Efficient shrub modelling based on terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) point clouds

References

• Ai, M., Y. Yao, Q. Hu, Y. Wang, and W. Wang. 2020. “An Automatic Tree Skeleton Extraction Approach Based on Multi-View Slicing Using Terrestrial LiDar Scans Data.” Remote Sensing 12 (22): 3824. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12223824.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Béland, M., J.-L. Widlowski, R. A. Fournier, J.-F. Côté, and M. M. Verstraete. 2011. “Estimating Leaf Area Distribution in Savanna Trees from Terrestrial LiDar Measurements.” Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 151 (9): 1252–1266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2011.05.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bienert, A., L. Georgi, M. Kunz, H.-G. Maas, and G. von Oheimb. 2018. “Comparison and Combination of Mobile and Terrestrial Laser Scanning for Natural Forest Inventories.” Forests 9 (7): 395. https://doi.org/10.3390/f9070395.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burt, A., M. Disney, K. Calders, and S. Goslee. 2019. “Extracting Individual Trees from Lidar Point Clouds Using Treeseg.” Methods in Ecology and Evolution 10 (3): 438–445. https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.13121.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cao, J., A. Tagliasacchi, M. Olson, H. Zhang, and Z. Su. 2010. “Point Cloud Skeletons via Laplacian Based Contraction.” In Proceedings of the 2010 Shape Modeling International Conference, Aix-en-Provence, France, 187–197, Provence.
   Google Scholar
• Chaudhury, A., and C. Godin. 2020. “Skeletonization of Plant Point Cloud Data Using Stochastic Optimization Framework.” Frontiers in Plant Science 11:1–12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.00773.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Core, F., and P. Sterzai. 2006. “Radiometric Correction in Laser Scanning.” International Journal of Remote Sensing 27 (15): 3097–3104. https://doi.org/10.1080/01431160500217277.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delagrange, S., J. Christian, and P. Rochon. 2014. “PypeTree: A Tool for Reconstructing Tree Perennial Tissues from Point Clouds.” Sensors 14 (3): 4271–4289. https://doi.org/10.3390/s140304271.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Du, S., R. Lindenbergh, H. Ledoux, J. Stoter, and L. Nan. 2019. “AdTree: Accurate, Detailed, and Automatic Modeling of Laser-Scanned Trees.” Remote Sensing 11 (18): 2074–2092. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11182074.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erfanifard, Y., and E. Khosravi. 2015. “Modeling the Spatial Distribution of Sshnan (Seidlitzia Rosmarinus) Shrubs to Exploring Their Ecological Interactions in Drylands of Central Iran.” The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-1-W5:163–168. https://doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-XL-1-W5-163-2015.
   Google Scholar
• Fu, L., J. Liu, J. Zhou, M. Zhang, and Y. Lin. 2020. “Tree Skeletonization for Raw Point Cloud Exploiting Cylindrical Shape Prior.” Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Access 8:27327–27341. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2971549.
   Google Scholar
• Gaillard, M., C. Miao, J. Schnable, and B. Benes. 2021. “Sorghum Segmentation by Skeleton Extraction.” In European Conference on Computer Vision, Glasgow, UK, 28 Aug, 2020, 296–311.
   Google Scholar
• Hackenberg, J., H. Spiecker, K. Calders, M. Disney, and P. Raumonen. 2015. “SimpleTree-An Efficient Open Source Tool to Build Tree Models from TLS Clouds.” Forests 6 (11): 4245–4294. https://doi.org/10.3390/f6114245.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, H., S. Wu, D. Cohen-Or, M. Gong, H. Zhang, G. Li, and B. Chen. 2013. “L1-Medial Skeleton of Point Cloud.” ACM Transactions on Graphics 32 (4): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1145/2461912.2461913.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hui, Z., Z. Cai, B. Liu, D. Li, H. Liu, and Z. Li. 2022. “A Self-Adaptive Optimization Individual Tree Modeling Method for Terrestrial LiDar Point Clouds.” Remote Sensing 14 (11): 2545. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14112545.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hui, Z., S. Jin, Y. Xia, L. Wang, Y. Y. Ziggah, and P. Cheng. 2021. “Wood and Leaf Separation from Terrestrial LiDar Point Clouds Based on Mode Points Evolution.” ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 178:219–239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2021.06.012.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kangas, A. S., and M. Maltamo. 2006. Forest Inventory: Methodology and Applications. Berlin: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Ke, Y., and L. J. Quackenbush. 2011. “A Review of Methods for Automatic Individual Tree-Crown Detection and Delineation from Passive Remote Sensing.” International Journal of Remote Sensing 37 (17): 4725–4747. https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2010.494184.
   Google Scholar
• Kippers, R. G., L. Moth, and S. J. Oude Elberink. 2021. “2021 Automatic Modelling of 3D Trees Using Aerial LiDAR Point Cloud Data and Deep Learning.” The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B2:179–814. https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIII-B2-2021-179-2021.
   Google Scholar
• Liang, X., V. Kankare, J. Hyyppä, Y. Wang, A. Kukko, H. Haggrén, X. Yu, H. Kaartinen, A. Jaakkola, and F. Guan. 2016. “Terrestrial Laser Scanning in Forest Inventories.” ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 115:63–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2016.01.006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, Z., Q. Zhang, P. Wang, Z. Li, and H. Wang. 2020. “Automated Classification of Stems and Leaves of Potted Plants Based on Point Cloud Data.” Biosystems Engineering 200:215–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2020.10.006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu, B., and X. Fan. 2022. “Research on 3D Point Cloud Skeleton Extraction Based on Improved Adaptive K-Means Clustering.” Acta Automatica Sinica 48 (8): 1994–2006.
   Google Scholar
• Maas, H.-G., A. Bienert, S. Scheller, and E. Keane. 2008. “Automatic forest inventory parameter determination from terrestrial laser scanner data.” International Journal of Remote Sensing 29 (5): 1579–1593. https://doi.org/10.1080/01431160701736406.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marquardt, D. W. 1963. “An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters.” Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied MathematicsSoc 11 (2): 431–441. https://doi.org/10.1137/0111030.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myers-Smith, I. H., B. C. Forbes, M. Wilmking, M. Hallinger, T. Lantz, D. Blok, K. D. Tape, et al. 2011. “Shrub Expansion in Tundra Ecosystems: Dynamics, Impacts and Research Priorities.” Environmental Research Letters 6 (4): 045509. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/6/4/045509.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nurunnabi, A., Y. Sadahiro, R. Lindenbergh, and D. Belton. 2019. “Robust Cylinder Fitting in Laser Scanning Point Cloud Data.” Measurement 138:632–651. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2019.01.095.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oshio, H., T. Asawa, A. Hoyano, and S. Miyasaka. 2015. “Estimation of the Leaf Area Density Distribution of Individual Trees Using High-Resolution and Multi-Return Airborne LiDar Data.” Remote Sensing of Environment 166:116–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2015.05.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozbay, E., A. Cinar, and Z. Guler. 2018. “A Hybrid Method for Skeleton Extraction on Kinect Sensor Data: Combination of L1-Median and Laplacian Shrinking Algorithms.” Measurement 125:535–544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2018.05.029.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paturkar, A., G. S. Gupta, and D. Bailey. 2021. “Making Use of 3D Models for Plant Physiognomic Analysis: A Review.” Remote Sensing 13 (11): 2232. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13112232.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raumonen, P., E. Casella, K. Calders, S. Murphy, M. Åkerblom, and M. Kaasalainen. 2015. “Massive-scale tree modelling from TLS data.” ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing & Spatial Information Sciences II-3/W4:189–196. https://doi.org/10.5194/isprsannals-II-3-W4-189-2015.
   Google Scholar
• Raumonen, P., M. Kaasalainen, M. Åkerblom, S. Kaasalainen, H. Kaartinen, M. Vastaranta, M. Holopainen, M. Disney, and P. Lewis. “Fast Automatic Precision Tree Models from Terrestrial Laser Scanner Data.”Remote Sensing.” 2013;5 (2): 491–520.https://doi.org/10.3390/rs5020491
   Google Scholar
• Rusu, R. B., and S. Cousins. 2011. “3D is Here: Point Cloud Library (PCL).” In IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, Shanghai, May.
   Google Scholar
• Soudarissanane, S., R. Lindenbergh, M. Menenti, and P. Teunissen. 2011. “Scanning Geometry: Influencing Factor on the Quality of Terrestrial Laser Scanning Points.” ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 66 (4): 389–399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2011.01.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Straub, J., D. Reiser, N. Lüling, A. Stana, and H. W. Griepentrog. 2022. “Approach for Graph‑Base Individual Branch Modelling of Meadow Orchard Trees with 3D Point Clouds.” Precision Agriculture 23 (6): 1967–1982. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11119-022-09964-6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Su, Z., S. Li, H. Liu, and Z. He. 2019. “Tree Skeleton Extraction from Laser Scanned Points.” IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Yokohama, Japan, 28 July, 2019 - 02 August, 6091–6094.
   Google Scholar
• Tagliasacchi, A., H. Zhang, and D. Cohen-Or. 2009. “Curve Skeleton Extraction from Incomplete Point Cloud.” ACM Transactions on Graphics 28 (71): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1145/1531326.1531377.
   Google Scholar
• Tymkow, P., and A. Borkowski. 2010. “Vegetation Modelling Based on TLS Data for Roughness Coefficient Estimation in River Valley.” The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Science XXXVIII (8): 309–313.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, D. 2020. “Unsupervised Semantic and Instance Segmentation of Forest Point Clouds.” ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 165:86–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2020.04.020.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, P., D. Cao, and C. Wang. 2022. “A Crown Guess and Selection Framework for Individual Tree Detection from ALS Point Clouds.” IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing 15:3533–3538. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTARS.2022.3171771.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westling, F., J. Underwood, and M. Bryson. 2021. “Graph-Based Methods for Analyzing Orchard Tree Structure Using Noisy Point Cloud Data.” Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 187:106270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2021.106270.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilkes, P., A. Lau, M. Disney, K. Calders, A. Burt, J. G. de Tanago, H. Bartholomeus, B. Brede, and M. Herold. 2017. “Data Acquisition Considerations for Terrestrial Laser Scanning of Forest Plotsm.” Remote Sensing of Environment 196:140–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2017.04.030.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu, Y., C. Hu, and Y. Xie. 2022. “An Improved Space Colonization Algorithm with DBSCAN Clustering for a Single Tree Skeleton Extraction.” International Journal of Remote Sensing 43 (10): 3697–3713. https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2022.2102950.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, T., J. Ye, S. Zhou, A. Xu, and J. Yin. 2022. “3D Reconstruction Method for Tree Seedlings Based on Point Cloud Self-Registration.” Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 200:168–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2022.107210.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• You, L., J. Guo, Y. Pang, S. Tang, X. Song, and X. Zhang. 2020. “3D Stem Model Construction with Geometry Consistency Using Terrestrial Laser Scanning Data.” International Journal of Remote Sensing 42 (2): 714–737. https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2020.1811919.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yrttimaa, T., N. Saarinen, V. Kankare, X. Liang, J. Hyyppä, M. Holopainen, and M. Vastaranta. 2019. “Investigating the Feasibility of Multi-Scan Terrestrial Laser Scanning to Characterize Tree Communities in Southern Boreal Forests.” Remote Sensing 11 (12): 1423–1444. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11121423.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao, J., S. Tsuchikawa, T. Ma, G. Hu, Y. Chen, Z. Wang, Q. Chen, Z. Gao, and J. Chen. 2021. “Modal Analysis and Experiment of a Lycium Barbarum L. Shrub for Efficient Vibration Harvesting of Fruit.” Agricultur 11 (6): 519–532. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11060519.
   Google Scholar
• Zhou, H., N. Shenoy, and W. Nicholls. 2002. “Efficient Minimum Spanning Tree Construction without Delaunay Triangulation.” Information Processing Letters 81 (5): 271–276. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-0190(01)00232-0.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou, Y., and A. W. Toga. 1999. “Efficient Skeletonization of Volumetric Objects.” IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics 5 (3): 196–209. https://doi.org/10.1109/2945.795212.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar