Computer vision for improved estimates of SO₂ emission rates and plume dynamics

References

• Berresheim, H., and W. Jaeschke. 1983. “The Contribution of Volcanoes to the Global Atmospheric Sulfur Budget.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 88 (C6): 3732–3740. doi:10.1029/JC088iC06p03732.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bluth, G. J. S., J. M. Shannon, I. M. Watson, A. J. Prata, and V. J. Realmuto. 2007. “Development of an Ultraviolet Digital Camera for Volcanic SO2 Imaging.” Journal Volcanol Geotherm Researcher 161 (1–2): 47–56. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2006.11.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boichu, M., C. Oppenheimer, V. Tsanev, and P. R. Kyle. 2010. “High Temporal Resolution SO2 Flux Measurements at Erebus Volcano, Antarctica.” Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 190 (3): 325–336. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2009.11.020.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradski, G., and A. Kaehler. 2008. Learning OpenCV: Computer Vision with the OpenCV Library. Sebastopol: O’Reilly Media, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Buffaloe, G. M., D. A. Lack, E. J. Williams, D. Coffman, K. L. Hayden, B. M. Lerner, S.-M. Li, et al. 2014. “Black Carbon Emissions from In-Use Ships: A California Regional Assessment.” Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14 (4): 1881–1896. doi:10.5194/acp-14-1881-2014.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burton, M. R., F. Prata, and U. Platt. 2015. “Volcanological Applications of SO2 Cameras.” Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 300 (Supplement C): 2–6. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2014.09.008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Moor, J. M., A. Aiuppa, G. Avard, H. Wehrmann, N. Dunbar, C. Muller, G. Tamburello, G. Giudice, M. Liuzzo, R. Moretti, V. Conde, and B. Galle. 2016. “Turmoil at Turrialba Volcano (Costa rica): Degassing and Eruptive Processes Inferred From High-frequency Gas Monitoring.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 121: 5761–5775. doi: 10.1002/2016JB013150.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farnebäck, G. 2003. “Two-Frame Motion Estimation Based on Polynomial Expansion.” In Image Analysis, edited by J. Bigun and G. T. Berlin, 363–370. Berlin -Heidelberg: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Farnebäck, G., and K. Nordberg. 2002. “Motion Detection in the WITAS Project.” In Swedish Symposium on Image Analysis (SSBA): Lund, 99–102.
   Google Scholar
• Fleet, D., and Y. Weiss. 2006. “Optical Flow Estimation.” In Handbook of Mathematical Models in Computer Vision, edited by N. Paragios, Y. Chen and O. Faugeras, 237–257. Boston: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Galle, B., M. Johansson, Y. Rivera, C. Zhang, M. Kihlman, C. Kern, T. Lehmann, U. Platt, S. Arellano, and S. Hidalgo. 2010. “Network for Observation of Volcanic and Atmospheric Change (NOVAC) - A Global Network for Volcanic Gas Monitoring: Network Layout and Instrument Description.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 115 (D5). doi:10.1029/2009JD011823.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hobbs, P. V., T. J. Garrett, R. J. Ferek, S. R. Strader, D. A. Hegg, G. M. Frick, W. A. Hoppel, et al. 2000. “Emissions from Ships with respect to Their Effects on Clouds.” Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 57 (16): 2570–2590. doi:10.1175/1520-0469(2000)057<2570:EFSWRT>2.0.CO;2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, B., K. Turnbull, P. Brown, R. Burgess, J. Dorsey, A. J. Baran, H. Webster, et al. 2012. ““In Situ Observations of Volcanic Ash Clouds from the FAAM Aircraft during the Eruption of Eyjafjallajkull in 2010.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 117 (D20): n/a–n/a. doi:10.1029/2011JD016760.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kantzas, E. P., A. J. S. McGonigle, G. Tamburello, A. Aiuppa, and R. G. Bryant. 2010. “Protocols for UV Camera Volcanic SO2 Measurements.” Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 194 (1): 55–60. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2010.05.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kern, C., F. Kick, P. Lübcke, L. Vogel, M. Wöhrbach, and U. Platt. 2010. “Theoretical Description of Functionality, Applications, and Limitations of SO2 Cameras for the Remote Sensing of Volcanic Plumes.” Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 3 (1): 531–578. doi:10.5194/amtd-3-531-2010.
   Google Scholar
• Kern, C., J. Sutton, T. Elias, L. Lee, K. Kamibayashi, L. Antolik, and C. Werner. 2015. “An Automated SO2 Camera System for Continuous, Real-Time Monitoring of Gas Emissions from Kilauea Volcano’s Summit Overlook Crater.” Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 300: 81–94. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2014.12.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kern, C., T. Deutschmann, L. Vogel, M. Wöhrbach, T. Wagner, and U. Platt. 2009. “Radiative Transfer Corrections for Accurate Spectroscopic Measurements of Volcanic Gas Emissions.” Bulletin Volcanology 72 (2): 233–247. doi:10.1007/s00445-009-0313-7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopez, T., D. Fee, F. Prata, and J. Dehn. 2013. “Characterization and Interpretation of Volcanic Activity at Karymsky Volcano, Kamchatka, Russia, Using Observations of Infrasound, Volcanic Emissions, and Thermal Imagery.” Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 14 (12): 5106–5127. doi:10.1002/ggge.v14.12.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopez, T., H. E. Thomas, A. J. Prata, A. Amigo, D. Fee, and D. Moriano. 2015. “Volcanic Plume Characteristics Determined Using an Infrared Imaging Camera.” Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 300: 148–166. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2014.12.009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lübcke, P., N. Bobrowski, S. Illing, C. Kern, J. M. Alvarez Nieves, L. Vogel, J. Zielcke, H. Delgado Granados, and U. Platt. 2012. “On the Absolute Calibration of SO2 Cameras.” Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 5 (5): 6183–6240. doi:10.5194/amtd-5-6183-2012.
   Google Scholar
• Lucas, B. D., and T. Kanade. 1981. “An Iterative Image Registration Technique with an Application to Stereo Vision.” In Proceedings of the 7th international joint conference on Artificial intelligence (IJCAI'81), 2: 674–679. San Francisco: Morgan Kaufmann.
   Google Scholar
• Magarey, J., and N. Kingsbury. 1998. “Motion Estimation Using a Complex-Valued Wavelet Transform.” IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing 46 (4): 1069–1084. doi:10.1109/78.668557.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McElhoe, H. B., and W. D. Conner. 1986. “Remote Measurement of Sulfur Dioxide Emissions using an Ultraviolet-light-sensitive Video System.” Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association 36 (1): 42-47. doi: 10.1080/00022470.1986.10466043.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGonigle, A. J. S., S. Inguaggiato, A. Aiuppa, A. R. Hayes, and C. Oppenheimer. 2005. “Accurate Measurement of Volcanic SO2 Flux: Determination of Plume Transport Speed and Integrated SO2 Concentration with a Single Device.” Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 6 (2). doi:10.1029/2004GC000845.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mori, T., and M. Burton. 2006. “The SO2 Camera: A Simple, Fast and Cheap Method for Ground-Based Imaging of SO2 in Volcanic Plumes.” Geophys Researcher Letters 33 (24): L24804. doi:10.1029/2006GL027916.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nadeau, P. A., J. L. Palma, and G. P. Waite. 2011. “Linking Volcanic Tremor, Degassing, and Eruption Dynamics via SO2 Imaging.” Geophysical Research Letters 38: 1. doi:10.1029/2010GL045820.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nourani-Vatani, N., P. V. K. Borges, and J. M. Roberts. 2012. “A Study of Feature Extraction Algorithms for Optical Flow Tracking.” In Australasian Conference on Robotics and Automation 2012 (ACRA 12). Wellington: Australian Robotics and Automation Association (ARAA).
