Arctic sea ice thickness retrievals from CryoSat-2: seasonal and interannual comparisons of three different products

References

• Alexandrov, V., S. Sandven, J. Wahlin, and O. M. Johannessen. 2010. “The Relation between Sea Ice Thickness and Freeboard in the Arctic.” The Cryosphere 4 (3): 373–380. doi:10.5194/tc-4-373-2010.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armitage, T., and M. Davidson. 2014. “Using the Interferometric Capabilities of the ESA CryoSat-2 Mission to Improve the Accuracy of Sea Ice Freeboard Retrievals.” IEEE Transactions on Geoscience & Remote Sensing 52 (1): 529–536. doi:10.1109/TGRS.2013.2242082.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armitage, W. K. T., and A. L. Ridout. 2015. “Arctic Sea Ice Freeboard from AltiKa and Comparison with CryoSat‐2 and Operation IceBridge.” Geophysical Research Letters 42 (16): 6724–6731. doi:10.1002/2015GL064823.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beaven, S. G., G. L. Lockhart, S. P. Gogineni, A. R. Hossetnmostafa, K. Jezek, A. J. Gow, D. K. Perovich, A. K. Fung, and S. Tjuatja. 1995. “Laboratory Measurements of Radar Backscatter from Bare and Snow-covered Saline Ice Sheets.” International Journal of Remote Sensing 16 (5): 851–876. doi:10.1080/01431169508954448.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cavalieri, D., and C. Parkinson. 2012. “Arctic Sea Ice Variability and Trends, 1979–2010.” The Cryosphere 6 (4): 881–889. doi:10.5194/tc-6-881-2012.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Comiso, J. C. 2011. “Large Decadal Decline of the Arctic Multiyear Ice Cover.” Journal of Climate 25 (4): 1176–1193. doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00113.1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connor, L. N., S. W. Laxon, A. L. Ridout, W. B. Krabill, and D. C. McAdoo. 2009. “Comparison of Envisat Radar and Airborne Laser Altimeter Measurements over Arctic Sea Ice.” Remote Sensing of Environment 113: 563–570. doi:10.1016/j.rse.2008.10.015.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Granskog, M. A., A. Rösel, P. A. Dodd, D. Divine, S. Gerland, T. Martma, and M. J. Leng. 2017. “Snow Contribution to First‐year and Second‐year Arctic Sea Ice Mass Balance North of Svalbard.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 122 (3): 2539–2549. doi:10.1002/2016JC012398.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gregory, J. M., P. A. Stott, D. J. Cresswell, N. A. Rayner, C. Gordon, and D. Sexton. 2002. “Recent and Future Changes in Arctic Sea Ice Simulated by the HadCM3 AOGCM.” Geophysical Research Letters 29 (24): 28.1–28.4. doi:10.1029/2001GL014575.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guerreiro, K., S. Fleury, E. Zakharova, F. Rémy, and A. Kouraev. 2016. “Potential for Estimation of Snow Depth on Arctic Sea Ice from CryoSat-2 and SARAL/AltiKa Missions.” Remote Sensing of Environment 186: 339–349. doi:10.1016/j.rse.2016.07.013.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helm, V., A. Humbert, and H. Miller. 2014. “Elevation and Elevation Change of Greenland and Antarctica Derived from CryoSat-2.” The Cryosphere 8 (4): 1539–1559. doi:10.5194/tcd-8-1673-2014.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kern, S., K. Khvorostovsky, H. Skourup, E. Rinne, Z. S. Parsakhoo, V. Djepa, P. Wadhams, and S. Sandven. 2015. “The Impact of Snow Depth, Snow Density and Ice Density on Sea Ice Thickness Retrieval from Satellite Radar Altimetry: Results from the ESA-CCI Sea Ice ECV Project Round Robin Exercise.” The Cryosphere 9 (1): 37–52. doi:10.5194/tc-9-37-2015.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King, J., H. Skourup, S. Hvidegaard, A. Rösel, S. Gerland, G. Spreen, C. Polashenski, V. Helm, and G. E. Liston. 2018. “Comparison of Freeboard Retrieval and Ice Thickness Calculation from ALS, ASIRAS, and CryoSat‐2 in the Norwegian Arctic, to Field Measurements Made during the N‐ICE2015 Expedition.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 123 (2): 1123–1141. doi:10.1002/2017JC013233.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krumpen, T., R. Gerdes, C. Haas, S. Hendricks, A. Herber, V. Selyuzhenok, L. Smedsrud, and G. Spreen. 2016. “Recent Summer Sea Ice Thickness Surveys in Fram Strait and Associated Ice Volume Fluxes.” The Cryosphere 10 (2): 523–534. doi:10.5194/tc-10-523-2016.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurtz, N. T., N. Galin, and M. Studinger. 2014. “An Improved CryoSat-2 Sea Ice Freeboard Retrieval Algorithm through the Use of Waveform Fitting.” The Cryosphere 8 (4): 1217–1237. doi:10.5194/tc-8-1217-2014.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurtz, N. T., and S. L. Farrell. 2011. “Large‐scale Surveys of Snow Depth on Arctic Sea Ice from Operation IceBridge.” Geophysical Research Letters 38 (20): 582. doi:10.1029/2011GL049216.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwok, R. 2004. “Annual Cycles of Multiyear Sea Ice Coverage of the Arctic Ocean: 1999–2003.” Journal of Geophysical Research 109 (C11): C11004. doi:10.1029/2003jc002238.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwok, R. 2014. “Simulated Effects of a Snow Layer on Retrieval of CryoSat‐2 Sea Ice Freeboard.” Geophysical Research Letters 41 (14): 5014–5020. doi:10.1002/2014GL060993.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwok, R. 2018. “Arctic Sea Ice Thickness, Volume, and Multiyear Ice Coverage: Losses and Coupled Variability (1958–2018).” Environmental Research Letters 13 (10): 105005. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aae3ec.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwok, R., and C. Haas. 2015. “Effects of Radar Side-lobes on Snow Depth Retrievals from Operation IceBridge.” Journal of Glaciology 61 (227): 576–584. doi:10.3189/2015JoG14J229.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwok, R., N. T. Kurtz, L. Brucker, A. Ivanoff, T. Newman, S. L. Farrell, J. King, et al. 2017. “Inter-comparison of Snow Depth Retrievals over Arctic Sea Ice from Radar Data Acquired by Operation IceBridge.” The Cryosphere 11 (6): 2571–2593. doi:10.5194/tc-11-2571-2017.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landy, J. C., M. Tsamados, and R. K. Scharien. 2019. “A Facet-Based Numerical Model for Simulating SAR Altimeter Echoes from Heterogeneous Sea Ice Surfaces.” IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 1–17. doi:10.1109/TGRS.2018.2889763.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lang, A., S. Yang, and E. Kaas. 2017. “Sea Ice Thickness and Recent Arctic Warming.” Geophysical Research Letters 44 (1): 409–418. doi:10.1002/2016GL071274.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laxon, S. W., K. A. Giles, A. L. Ridout, D. J. Wingham, R. Willatt, R. Cullen, R. Kwok, et al. 2013. “CryoSat‐2 Estimates of Arctic Sea Ice Thickness and Volume.” Geophysical Research Letters 40 (4): 732–737. doi:10.1002/grl.50193.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laxon, S. W., N. Peacock, and D. Smith. 2003. “High Interannual Variability of Sea Ice Thickness in the Arctic Region.” Nature 425: 947–950. doi:10.1038/nature02050.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, H., H. Xie, S. Kern, W. Wan, B. Ozsoy, S. Ackley, and Y. Hong. 2018. “Spatio-temporal Variability of Antarctic Sea-ice Thickness and Volume Obtained from ICESat Data Using an Innovative Algorithm.” Remote Sensing of Environment 219: 44–61. doi:10.1016/j.rse.2018.09.031.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nandan, V., T. Geldsetzer, J. Yackel, M. Mahmud, R. Scharien, S. Howell, J. King, R. Ricker, and B. Else. 2017. “Effect of Snow Salinity on CryoSat‐2 Arctic First‐Year Sea Ice Freeboard Measurements.” Geophysical Research Letters 44 (20): 10419–10426. doi:10.1002/2017GL074506.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parkinson, C. L., and J. C. Comiso. 2013. “On the 2012 Record Low Arctic Sea Ice Cover: Combined Impact of Preconditioning and an August Storm.” Geophysical Research Letters 40 (7): 1356–1361. doi:10.1002/grl.50349.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ricker, R., S. Hendricks, D. K. Perovich, V. Helm, and R. Gerdes. 2015. “Impact of Snow Accumulation on CryoSat-2 Range Retrievals over Arctic Sea Ice: An Observational Approach with Buoy Data.” Geophysical Research Letters 42 (11): 4447–4455. doi:10.1002/2015GL064081.