R. Hughes. 2008. “Remote Sensing of Native and Invasive Species in Hawaiian Forests.” Remote Sensing of Environment 112: 1912–1926. doi:10.1016/j.rse.2007.02.043.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asner, G., and R. Martin. 2011. “Canopy Phylogenetic, Chemical and Spectral Assembly in a Lowland Amazonian Forest.” New Phytologist 189 (4): 999–1012. doi:10.1111/nph.2011.189.issue-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asner, G. P., J. Boardman, C. B. Field, D. E. Knapp, T. Kennedy-Bowdoin, M. O. Jones, and R. E. Martin. 2007. “Carnegie Airborne Observatory: In-Flight Fusion of Hyperspectral Imaging and Waveform Light Detection and Ranging for Three-Dimensional Studies of Ecosystems.” Journal of Applied Remote Sensing 1 (1): 013536–013536. doi:10.1117/1.2794018.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asner, G. P., and R. E. Martin. 2009. “Airborne Spectranomics: Mapping Canopy Chemical and Taxonomic Diversity in Tropical Forests.” Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 7 (5): 269–276. doi:10.1890/070152.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asner, G. P., R. E. Martin, and A. B. Suhaili. 2012. “Sources of Canopy Chemical and Spectral Diversity in Lowland Bornean Forest.” Ecosystems 15 (3): 504–517. doi:10.1007/s10021-012-9526-2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bai, L., H. Lin, H. Sun, Z. Zang, and D. Mo. 2012. “Remotely Sensed Percent Tree Cover Mapping Using Support Vector Machine Combined with Autonomous Endmember Extraction.” Physics Procedia 33: 1702–1709. doi:10.1016/j.phpro.2012.05.274.
   Google Scholar
• Ballanti, L., L. Blesius, E. Hines, and B. Kruse. 2016. “Tree Species Classification Using Hyperspectral Imagery: A Comparison of Two Classifiers.” Remote Sensing 8 (6): 445. doi:10.3390/rs8060445.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bongard, C., K. Butler, and R. Fulthorpe. 2013. “Investigation of Fungal Root Colonizers of the Invasive Plant Vincetoxicum Rossicum and Co-Occurring Local Native Plants in a Field and Woodland Area in Southern Ontario.” Journal of Nature Conservation 4: 55–76. doi:10.3897/natureconservation.4.3578.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowers, M. A. 1997. “University of Virginia’s Blandy Experimental Farm.” Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America 78 (3): 220–225.
   Google Scholar
• Bradley, B., and J. Mustard. 2006. “Characterizing the Landscape Dynamics of an Invasive Plant and Risk of Invasion Using Remote Sensing.” Ecological Applications 16 (3): 1132–1147. doi:10.1890/1051-0761(2006)016[1132:CTLDOA]2.0.CO;2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burda, S., and W. Oleszek. 2004. “Allelochemicals Isolated from Canada Thistle Shoots.” Allelopathy Journal 14 (1): 23–34.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burkholder, A., T. Warner, M. Culp, and R. Landenberger. 2011. “Seasonal Trends in Separability of Leaf Reflectance Spectra for Ailanthus Altissima and Four Other Tree Species.” Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing 77 (8): 793–804. doi:10.14358/PERS.77.8.793.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buschmann, C., E. Nagel, S. Rang, and F. Stober. 1990. “Interpretation of Reflectance Spectra of Terrestrial Vegetation Based on Specifical Plant Test Systems.” Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 1990. IGARSS’90. ‘Remote Sensing Science for the Nineties’, 10th Annual International, College Park, MD, USA, May 20–24, 1927–1930. IEEE.