   Google Scholar
• Novotny, A., and I. Straskraba. 2004. Introduction to the Mathematical Theory of Compressible Flow.  Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Peters, N., A. Hoffmann, T. Barnie, M. Herzog, and C. Oppenheimer. 2014. “Use of Motion Estimation Algorithms for Improved Flux Measurements Using SO2 Cameras.” Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0377027314002807.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Platt, U., and J. Stutz. 2008. Differential Absorption Spectroscopy: Principles and Applications. Berlin-Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-75776-4.
   Google Scholar
• Platt, U., P. Lbcke, J. Kuhn, N. Bobrowski, F. Prata, M. Burton, and C. Kern. 2015. “Quantitative Imaging of Volcanic Plumes Results, Needs, and Future Trends.” Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 300: 7–21. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2014.10.006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prata, A. J. 2014. “Measuring SO2 Ship Emissions with an Ultraviolet Imaging Camera.” Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 7 (5): 1213–1229. doi:10.5194/amt-7-1213-2014.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prata, A. J., and C. Bernardo. 2009. “Retrieval of Volcanic Ash Particle Size, Mass and Optical Depth from a Ground-Based Thermal Infrared Camera.” Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 186 (1): 91–107. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2009.02.007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prata, A. J., and C. Bernardo. 2014. “Retrieval of Sulphur Dioxide from a Ground-Based Thermal Infrared Imaging Camera.” Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 7 (2): 1153–1211. doi:10.5194/amtd-7-1153-2014.
   Google Scholar
• Rivera, C., G. Sosa, H. Wohrnschimmel, B. De Foy, M. Johansson, and B. Galle. 2011. “Tula Industrial Complex (Mexico) Emissions of SO2 and NO2 during the MCMA 2006 Field Campaign Using a Mobile Mini-DOAS System.” In Industrial Chemistry, Chap. 4, edited by W. H. Jr and H. H. Trimm, 56–74. Oakville, Canada: Apple Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Robock, A. 2000. “Volcanic Eruptions and Climate.” Reviews of Geophysics 38 (2): 191–219. doi:10.1029/1998RG000054.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smekens, J.-F., M. R. Burton, and A. B. Clarke. 2015. “Validation of the SO2 Camera for High Temporal and Spatial Resolution Monitoring of SO2 Emissions.” Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 300: 37–47. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2014.10.014.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, S. J., J. Van Aardenne, Z. Klimont, R. J. Andres, A. Volke, and S. Delgado Arias. 2011. “Anthropogenic Sulfur Dioxide Emissions: 1850–2005.” Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11 (3): 1101–1116. doi:10.5194/acp-11-1101-2011.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tamburello, G., A. J. S. McGonigle, E. P. Kantzas, and A. Aiuppa. 2011. “Recent Advances in Ground-Based Ultraviolet Remote Sensing of Volcanic SO2 Fluxes.” Annals of Geophysics 54: 2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valade, S. A., A. J. L. Harris, and M. Cerminara. 2014. “Plume Ascent Tracker: Interactive Matlab Software for Analysis of Ascending Plumes in Image Data.” Computers and Geosciences 66 (0): 132–144. doi:10.1016/j.cageo.2013.12.015.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xi, X., M. S. Johnson, S. Jeong, M. Fladeland, D. Pieri, J. A. Diaz, and G. L. Bland. 2016. “Constraining the Sulfur Dioxide Degassing Flux from Turrialba Volcano, Costa Rica Using Unmanned Aerial System Measurements.” Journal of Volcanology And Geothermal Research 325: 110-118. doi: 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2016.06.023.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamamoto, H., I. M. Watson, J. C. Phillips, and G. J. Bluth. 2008. “Rise Dynamics and Relative as Distribution in Vulcanian Eruption Plumes at Santiaguito Volcano, Guatemala, Revealed Using an Ultraviolet Imaging Camera.” Geophys Researcher Letters 35: L08314. doi:10.1029/2007GL032008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar