31
Views
12
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Article

The methods for inferring surface fluxes from satellite data, and their use for atmosphere model validation

&
Pages 1907-1930 | Received 01 Aug 1994, Accepted 24 Jan 1995, Published online: 03 May 2007

References

  • Alves , J. O. S. , 1991 , An assessment of the surface fluxes from the Meteorological Office numerical weather prediction models. Part I: momentum . Meteorological Magazine , 120 , 200 – 211 .
  • Alves , J. O. S. , 1992 , An assessment of the surface fluxes from the Meteorological Office numerical weather prediction models. Part II: heat and fresh water . Meteorological Magazine , 121 , 59 – 83 .
  • Anderson , D. , Hollingsworth , A. , Uppala , S. , and Woyckshyn , P. , 1991 , A study of the use of scatterometer data in the ECMWF operational analysis-forecast model.1. Quality assurance and validation , Journal of Geophysical Research , 96 , 2619 – 2634 .
  • Ben Mehrez , M. , Taconet , O. , Vidal-Madjar , D. , and Sucksdorff , Y. , 1992 , Calibration of a flux model over bare soils during HAPEX-MOBILHY experiment . Agricultural and Forest Meteorology , 58 , 257 – 283 .
  • Bishop , J. K. , and Rossow , W. B. , 1991 , Spatial and temporal variability of global surface solar irradiance . Journal of Geophysical Research , 96 , 16839 – 16858 .
  • Blondin , C. , 1988 , Research on land surface parameterization schemes at ECMWF. ECMWF document: Parameterization of Fluxes over Land Surface ( Reading : European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts ), pp. 285 – 330 .
  • Bony . S. , Le Treut , H. , Duvel , J. P. , and Kandel , R. S. , 1992 , Satellite validation of GCM-simulaled annual cycle of the earth radiation budget and cloud forcing . Journal of Geophysical Research , 97 , 18061 – 18082 .
  • BrÉon , F. M. , Frouin , R. , and Gautier . C. 1991 , Downwelling longwave irradiance at the ocean surface: an assessment of in-situ measurements and parameterizations . Journal of Applied Meteorology , 30 , 17 – 31 .
  • Brisson , A. , Le Borgne , P. , Marsoin , A. , and Moreau , T. , 1994 , Surface irradiances calculated from Meteosat sensor data during SOFIA/ASTEX , International Journal of Remote Sensing , 15 , 197 – 204 .
  • Brunet , Y. , Paw , K. T. ,and PrÉvot , L. , 1991 , Using the radiative surface temperature in energy budget studies over plant canopies . Proceedings of the 5th International Colloquium on Physical Measurements and Signatures in Remote Sensing held in Courchevel, France, on 14–18 January 1991 , ESA SP-319 ( Noordwijk : ESTEC ). vol. 2 , pp. 557 – 560 .
  • Brutsaert , W. , 1975 , On a derivable formula for longwave radiation from clear skies . Water Resources Research , 11 , 742 – 744 .
  • Buriez , J. C. , Bonnet , B. , Fouquart , Y. , GÉleyn , J. F. , and Morcrette , J. J. , 1988 , Comparison of model-generated and satellite-derived cloud cover and radiation budget . Journal of Geophysical Research , 93 , 3705 – 3719 .
  • Busalacchi . A. J. , Atlas , R. M. , and Hackert . E. C. 1993 , Comparison of Special Sensor Microwave Imager vector wind stress with model-derived and subjective products for the tropical Pacific , Journal of Geophysical Research , 98 , 6961 – 6977 .
  • Carlson , T. N. , 1986 , Regional scale estimates of surface moisture availability and thermal inertia . Remote Sensing Review , 1 , 197 – 247 .
  • Carlson , T. N. , Perry , E. M. , and Schmugge , T. J. , 1990 , Remote estimation of soil moisture availability and fractional vegetation cover for agricultural fields . Agricultural and Forest Meteorology , 52 , 45 – 70 .
  • Carlson , T. , Taconet , O. , Vidal , A. , Moran , S. and Gillies , R. (editors), 1994 , Proceedings of a Workshop on Thermal Remote Sensing of the Energy and Water Balance over Vegetation in Conjunction with other Sensors, held in La Londe les Maures, France, on 20–23 September 1993 ( Antony : CEMAGREF-DICOVA ), 330 pp.
  • Cess , R. D. , and Vulis , I. L. , 1989 , Inferring surface solar absorption from broadband satellite measurements . Journal of Climate , 2 , 974 – 985 .
  • Cess , R. D. , Nemesure , S. , Dutton , E. G. , DeLuisi , J. J. , Potter , G. L. , and Morcrette , J. J. , 1993 , The impact of clouds on the shortwave radiation budget of the surface-atmosphere system: interfacing measurements and models . Journal of Climate , 6 , 308 – 316 .
  • Chertock , B. , Frouin . R. , and Gautier , C. , 1992 . A technique for global monitoring of net solar irradiance at the ocean surface. Part II: validation . Journal of Applied Meteorology , 31 , 1067 – 1083 .
  • Choudhury , B. J. , 1991 , Multispectral satellite data in the context of land surface heal balance . Reviews of Geophysics , 29 , 217 – 236 .
  • Curry , J. A. , and Ebert , E. E. , 1992 , Annual cycle of radiation fluxes over the arctic ocean: sensitivity to cloud properties . Journal of Climate , 5 , 1267 – 1280 .
  • Darnell , W. L. , Gupta , S, K. , and Staylor , W. F. , 1983 , Downward longwave radiation at the surface from satellite measurements . Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology , 22 , 1956 – 1960 .
  • Darnell , W. L. , Staylor , W. F. , Gupta , S. K. , and Denn , F. M. , 1988 , Estimation of surface insolation using sun-synchronous satellite data . Journal of Climate , 1 , 820 – 835 .
  • Darnell , W. L. , Staylor , W. F. , Gupta , S. K. , Ritchey , N. A. , and Wilber , A. C. , 1992 , Seasonal variation of surface radiation budget derived from International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project Cl data . Journal of Geophysical Research , 97 , 15741 – 15760 .
  • Dedieu , G. , Deschamps , P. Y. , and Kerr , Y. H. , 1987 , Satellite estimation of solar irradiance at the surface of the earth and of surface albedo using a physical model applied to Meteosat data . Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology , 26 , 79 – 87 .
  • Diak , G. R. , and Stewart , T. R. , 1989 . Assessment of surface turbulent fluxes using geostationary satellite surface skin temperatures and a mixed layer planetary boundary layer scheme . Journal of Geophysical Research , 94 , 6357 – 6373 .
  • Emery , W. J. , Radebaugh . M. , Fowler , C. W. , Cavalieri , D. , and Steffen , K. , 1991 . A comparison of sea ice parameters computed from Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer and Landsat satellite imagery and from airborne passive microwave radiomctry . Journal of Geophysical Research , 96 , 22075 – 22085 .
  • Esbensen , S. K. , Chelton , D. B. , Vickers , D. , and Sun , J. , 1993 , An analysis of errors in Special Sensor Microwave Imager evaporation estimates over the global oceans . Journal of Geophysical Research , 98 , 7081 – 7101 .
  • Eymard , L. , Bernard , R. , and Klapisz , C. , 1989 , Comparison between Nimbus-7 SMMR and ECMWF model analyses: the problem of the latent heat flux . Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology , 6 , 866 – 881 .
  • Eymard , L. , Bernard . R. , and Lojou , J. Y. , 1993 , Validation of microwave radiometer geophysical parameters using meteorological model analyses . International Journal of Remote Sensing , 14 , 1945 – 1963 .
  • Frouin , R. , and Chertock , B. , 1992 , A technique for global monitoring of net solar irradiance at the ocean surface. Part I: model . Journal of Applied Meteoraloqy , 31 , 1056 – 1066 .
  • Frouin , R. Gautier , C. , Katsaros , K. B. , and Lind , R. J. , 1988a , A comparison of satellite and empirical formula techniques for estimating insolation over the oceans . Journal of Applied Meteorology , 27 , 1016 – 1023 .
  • Frouin , R. , Gautier , C. , and Morcrette , J. J. , 1988b , Downward longwave irradiance at the ocean surface from satellite data: methodology and in-situ validation . Journal of Geophysical Research , 93 , 597 – 619 .
  • Gaspar , P. , Andre , J. C. , and Lefevre , J. M. , 1990 , The determination of latent and sensible heat fluxes at the sea surface viewed as an inverse problem . Journal of Geophysical Research , 95 , 16169 – 16178 .
  • Gautier , C. , Diak . G. , and Masse , S. , 1980 , A simple physical model to estimate incident solar radiation at the surface from GOES satellite data . Journal of Applied Meteorology , 19 , 1005 – 1012 .
  • Gernaert , G. , and Larsen , S. , 1993 , On the role of humidity in estimating marine surface layer stratification and scatterometer cross-section . Journal of Geophysical Research , 98 , 927 – 932 .
  • Gernaert , G. L. , Katsaros , K. B. , and Richter , K. , 1986 , Variation of the drag coefficient and its dependence on sea state . Journal of Geophysical Research , 91 , 7667 – 7679 .
  • Goodberlet , M. A. , Swift , C. T. , and Wilkerson , J. C. , 1989 , Remote sensing of ocean surface winds with the SSM/I . Journal of Geophysical Research , 94 , 14547 – 14555 .
  • Guillaume , A. , LefÉvre , J. M. , and Mognard , N. M. , 1992 , The use of altimeter data to study wind and wave variability in the western mediterranean sea and validate fine mesh meteorological models . Oceanologica Acta , 15 , 555 – 561 .
  • Gupta , S. K. , 1989 , A parameterization for longwave surface radiation from sun-synchronous satellite data . Journal of Climate , 2 , 305 – 320 .
  • Gupta , S. K. , Wilber , A. C. , Darnell , W. L. , and Suttles , J. T. , 1992 , Longwave surface radiation over the globe from satellite data: an error analysis . International Journal of Remote Sensing , 14 , 95 – 114 .
  • Hsu , S. A. , and Blanchard , B. W. , 1989 , The relationship between total precipilable water and surface level humidity over the sea surface: a further evaluation . Journal of Geophysical Research , 94 , 14530 – 14545 .
  • Isaacs , R. G. , Hoffman , R. N. , and Kaplan , L. D. , 1986 , Satellite remote sensing of meteorological parameters for global numerical weather prediction . Reviews of Geophysics , 24 , 701 – 743 .
  • Jackson , R. P. , Reginato , R. J. , and Idso , S. B. , 1977 , Wheat canopy temperature: a practical tool for evaluating water requirements . Water Resources Management , 13 , 651 – 656 .
  • Kiehl , J. T. , and Ramanathan , V. , 1990 , Comparison of cloud forcing derived from the Earth radiation Budget Experiment with that simulated by the NCAR community climate model . Journal of Geophysical Research , 95 , 11679 – 11698 .
  • Kustas , W. P. , 1990 , Estimates of evapotranspiration with a one- and two-layer model of heat transfer over partial canopy cover . Journal of Applied Meteorology , 29 , 704 – 715 .
  • Kustas , W. P. , and Daughtry , C. S. T. , 1990 . Estimation of the soil heal flux/net radiation ratio from spectral data . Agricultural and Forest Meteorologv , 49 , 205 – 224 .
  • Kustas . W. P. , Choudhury . B. J. , Kunkel , K. E. , and Gay , L. W. , 1989 , Estimate of the aerodynamic roughness parameters over an incomplete canopy cover of cotton . Agricultural and Forest Meteorology , 46 , 91 – 105 .
  • Kustas . W. P. , Moran , M. S. , Humes , K. S. , Stannard , D. I. , Pinter . P. J., Jr. Hipps , L. E. , Swiatek . E. , and Goodrich . D. C. , 1994 , Surface energy balance estimates at local and regional scales using optical remote sensing from an aircraft platform and atmospheric data collected over semiarid rangelands . Water Resources Research , 30 , 1241 – 1259 .
  • Lagouarde , J. P. , 1991 , Use of NOAA AVHRR data combined with an agrometeorologjcal model for evaporation mapping . International Journal of Remote Sensing , 12 , 1853 – 1864 .
  • Large , W. G. , and Pond , S. , 1981 . Open ocean momentum flux measurements in moderate to strong winds . Journal of Physical Oceanography , 11 , 324 – 336 .
  • Lee , T. F. , and Boyle . J. S. , 1991 , A synoptic comparison of SSM/I winds with output from an operational forecast system . Weather and Forecasting . 6 , 404 – 410 .
  • Le Borgne , P. , and Marsouin , A. , 1988 , Determination du flux ondes courtes incident a la surface. Mise au point d'unc methods opéreationnelle à partir des données du canal visible de Mcicosal . La Météorolagie , 20 , 9 – 19 .
  • Lhomme , J. P. , Monteny . B. , and Amadou , M. , 1994 , Estimating sensible heat flux from radiometric temperature over sparse millet . Agricultural and Forest Meteorology , 68 , 77 – 91 .
  • Li . Z. X. , and Le Triut , H. , 1989 , Comparison of GCM results with data from operational meteorological satellites . Ocean-Air Interaction , 1 , 221 – 237 .
  • Li , Z. L. , and Becker , F. , 1993 , Feasibility of land surface temperature and emissivity determination from AVHRR data . Remote Sensing of Environment , 43 , 67 – 85 .
  • Li . Z. , Leighton , H. G. , Masuda . K. , and Takashima , T. , 1993 , Estimation of SW flux absorbed at the surface from TOA reflected flux . Journal of Climate , 6 , 317 – 330 .
  • Liu . W. T . 1984 . Estimation of latent heat flux with SEASAT-SMMR: a case study in North Atlantic . In Large Scale Oceanographic Experiments and Satellites , edited by C. Gautier and M. Fieux , NATO AS1 Scries ( Dordrecht : Reidel ), pp. 205 – 221 .
  • Liu , W. T. , Tang , W. , and Nijler , P. P. , 1991 , Humidity profiles over the ocean . Journal of Climate , 4 , 1023 – 1034 .
  • Liu . W. T. , Tang . W. , and Wentz , F. J. , 1992 , Precipitable water and surface humidity over global oceans from SSM/I and ECMWF . Journal of Geophysical Research , 97 , 2251 – 2264 .
  • Mahfoue . J. F. 1991 . Analysis of soil moisture from near-surface parameters; a feasibility study . Journal of Applied Meteorology , 30 , 1534 – 1547 .
  • Mascart . P. , Taconet , O. , Pinty , J. P. , and Ben Mehrez , M. , 1991 , Canopy resistance formulation and its effect in mesoscale models: a HAPEX perspective . Agricultural and Forest Meteorology , 54 , 319 – 351 .
  • Masuda . K. , Takashima , T. , and Takayama , Y. , 1988 , Emissivity of pure and sea waters for the model sea surface in the infrared window regions . Remote Sensing of Environment , 24 . 313 – 329 .
  • Michael , K. J. , and Nunez . M. 1991 , Derivation of ocean-atmosphere heat fluxes in a tropical environment using satellite and surface data . International Journal of Climatology , 11 , 559 – 575 .
  • Miller . D. K. and Katsaros , K. B. , 1992 , Satellite-derived surface latent heal fluxes in a rapidly intensifying marine cyclone . Monthly Weather Review , 120 , 1093 – 1107 .
  • Miller , M. J. , Beljaars , A. C. M. , and Palmer , T. N. , 1992 . The sensitivity of the ECMWF model to the parameterization of evaporation from the tropical oceans . Journal of Climate , 5 , 418 – 434 .
  • Moran . M. S. Jackson , R. D. , Raymond . L. H. , Gay . L. W. , and Slater , P. N. , 1989 , Mapping surface energy balance components by combining Landsat Thematic Mapper and ground based meteorological data . Remove Sensing of Environment , 30 , 77 – 87 .
  • Morcrette , J. J. , and Deschamps , P. Y. , 1986 , Downward longwave radiation at the surface in clear sky atmospheres: comparison of measured satellite-derived and calculated fluxes . Proceedings of the ISLSCP Conference, held in Rome, Italy , ESA SP-2 ( Noordwijk : ESTEC ), pp. 257 – 261 .
  • Newmani , R. R. , and Running , S. W. , 1989 , Testing a theoretical climate-soil-leaf area hydrologic equilibrium of forests using satellite data and ecosystem simultation . Agricultural and Forest Meteorology , 44 , 245 – 260 .
  • Noilhan , J. , and Planton , S. , 1989 , A simple parametrization of land surface processes for meteorological models . Monthly Weather Review , 117 , 536 – 549 .
  • Noilhan , J. , Jullien , J. P. , LacarrÉre , P. , Phulpin , T. , and Stoll , M. , 1991 , Quelques exemples d'utilisation des données satellitaires pour la modélisation atmospherique àmoyenne échelle . Proceedings of the 5th Internationa! Colloquium on Physical Measurements and Signatures in Remote Sensing, held in Courchevel, France. 14–18 January 1991 , ESA SP-319 ( Noordwijk : ESTEC ), pp. 541 – 546 .
  • OttlÉ , C. , and Vidal-Madjar , D. , 1993 , Assimilation of soil humidity inferred from infrared remote sensing in a hydrological model over the HAPEX-MOBILHY region . Journal of Hydrology , 158 , 241 – 264 .
  • Pierson , W. J. , Sylvester , W. B. and Donelan , M. A. , 1986 , Aspects of the determination of winds by means of scatteromelry and of the utilization of vector wind data for meteorological forecasts . Journal of Geophysical Research , 91 , 2263 – 2272 .
  • Pinker , R. T. , and Tarpley , J. D. , 1988 , The relationship between the planetary and surface net radiation: an update . Journal of Applied Meteorology , 27 , 957 – 964 .
  • Priestley , C. H. B. , and Taylor , R. J. , 1972 , On the assessment of surface heat flux and evaporation using large-scale parameters . Monthly Weather Review , 100 , 81 – 92 .
  • Raffy , M. , and Becker , F. , 1986 , A stable iterative procedure to obtain soil surface parameters and fluxes from satellite data . I.E.E.E. Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing , 24 , 327 – 333 .
  • Ramanathan , V. , 1986 , Scientific use of surface radiation budget data for climate studies . Surface Radiation Budget for Climate Applications , NASA reference publication , 1169 , 132 pp.
  • Reber , E. E. , and Swope , J. R. , 1972 , On the correlation of the total precipitable water in a vertical column and absolute humidity at the surface . Journal of Applied Meteorology , 11 , 1322 – 1325 .
  • Reitan , C. H. , 1963 , Surface dew point and water vapor aloft . Journal of Applied Meteorology , 2 , 776 – 779 .
  • Roquet , H. , Planton , S. , and Caspar , P. 1993 , Determination of ocean surface heat fluxes by a variational method . Journal of Geophysical Research , 98 , 10211 – 10221 .
  • Rosema , A. , and Fiselier , J. L. , 1990 , Meteosat-based evapotranspiration and thermal mapping for monitoring transgression in the Lake Chad region and Niger delta . International Journal of Remote Sensing , 11 , 741 – 752 .
  • Royer . J. R. , Planton , S. and Deque , M. , 1990 . A sensitivity experiment for the removal of the Arctic sea ice with the French spectral general circulation model . Climate Dynamics , 1 – 17 .
  • Saunders , R. W. , 1989 , A comparison of satellite-retrieved parameters with mesoscale model analyses . Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society , 115 , 651 – 672 .
  • Schluessel , P. , Shin , H. Y. , Emery , W. J. , and Grassl , H. , 1987 , Comparison of satellite-derived sea surface temperatures with in-situ skin measurements . Journal of Geophysical Research , 92 , 2859 – 2874 .
  • Schmetz , J. , 1989 , Towards a surface radiation climatology: retrieval of downward irradiances from satellites . Atmospheric Research , 23 , 287 – 321 .
  • Schmetz , P. , Schmetz , J. , and Raschke , E. , 1986 , Estimation of the longwave radiation at the surface from satellite and grid point data . Theoretical and Applied Climatology , 37 , 136 – 149 .
  • Schweiger , A. J. , and Key . J. R. , 1992 , Arctic cloudiness: comparison of ISCCP-C2 and Nimbus-7 satellite-derived cloud products with a surface-based cloud climatology . Journal of Climate , 5 , 1514 – 1527 .
  • Schultz , J. , Schluessel , P. , and Grassl , H. , 1993 , Water vapour in the atmospheric boundary layer over oceans from SSM/I measurements . International Journal of Remote Sensing , 14 , 2773 – 2789 .
  • Seguin , B. , and Itier , B. , 1983 , Using midday surface temperature to estimate daily evaporation from satellite thermal 1R data . International Journal of Remote Sensing , 4 , 371 – 383 .
  • Serafini . Y. V. , 1987 , Estimation of the evapotranspiration using surface and satellite data . International Journal of Remote Sensing , 8 , 1547 – 1562 .
  • Smith , R. C. G. , and Choudhury , B. J. , 1990 , Relationship of multispectral satellite data to land surface evaporation from the Australian continent . International Journal of Remote Sensing , 12 , 2069 – 2088 .
  • Soden , B. J. , and Bretherton , F. P. , 1994 , Evaluation of water vapor distribution in general circulation models using satellite observations . Journal of Geophysical Research >, 99 , 1187 – 1210 .
  • Steffen , K. , and Scmweiger , A. , 1991 , NASA team algorithm for sea ice concentration retrieval from DMSP SSMI: comparison with Landsat satellite imagery . Journal of Geophysical Research . 96 , 21971 – 21987 .
  • Stephens , G. L. , Randall , D. A. , Wittmeyer , I. L. , Darlich , D. A. , and Tjemkes , S. , 1993 , The earth's radiation budget and its relation to atmospheric hydrology, 3, comparison of observations over the oceans with a GCM . Journal of Geophysical Research , 98 , 4931 – 4950 .
  • Stoeeelien . A. , and Anderson , D. L. T. , 1993 . Wind retrieval and ERS-1 scatterometer radar backscatter measurements . Advance Space Research , 13 , 53 – 60 .
  • Stogryn , A. P. , Butler , C. T. , and BartolaC , T. J. , 1994 . Ocean surface wind retrievals from SSM/I data with neural networks . Journal of Geophysical Research , 99 , 981 – 984 .
  • Taconet , O. , Carlson , T. , Bernard , R. , and Vidal-Madjar , D. , 1986 , Evaluation of a surface/vegetation parameterization using satellite measurements of surface tempera-lure . Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology , 25 , 1752 – 1767 .
  • Taylor , P. K. , 1982 , Remote sensing of atmospheric water content and sea surface latent heat flux . Proceedings of the Conference on Remote Sensing and the Atmosphere, Liverpool Remote Sensing Society, 15–17 December 1982 ( Reading : University of Reading ), pp. 265 – 272 .
  • Thiria , S. , Mejia , C. , Badran , F. , and CrÉpon , M. , 1993 . A neural network approach for modeling nonlinear transfer functions: application for wind retrieval from spaceborne scatterometer data . Journal of Geophysical Research , 98 , 22827 – 22842 .
  • Thomas , D. R. , and Rothrock , D. A. , 1989 , Blending sequential SMMR and buoy data into a sea ice model . Journal of Geophysical Research , 98 , 10907 – 10920 .
  • Tuzet , A. , 1990 , A simple method for estimating downward longwave radiation from surface and satellite data by clear sky . International Journal of Remote Sensing , 11 , 125 – 131 .
  • Weare , B. C. , 1989 , Uncertainties in estimates of surface heat fluxes derived from marine reports over the tropical and subtropical oceans . Tellus , A 41 , 357 – 370 .
  • Wetzel , P. J. , and Chang , T. , 1988 , Evapotranspiration from non-uniform surfaces. A first approach for short term numerical weather prediction . Monthly Weather Review , 116 , 600 – 621 .
  • Whitlock , C. H , Staylor , W. F. , Darnell , W. L. , Chou , M. D. , Dedieu , G. , Deschamps . P. Y. , Ellis , J. , Gautier , C. , Frouin , R. , Pinker , R. T. , Laslo . I. , Rossow , W. B. , and Tarpley , D. , 1990 , Comparison of surface radiation budget satellite algorithms for downwelled shortwave irradiance with Wisconsin FIRE/SRB surface-truth data . Proceedings of the Seventh Conference on Atmospheric Radiation, San Francisco ( Boston , MA : American Meteorological Society ), pp. 237 – 242 .
  • Wiegand , C. L. , and Richardson , A. J. , 1990a , Use of spectral vegetation indices to infer leaf area, evapotranspiration and yield: I. Rationale . Agronomy Journal , 82 , 623 – 629 .
  • Wiegand , C. L. , and Richardson , A. J. , 1990b , Use of spectral vegetation indices to infer leaf area, evapotranspiration and yield: 11. Results . Agronomy Journal , 82 , 630 – 636 .
  • Wu , J. , 1992 , Near-nadir microwave specular returns from the sea surface–altimeter algorithms for wind and wind stress . Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology , 9 , 659 – 666 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.