   Google Scholar
• Cardinale, B., J. Wright, M. Cadotte, I. Carroll, A. Hector, D. Srivastava, M. Loreau, and J. Weis. 2007. “Impacts of Plant Diversity on Biomass Production Increase through Time because of Species Complementarity.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104 (46): 18123–18128. doi:10.1073/pnas.0709069104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlson, K., G. Asner, R. Hughes, R. Ostertag, and R. Martin. 2007. “Hyperspectral Remote Sensing of Canopy Biodiversity in Hawaiian Lowland Rainforests.” Ecosystems 10 (4): 536–549. doi:10.1007/s10021-007-9041-z.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castro-Esau, K., G. Sanchez-Azofeifa, and T. Caelli. 2004. “Discrimination of Lianas and Trees with Leaf-Level Hyperspectral Data.” Remote Sensing of Environment 90 (3): 353–372. doi:10.1016/j.rse.2004.01.013.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chance, C., N. Coops, K. Crosby, and N. Aven. 2016. “Spectral Wavelength Selection and Detection of Two Invasive Plant Species in an Urban Area.” Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing 42 (1): 27–40. doi:10.1080/07038992.2016.1143330.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cho, M., R. Mathieu, G. Asner, L. Naidoo, J. Van Aardt, A. Ramoelo, P. Debba, et al. 2012. “Mapping Tree Species Composition in South African Savannas Using an Integrated Airborne Spectral and Lidar System.” Remote Sensing of Environment 125: 214–226. doi:10.1016/j.rse.2012.07.010.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colgan, M., C. Baldeck, J. Féret, and G. Asner. 2012. “Mapping Savanna Tree Species at Ecosystem Scales Using Support Vector Machine Classification and BRDF Correction on Airborne Hyperspectral and Lidar Data.” Remote Sensing 4 (12): 3462–3480. doi:10.3390/rs4113462.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DCR. 2014. “Virginia Invasive Plant Species List.” Natural Heritage Program, [online]. Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation. http://www.dcr.virginia.gov/naturalheritage/ip.shtml (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/6b29g2fp9).
   Google Scholar
• DeMeester, J., and D. deB Richter. 2010. “Differences in Wetland Nitrogen Cycling between the Invasive Grass Microstegium Vimineum and a Diverse Plant Community.” Ecological Applications 20 (3): 609–619. doi:10.1890/09-0283.1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denslow, J., and R. Hughes. 2004. “Exotic Plants as Ecosystem Dominants.” Weed Technology 18: 1283–1287. doi:10.1614/0890-037X(2004)018[1283:EPAED]2.0.CO;2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evangelista, P., T. Stohlgren, J. Morisette, and S. Kumar. 2009. “Mapping Invasive Tamarisk (Tamarix): A Comparison of Single-Scene and Time-Series Analyses of Remotely Sensed Data.” Remote Sensing 1: 519–533. doi:10.3390/rs1030519.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans, C., and J. Etherington. 1990. “The Effect of Soil Water Potential on Seed Germination of Some British Plants.” New Phytologist 115 (3): 539–548. doi:10.1111/nph.1990.115.issue-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feldman, S. 1997. “Biological Control of Plumeless Thistle (Carduus Acanthoides L.) in Argentina.” Weed Science 45 (4): 534–537.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feret, J., and G. Asner. 2013. “Tree Species Discrimination in Tropical Forests Using Airborne Imaging Spectroscopy.” IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 51 (1): 73–84. doi:10.1109/TGRS.2012.2199323.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Féret, J.-B., and G. P. Asner. 2011. “Spectroscopic Classification of Tropical Forest Species Using Radiative Transfer Modeling.” Remote Sensing of Environment 115 (9): 2415–2422. doi:10.1016/j.rse.2011.05.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fike, J., and W. Niering. 1999. “Four Decades of Old Field Vegetation Development and the Role of Celastrus Orbiculatus in the Northeastern United States.” Journal of Vegetation Science 10 (4): 483–492. doi:10.2307/3237183.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frappier, B., R. Eckert, and T. Lee. 2003. “Potential Impacts of the Invasive Exotic Shrub Rhamnus Frangula L. (Glossy Buckthorn) on Forests of Southern New Hampshire.” Northeastern Naturalist 10 (3): 277–296. doi:10.1656/1092-6194(2003)010[0277:PIOTIE]2.0.CO;2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fryer, J. 2011. “Celastrus Orbiculatus.” Fire effects information system, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/ (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/6b2azwsth).
   Google Scholar
• Gamon, J., and J. Berry. 2012. “Facultative and Constitutive Pigment Effects on the Photochemical Reflectance Index (PRI) in Sun and Shade Conifer Needles.” Israel Journal of Plant Sciences 60 (1): 85–95. doi:10.1560/IJPS.60.1-2.85.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gómez-Aparicio, L., and C. Canham. 2008. “Neighborhood Models of the Effects of Invasive Tree Species on Ecosystem Processes.” Ecological Monographs 78 (1): 69–86. doi:10.1890/06-2036.1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grekul, C., and E. Bork. 2004. “Herbage Yield Losses in Perennial Pasture Due to Canada Thistle (Cirsium Arvense).” Weed Technology 18 (3): 784–794. doi:10.1614/WT-03-196R.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gustafsson, C., and C. Boström. 2011. “Biodiversity Influences Ecosystem Functioning in Aquatic Angiosperm Communities.” Oikos 120 (7): 1037–1046. doi:10.1111/more.2011.120.issue-7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haas, S., M. Hooten, D. Rizzo, and R. Meentemeyer. 2011. “Forest Species Diversity Reduces Disease Risk in a Generalist Plant Pathogen Invasion: Species Diversity Reduces Disease Risk.” Ecology Letters 14 (11): 1108–1116. doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01679.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He, K., D. Rocchini, M. Neteler, and H. Nagendra. 2011. “Benefits of Hyperspectral Remote Sensing for Tracking Plant Invasions.” Diversity and Distributions 17: 381–392. doi:10.1111/j.1472-4642.2011.00761.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heckman, R. 2005. “The Effects of Nutrient Pulses and Community Diversity on Invasive Plant Success in Virginia.” Master of science, Dept of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia.
   Google Scholar
• Heimpel, G., L. Frelich, D. Landis, K. Hopper, K. Hoelmer, Z. Sezen, M. Asplen, and K. Wu. 2010. “European Buckthorn and Asian Soybean Aphid as Components of an Extensive Invasional Meltdown in North America.” Biological Invasions 12 (9): 2913–2931. doi:10.1007/s10530-010-9736-5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heneghan, L., F. Fatemi, L. Umek, K. Grady, K. Fagen, and M. Workman. 2006. “The Invasive Shrub European Buckthorn (Rhamnus Cathartica, L.) Alters Soil Properties in Midwestern U.S. Woodlands.” Applied Soil Ecology 32 (1): 142–148. doi:10.1016/j.apsoil.2005.03.009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hooper, D., and P. Vitousek. 1998. “Effects of Plant Composition and Diversity on Nutrient Cycling.” Ecological Monographs 68 (1): 121–149. doi:10.1890/0012-9615(1998)068[0121:EOPCAD]2.0.CO;2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunter, J. 1996. “Control of Canada Thistle (Cirsium Arvense) with Glyphosate Applied at the Bud Vs Rosette Stage.” Weed Science 44 (4): 934–938.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jia, K., B. Wu, Y. Tian, Q. Li, and X. Du. 2011. “Spectral Discrimination of Opium Poppy Using Field Spectrometry.” IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 49 (9): 3414–3422. doi:10.1109/TGRS.2011.2126582.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiao, X., J. Kovacs, J. Shang, H. McNairn, D. Walters, B. Ma, and X. Geng. 2014. “Object-Oriented Crop Mapping and Monitoring Using Multi-Temporal Polarimetric RADARSAT-2 Data.” ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 96: 38–46. doi:10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2014.06.014.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knight, K., J. Kurylo, A. Endress, J. Stewart, and P. Reich. 2007. “Ecology and Ecosys- Tem Impacts of Common Buckthorn (Rhamnus Cathartica): A Review.” Biological Invasions 9 (8): 925–937. doi:10.1007/s10530-007-9091-3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ko, C., G. Sohn, and T. Remmel. 2013. “Tree Genera Classification with Geometric Features from High-Density Airborne Lidar.” Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing 39 (sup1): S73–S85. doi:10.5589/m13-024.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koedsin, W., W. Intararuang, R. Ritchie, and A. Huete. 2016. “An Integrated Field and Remote Sensing Method for Mapping Seagrass Species, Cover, and Biomass in Southern Thailand.” Remote Sensing 8 (4): 292. doi:10.3390/rs8040292.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kok, L. 2001. “Classical Biological Control of Nodding and Plumeless Thistles.” Biological Control 21 (3): 206–213. doi:10.1006/bcon.2001.0940.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kokaly, R., and R. Clark. 1999. “Spectroscopic Determination of Leaf Biochemistry Using Band-Depth Analysis of Absorption Features and Stepwise Multiple Linear Regression.” Remote Sensing of Environment 67 (3): 267–287. doi:10.1016/S0034-4257(98)00084-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kruk, B., and R. Benech-Arnold. 2000. “Evaluation of Dormancy and Germination Responses to Temperature in Carduus Acanthoides and Anagallis Arvensis Using a Screening System, and Relationship with Field-Observed Emergence Patterns.” Seed Science Research 10 (01): 77–88.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuhman, T., S. Pearson, and M. Turner. 2011. “Agricultural Land-Use History Increases Non-Native Plant Invasion in a Southern Appalachian Forest a Century after Abandonment.” Canadian Journal of Forest Research 41 (5): 920–929. doi:10.1139/x11-026.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ladwig, L., and S. Meiners. 2010. “Liana Host Preference and Implications for Deciduous Forest Regeneration.” The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 137 (1): 103–112. doi:10.3159/09-RA-041.1.
   Google Scholar
• Landenberger, R., N. Kota, and J. McGraw. 2007. “Seed Dispersal of the Non-Native Invasive Tree Ailanthus Altissima into Contrasting Environments.” Plant Ecology 192 (1): 55–70. doi:10.1007/s11258-006-9226-0.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leicht-Young, S., J. Silander, and A. Latimer. 2007. “Comparative Performance of Invasive and Native Celastrus Species across Environmental Gradients.” Oecologia 154 (2): 273–282. doi:10.1007/s00442-007-0839-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leicht-Young, S. A., A. M. Latimer, and J. A. Silander. 2011. “Lianas Escape Self-Thinning: Experimental Evidence of Positive Density Dependence in Temperate Lianas Celastrus Orbiculatus and C. Scandens.” Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 13 (3): 163–172. doi:10.1016/j.ppees.2011.04.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis, M. 2002. “Spectral Characterization of Australian Arid Zone Plants.” Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing 28 (2): 219–230. doi:10.5589/m02-023.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahlein, A. 2011. “Detection, Identification, and Quantification of Fungal Diseases of Sugar Beet Leaves using Imaging and Non-Imaging Hyperspectral Techniques.” PhD thesis, Universitats-und Landesbibliothek Bonn.
   Google Scholar
• Mansour, K., O. Mutanga, and T. Everson. 2013. “Spectral Discrimination of Increaser Species as an Indicator of Rangeland Degradation Using Field Spectrometry.” Journal of Spatial Science 58 (1): 101–117. doi:10.1080/14498596.2012.759090.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mariotto, I., P. Thenkabail, A. Huete, T. Slonecker, and A. Platonov. 2013. “Hyperspectral versus Multispectral Crop-Productivity Modeling and Type Discrimination for the Hyspiri Mission.” Remote Sensing of Environment 139: 291–305. doi:10.1016/j.rse.2013.08.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mascaro, J., and S. Schnitzer. 2007. “Rhamnus Cathartica L. (Common Buckthorn) as an Ecosystem Dominant in Southern Wisconsin Forests.” Northeastern Naturalist 14 (3): 387–402. doi:10.1656/1092-6194(2007)14[387:RCLCBA]2.0.CO;2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mastelic, J., and I. Jerkovic. 2002. “Volatile Constituents from the Leaves of Young and Old Ailanthus Altissima (Mill.) Swingle Tree.” Croatica Chemica Acta 75 (1): 189–197.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merzlyak, M. N., A. A. Gitelson, O. B. Chivkunova, A. E. Solovchenko, and S. I. Pogosyan. 2003. “Application of Reflectance Spectroscopy for Analysis of Higher Plant Pigments.” Russian Journal of Plant Physiology 50 (5): 704–710. doi:10.1023/A:1025608728405.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miao, X., P. Gong, S. Swope, R. Pu, R. Carruthers, G. Anderson, J. Heaton, and C. Tracy. 2006. “Estimation of Yellow Starthistle Abundance through CASI-2 Hyperspectral Imagery Using Linear Spectral Mixture Models.” Remote Sensing of Environment 101 (3): 329–341. doi:10.1016/j.rse.2006.01.006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mutanga, O., A. Skidmore, and H. Prins. 2004. “Predicting in Situ Pasture Quality in the Kruger National Park, South Africa, Using Continuum-Removed Absorption Features.” Remote Sensing of Environment 89 (3): 393–408. doi:10.1016/j.rse.2003.11.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naidoo, L., M. Cho, R. Mathieu, and G. Asner. 2012. “Classification of Savanna Tree Species, in the Greater Kruger National Park Region, by Integrating Hyperspectral and Lidar Data in a Random Forest Data Mining Environment.” ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 69: 167–179. doi:10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2012.03.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Narumalani, S., D. Mishra, R. Wilson, P. Reece, and A. Kohler. 2009. “Detecting and Mapping Four Invasive Species along the Floodplain of North Platte River, Nebraska.” Weed Technology 23: 99–107. doi:10.1614/WT-08-007.1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NEON. 2015. “NEON: National Ecological Observatory Network, Field Sites.” http://www.neoninc.org/science-design/field-sites (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/6b2axzrm0).
   Google Scholar
• Nooni, I., A. Duker, I. Van Duren, L. Addae-Wireko, and E. Osei Jnr. 2014. “Support Vector Machine to Map Oil Palm in a Heterogeneous Environment.” International Journal of Remote Sensing 35 (13): 4778–4794. doi:10.1080/01431161.2014.930201.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pavlovic, N., and S. Leicht-Young. 2011. “Are Temperate Mature Forests Buffered from Invasive Lianas?” The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 138 (1): 85–92. doi:10.3159/10-RA-055.1.
   Google Scholar
• Pinard, V., and A. Bannari. 2003. “Spectroradiometric Analysis in a Hyperspectral Use Perspective to Discriminate between Forest Species.” Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 2003. IGARSS’03. Proceedings. 2003 IEEE International, Toulouse, France, July 21–25, 4301–4303. Vol. 7. IEEE.
   Google Scholar
• Pisula, N., and S. Meiners. 2010. “Relative Allelopathic Potential of Invasive Plant Species in a Young Disturbed Woodland.” The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 137 (1): 81–87. doi:10.3159/09-RA-040.1.
   Google Scholar
• Rascher, U., C. Nichol, C. Small, and L. Hendricks. 2007. “Monitoring Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of Photosynthesis with a Portable Hyperspectral Imaging System.” Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing 73 (1): 45–56. doi:10.14358/PERS.73.1.45.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ribeiro Da Luz, B., and J. Crowley. 2010. “Identification of Plant Species by Using High Spatial and Spectral Resolution Thermal Infrared (8.0–13.5μm) Imagery.” Remote Sensing of Environment 114 (2): 404–413. doi:10.1016/j.rse.2009.09.019.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riedel, S., and H. Epstein. 2005. “Edge Effects on Vegetation and Soils in a Virginia Old-Field.” Plant Soil 270 (1): 13–22. doi:10.1007/s11104-004-1012-y.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts, D., S. L. Ustin, S. Ogunjemiyo, J. Greenberg, S. Dobrowski, J. Chen, and T. Hinckley. 2004. “Spectral and Structural Measures of Northwest Forest Vegetation at Leaf to Landscape Scales.” Ecosystems 7 (5): 545–562. doi:10.1007/s10021-004-0144-5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rooney, T., and D. Rogers. 2011. “Colonization and Effects of Garlic Mustard (Alliaria Petiolata), European Buckthorn (Rhamnus Cathartica), and Bell’s Honeysuckle (Lonicera X Bella) on Understory Plants after Five Decades in Southern Wisconsin Forests.” Invasive Plant Science and Management 4 (3): 317–325. doi:10.1614/IPSM-D-10-00084.1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rud, R., M. Shoshany, V. Alchanatis, and Y. Cohen. 2006. “Application of Spectral Features’ Ratios for Improving Classification in Partially Calibrated Hyperspectral Imagery: A Case Study of Separating Mediterranean Vegetation Species.” Journal of Real-Time Image Processing 1 (2): 143–152. doi:10.1007/s11554-006-0015-8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanches, I., C. Filho, and R. Kokaly. 2014. “Spectroscopic Remote Sensing of Plant Stress at Leaf and Canopy Levels Using the Chlorophyll 680nm Absorption Feature with Continuum Removal.” ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 97: 111–122. doi:10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2014.08.015.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sánchez-Azofeifa, G., K. Castro, S. Wright, J. Gamon, M. Kalacska, B. Rivard, S. Schnitzer, and J. Feng. 2009. “Differences in Leaf Traits, Leaf Internal Structure, and Spectral Reflectance between Two Communities of Lianas and Trees: Implications for Remote Sensing in Tropical Environments.” Remote Sensing of Environment 113 (10): 2076–2088. doi:10.1016/j.rse.2009.05.013.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt, K., and A. Skidmore. 2003. “Spectral Discrimination of Vegetation Types in a Coastal Wetland.” Remote Sensing of Environment 85 (1): 92–108. doi:10.1016/S0034-4257(02)00196-7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt, K. S., and A. K. Skidmore. 2001. “Exploring Spectral Discrimination of Grass Species in African Rangelands.” International Journal of Remote Sensing 22 (17): 3421–3434. doi:10.1080/01431160152609245.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sims, D., and J. Gamon. 2002. “Relationships between Leaf Pigment Content and Spectral Reflectance across a Wide Range of Species, Leaf Structures and Developmental Stages.” Remote Sensing of Environment 81 (2–3): 337–354. doi:10.1016/S0034-4257(02)00010-X.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skarpaas, O., and K. Shea. 2007. “Dispersal Patterns, Dispersal Mechanisms, and Invasion Wave Speeds for Invasive Thistles.” The American Naturalist 170 (3): 421–430. doi:10.1086/519854.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, A., and R. Blackshaw. 2003. “Weed: Crop Discrimination Using Remote Sensing: A Detached Leaf Experiment.” Weed Technology 17 (4): 811–820. doi:10.1614/WT02-179.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steele, B. 1955. “Soil Ph and Base Status as Factors in the Distribution of Calcicoles.” The Journal of Ecology 43 (1): 120–132. doi:10.2307/2257125.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Symstad, A., and J. Jonas. 2011. “Incorporating Biodiversity into Rangeland Health: Plant Species Richness and Diversity in Great Plains Grasslands.” Rangeland Ecology & Management 64 (6): 555–572. doi:10.2111/REM-D-10-00136.1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thenkabail, P., M. Gumma, P. Teluguntla, and I. Mohammed. 2014. “Hyperspectral Remote Sensing of Vegetation and Agricultural Crops.” Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 80 (8): 697–709.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thenkabail, P., I. Mariotto, M. Gumma, E. Middleton, D. Landis, and K. Huemmrich. 2013. “Selection of Hyperspectral Narrowbands (Hnbs) and Composition of Hyperspectral Twoband Vegetation Indices (Hvis) for Biophysical Characterization and Discrimination of Crop Types Using Field Reflectance and Hyperion/EO-1 Data.” IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing 6 (2): 427–439. doi:10.1109/JSTARS.2013.2252601.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tiley, G. 2010. “Biological Flora of the British Isles: Cirsium Arvense (L.) Scop.: Cirsium Arvense (L.) Scop.” Journal of Ecology 98 (4): 938–983. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2745.2010.01678.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsahar, E., J. Friedman, and I. Izhaki. 2002. “Impact on Fruit Removal and Seed Predation of a Secondary Metabolite, Emodin, in Rhamnusalaternus Fruit Pulp.” Oikos 99 (2): 290–299. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0706.2002.990209.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ustin, S., and J. Gamon. 2010. “Remote Sensing of Plant Functional Types: Tansley Review.” New Phytologist 186 (4): 795–816. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03284.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van den Berg, L., H. Tomassen, J. Roelofs, and R. Bobbink. 2005. “Effects of Nitrogen Enrichment on Coastal Dune Grassland: A Mesocosm Study.” Environmental Pollution 138 (1): 77–85. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2005.02.024.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vicente, J., A. Pinto, M. Araújo, P. Verburg, A. Lomba, C. Randin, A. Guisan, and J. Honrado. 2013. “Using Life Strategies to Explore the Vulnerability of Ecosystem Services to Invasion by Alien Plants.” Ecosystems 16 (4): 678–693. doi:10.1007/s10021-013-9640-9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villa, A., J. A. Benediktsson, J. Chanussot, and C. Jutten. 2011. “Hyperspectral Image Classification with Independent Component Discriminant Analysis.” IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 49 (12): 4865–4876. doi:10.1109/TGRS.2011.2153861.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vitousek, P. 1990. “Biological Invasions and Ecosystem Processes: Towards an Integration of Population Biology and Ecosystem Studies.” Oikos 57 (1): 7. doi:10.2307/3565731.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, J., H. Epstein, and L. Wang. 2010. “Soil CO 2 Flux and Its Controls during Secondary Succession.” Journal of Geophysical Research 115, G02005. doi:10.1029/2009JG001084.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilfong, B., D. Gorchov, and M. Henry. 2009. “Detecting an Invasive Shrub in Deciduous Forest Understories Using Remote Sensing.” Weed Science 57 (5): 512–520. doi:10.1614/WS-09-012.1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilsey, B., and C. Potvin. 2000. “Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning: Importance of Species Evenness in an Old Field.” Ecology 81 (4): 887–892. doi:10.1890/0012-9658(2000)081[0887:BAEFIO]2.0.CO;2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiao, Y., W. Zhao, D. Zhou, and H. Gong. 2014. “Sensitivity Analysis of Vegetation Reflectance to Biochemical and Biophysical Variables at Leaf, Canopy, and Regional Scales.” IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 52 (7): 4014–4024. doi:10.1109/TGRS.2013.2278838.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yachi, S., and M. Loreau. 1999. “Biodiversity and Ecosystem Productivity in a Fluctuating Environment: The Insurance Hypothesis.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 96 (4): 1463–1468. doi:10.1073/pnas.96.4.1463.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yingying, G., F. Wenjie, X. Xiru, and Z. Yuanzhen. 2011. “Flower Species Identification and Coverage Estimation Based on Hyperspectral Remote Sensing Data.” Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), 2011 IEEE International, Vancouver, BC, Canada, July 24–29, 1243–1246. IEEE.
   Google Scholar
• Yoshida, K., and S. Oka. 2004. “Invasion of Leucaena Leucocephala and Its Effects on the Native Plant Community in the Ogasawara (Bonin) Islands.” Weed Technology 18 (sp1): 1371–1375. doi:10.1614/0890-037X(2004)018[1371:IOLLAI]2.0.CO;2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yurkonis, K., S. Meiners, and B. Wachholder. 2005. “Invasion Impacts Diversity through Altered Community Dynamics.” Journal of Ecology 93 (6): 1053–1061. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2745.2005.01029.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, C., J. Kovacs, Y. Liu, F. Flores-Verdugo, and F. Flores-de Santiago. 2014. “Separating Mangrove Species and Conditions Using Laboratory Hyperspectral Data: A Case Study of A Degraded Mangrove Forest of the Mexican Pacific.” Remote Sensing 6: 11673–11688. doi:10.3390/rs61211673.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, J., B. Rivard, A. Sánchez-Azofeifa, and K. Castro-Esau. 2006. “Intra- and Inter- Class Spectral Variability of Tropical Tree Species at La Selva, Costa Rica: Implications for Species Identification Using HYDICE Imagery.” Remote Sensing of Environment 105 (2): 129–141. doi:10.1016/j.rse.2006.06.010.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, R., J. Heberling, E. Haner, and K. Shea. 2011. “Tolerance of Two Invasive Thistles to Repeated Disturbance.” Ecological Research 26 (3): 575–581. doi:10.1007/s11284-011-0816-5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zouhar, K. 2001. “Cirsium Arvense.” Fire effects information system, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Accessed May 26, 2015. http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/ (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/6b2amrlck).
   Google Scholar
• Zouhar, K. 2011. “Rhamnus Cathartica, R. Davurica.” Fire effects information system, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Accessed May 26, 2015. http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/ (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/6b2azwsth).
   Google Scholar