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ricker, R., S. Hendricks, V. Helm, H. Skourup, and M. Davidson. 2014. “Sensitivity of CryoSat-2 Arctic Sea Ice Freeboard and Thickness on Radar-waveform Interpretation.” The Cryosphere 8 (4): 1607–1622. doi:10.5194/tc-8-1607-2014.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sato, K., and J. Inoue. 2018. “Comparison of Arctic Sea Ice Thickness and Snow Depth Estimates from CFSR with in Situ Observations.” Climate Dynamics 50 (1–2): 289–301. doi:10.1007/s00382-017-3607-z.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Screen, J. A., and I. Simmonds. 2010. “The Central Role of Diminishing Sea Ice in Recent Arctic Temperature Amplification.” Nature 464: 1334–1337. doi:10.1038/nature09051.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stroeve, J., and D. Notz. 2015. “Insights on past and Future Sea-ice Evolution from Combining Observations and Models.” Global Planet Change 135: 119–132. doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2015.10.011.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tilling, R. L., A. Ridout, A. Shepherd, and D. J. Wingham. 2015. “Increased Arctic Sea Ice Volume after Anomalously Low Melting in 2013.” Nature Geoscience 8 (8): 643–646. doi:10.1038/ngeo2489.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wadhams, P., W. B. T. III, W. B. Krabill, R. N. Swift, J. C. Comiso, and N. R. Davis. 1992. “Relationship between Sea Ice Freeboard and Draft in the Arctic Basin, and Implications for Ice Thickness Monitoring.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 97 (C12): 20325–20334. doi:10.1029/92JC02014.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, X., F. Guan, J. Liu, H. Xie, and S. Ackley. 2016. “An Improved Approach of Total Freeboard Retrieval with IceBridge Airborne Topographic Mapper (ATM) Elevation and Digital Mapping System (DMS) Images.” Remote Sensing of Environment 184: 582–594. doi:10.1016/j.rse.2016.08.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, X., F. Guan, J. Liu, H. Xie, and S. Ackley. 2016. “An Improved Approach Of Total Freeboard Retrieval with Icebridge Airborne Topographic Mapper (Atm) Elevation and Digital Mapping System (Dms) Q9 Images.” Remote Sensing Of Environment 184: 582–594. doi: 10.1016/j.rse.2016.08.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, X., H. Xie, Y. Ke, S. F. Ackley, and L. Liu. 2013. “A Method to Automatically Determine Sea Level for Referencing Snow Freeboards and Computing Sea Ice Thickness from NASA IceBridge Airborne LIDAR.” Remote Sensing of Environment 131: 160–172. doi:10.1016/j.rse.2012.12.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warren, S. G., I. G. Rigor, N. Untersteiner, V. F. Radionov, N. N. Bryazgin, Y. I. Aleksandrov, and R. Colony. 1999. “Snow Depth on Arctic Sea Ice.” Journal of Climate 12 (6): 1814–1829. doi:10.1175/1520-0442(1999)012<1814:.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willatt, R., S. Laxon, K. Giles, R. Cullen, C. Haas, and V. Helm. 2011. “Ku-band Radar Penetration into Snow Cover on Arctic Sea Ice Using Airborne Data.” Annals of Glaciology 52 (57): 197–205. doi:10.3189/172756411795931589.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xia, W., and H. Xie. 2018. “Assessing Three Waveform Retrackers on Sea Ice Freeboard Retrieval from Cryosat-2 Using Operation IceBridge Airborne Altimetry Datasets.” Remote Sensing of Environment 204: 456–471. doi:10.1016/j.rse.2017.10.010.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, W. C., and G. Magnusdottir. 2018. “Year-to-year Variability in Arctic Minimum Sea Ice Extent and Its Preconditions in Observations and the CESM Large Ensemble Simulations.” Scientific Reports 8: 9070. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-27149-y.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zygmuntowska, M., P. Rampal, N. Ivanova, and L. H. Smedsrud. 2014. “Uncertainties in Arctic Sea Ice Thickness and Volume: New Estimates and Implications for Trends.” The Cryosphere 8 (2): 705–720. doi:10.5194/tc-8-705-2014.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar