418
Views
362
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Approaches for the production and evaluation of fuzzy land cover classifications from remotely-sensed data

Pages 1317-1340 | Received 29 Nov 1994, Accepted 09 Aug 1995, Published online: 27 Apr 2007

References

  • Aleksander , I. , and Morton , H. , 1990 , An Introduction to Neural computing ( London :Chapman and Hall).
  • Altman , D. , 1994 , Fuzzy set theoretic approaches for handling imprecision in spatial analysis. Internationa! Journal of Geographical Information Systems , 8 , 271 – 289 .
  • Aronoff , S. , 1986 , The minimum accuracy value as an index of classification accuracy. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing , 51 , 593 – 600 .
  • Atkinson , P. M. , 1996 , Scale and spatial dependence. In Scaling-up , edited by P. R. van Gardingen , G. M. Foody , and P. J. Curran ( Cambridge : Cambridge University Press )
  • Bauer , M. E. , Burk , T. E. , Ek , A. R. , Coppin , P. R. , Lime , S. D. , Walsh , T. A. , and Walters , D.K. , 1994 , Satellite inventory of Minnesota forest resources. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing , 60 , 287 – 298 .
  • Benediktsson , J. A. , Swain , P. H. , and Ersoy , O. K. , 1990 , Neural network approaches versus statistical methods in classification of multisource remote sensing data. I.E.E.E.Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing , 28 , 540 – 551 .
  • Bezdek , J, C , 1981 , Pattern Recognition with Fuzzy Objective Functions ( New York : Plenum Press ).
  • Bezdek , J. C , 1993 , Fuzzy models-what are they, and why? I.E.E.E. Transactions on Fuzzy Systems , 1 , 1 – 6 .
  • Bezdek , J. C , Ehrlich , R. , and Full , W. , 1984 , FCM: the fuzzy c-means clustering algorithm. Computers and Geosciences , 10 , 191 – 203 .
  • Bosserman , R. W. , and Ragade , R. K. , 1982 , Ecosystem analysis using fuzzy set theory. Ecological Modelling , 16 , 191 – 208 .
  • Campbell , J. B. , 1987 , Introduction to Remote Sensing ( New York : Guilford Press ).
  • Cannon , R. L. , Dave , J. V. , Bezdek , J. C , and Trivedi , M. M. , 1986 ,t:Segmentation of a thematic mapper image using the fuzzy c-means clustering algorithm. I.E.E.E.| Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing , 24 , 400 – 408 .
  • Chang , C -I., Chen , K. , Wang , J. , and Althouse , M. L. G. , 1994 , A relative entropy-based approach to image thresholding. Pattern Recognition , 27 , 1275 – 1289 .
  • Cohen , J. , 1960 , A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales. Educational and Psychological Measurement , 20 , 37 – 46 .
  • Cohen , J. , 1968 , Weighted kappa. Psychological Bulletin , 70 , 213 – 220 .
  • Conese , C , and Maselli , F. , 1993 , Selection of optimum bands from TM scenes through mutual information analysis . ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing , 48 , 2 – 11 .
  • Congalton , R. G. , 1991 , A review of assessing the accuracy of classifications of remotely sensed data. Remote Sensing of Environment , 37 , 35 – 46 .
  • Congalton , R. G. , 1994 , Accuracy assessment of remotely sensed data: future needs and directions. Pecora 12: Land Information from Space-Based Systems , ( Bethesda: American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing ), pp. 385 – 388 .
  • Congalton , R. G. , Oderwald , R. G. , and Mead , R. A. , 1983 , Assessing Landsat classification accuracy using discrete multivariate analysis statistical techniques. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing , 49 , 1671 – 1678 .
  • Corves , C , and Place , C J. , 1994 , Mapping the reliability of satellite-derived landcover maps an example from central Brazilian Amazon Basin. International Journal of Remote Sensing , 15 , 1283 – 1294 .
  • Crapper , P. F. , 1984 , An estimate of the number of boundary cells in a mapped landscape coded to grid cells. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing , 50 , 1497 – 1503 .
  • Curran , P. J. , and Williamson , H. D. , 1985 , The accuracy of ground data used in remote sensing investigations. International Journal of Remote Sensing , 6 , 1637 – 1651 .
  • Curran , P. J. , and Hay , A. M. , 1986 , The importance of measurement error for certain procedures in remote sensing at optical wavelengths. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing , 52 , 229 – 241 .
  • DeFries , R. S. , and Townshend , J. R. G. , 1994 , Global land cover: comparison of ground-based data sets to classifications with AVHRR data. In Environmental Remote Sensingfrom Regional to Global Scales , edited by G. M. Foody and P. J. Curran ( Chichester : Wiley ), pp. 84 – 110 .
  • Estes , J. E. , and Mooneyhan , D. W. , 1994 , Of maps and myths. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing , 60 , 517 – 524 ,
  • Finn , J. T. , 1993 , Use of the average mutual information index in evaluating classification error and consistency. International Journal of Geographical Information Systems , 7 , 349 – 366 .
  • Fischer , M. M. , and Gopal , S. , 1993 , Neurocomputing-a new paradigm for geographic information processing. Environment and Planning A , 23 , 757 – 760 .
  • Fisher , P. F. , 1996 , The pixel: a snare and a delusion. In Proceedings of Environmental GIS and Remote Sensing , edited by P. Pan , ( nottingham : Remote Sensing Society ) (in press).
  • Fisher , P. F. , and Pathirana , S. , 1990 , The evaluation of fuzzy membership of land cover classes in the suburban zone. Remote Sensing of Environment , 34 , 121 – 132 .
  • Foody , G. M. , 1992 , Classification accuracy assessment: some alternatives to the kappa coefficient for nominal and ordinal level classifications. Remote Sensing from Research to Operation , ( Nottingham, Remote Sensing Society ), pp. 529 – 538 .
  • Foody , G. M. , 1995 a,Cross-entropy for the evaluation of the accuracy of a fuzzy land cover classification with fuzzy ground data. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing , 50 , 2 – 12 .
  • Foody , G. M. , 1995 b,Fully fuzzy supervised image classification. RSS '95: Remote Sensing in Action ( Nottingham: Remote Sensing Society ), pp. 1187 – 1194 .
  • Foody , G. M. , 1996 , Fuzzy modelling of vegetation from remotely sensed imagery. Ecological Modelling , 85 , 3 – 12 .
  • Foody , G. M. , Campbell , N. A. , Trodd , N. M. , and Wood , T. F. , 1992 , Derivation and applications of probabilistic measures of class membership from the maximum likelihood classification. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing , 58 , 1335 – 1341 .
  • Foody , G. M. , and Trodd , N. M. , 1993 . Non-classificalory analysis and representation of heathland vegetation from remolely sensed imagery. GeoJournal , 29 , 343 – 350 .
  • Foody , G. M. , and Cox , D. P. , 1994 , Sub-pixel land cover composition estimation using a linear mixture model and fuzzy membership functions. International Journal of Remote Sensing , 15 , 619 –631
  • Foody , G. M. , McCulloch , M. B. , and Yates , W. B. , 1995 , Classification of remotely sensed data by an artificial neural network: issues related to training data characteristics. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing , 61 , 391 – 401 .
  • Goodchild , M. F. , 1994 , Integrating GIS and remote sensing for vegetation analysis and modelling: methodological issues. Journal of Vegetation Science , 5 , 615 – 626 .
  • Gong , P. , and Howarth , P. J. , 1990 . The use of structural information for improving land-cover classification accuracies at the rural-urban fringe. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing , 56 , 67 – 73 .
  • Gopal , S. , and Woodcock , C. , 1994 , Theory and methods for accuracy assessment of thematic maps using fuzzy sets. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing , 60 , 181 – 188 .
  • Hall , G. B. , Wang , F. , and Subaryono. , 1992 , Comparison of Boolean and fuzzy classification methods in land suitability analysis using a geographical information system. Environment and Planning A , 24 , 497 – 516 .
  • Harris , R. , 1985 , Contextual classification post-processing of Landsat data using a probabilistic relaxation model. International Journal of Remote Sensing , 6 , 847 – 866 .
  • Hay , A. M. , 1979 , Sampling designs to test land-use map accuracy. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing , 45 , 529 – 533 .
  • Higashi , M. , and Klir , G. J. , 1983 , On the notion of distance representing information closeness: possibility and probability distributions. International Journal of GeneralSystems , 9 , 103 – 115 .
  • Hisdal , E. , 1994 , Interpretative versus prescriptive fuzzy set theory. I.E.E.E. Transactions onFuzzy Systems , 2, 227ndash;26.
  • Janssen , L. V. , and van der Wel , F. J. M. , 1994 , Accuracy assessment of satellite derived land-cover data: a review. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing , 60 , 419 – 426 .
  • Kanellopoulos , J. , Varfis , A. , Wilkinson , G. G. , and Megier , J. , 1992 , Land-cover discrimination in SPOT HRV imagery using an artificial neural network-a 20-class experiment. International Journal of Remote Sensing , 13 , 917 – 924 .
  • Kent , J. T. , and Mardia , K. V. , 1988 , Spatial classification using fuzzy membership models. I.E.E.E. Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence , 10 , 659 – 671 .
  • Key , J. R. , Maslanik ., J. A. , and Barry , R. G. , 1989 , Cloud classification from satellite data using a fuzzy sets algorithm: a polar example. International Journal of Remote Sensing , 10 , 1823 – 1842 .
  • Kxecka , W. R. , 1980 , Discriminant Analysis ( Beverly Hills, CA: Sage ).
  • Klir , G. J. , 1994 , On The alleged superiority of probabilistic representation of uncertainty. l.E.E.E. Transactions on Fuzzy Systems , 2 , 27 ‐31.
  • klir , G. J. , and FOLGER , T. A. , 1988 , Fuzzy Sets, Uncertainty and Information ( London : Prentice-Hall International ).
  • Lark , R. M. , 1994 , Sample size and class variability in the choice of a method of discriminant analysis. International Journal of Remote Sensing , 15 , 1551 – 1555 .
  • Masklli , F. , Conese , C , and Petkov , L. , 1994 , Use of probability entropy for the estimation and graphical representation of the accuracy of maximum likelihood classifications. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing , 49 , 13 – 20 .
  • Mather , P. M. , 1987 , Computer Processing of Remotely-Sensed Images ( chichester: Wiley ).
  • McBratney , A. B. , and Moore , A. W. , 1985 , Application of fuzzy sets to climatic classification. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology , 35 , 165 – 185 .
  • Moon , W. M. , 1993 , On mathematical representation and integration of multiple spatial geoscience datasets. Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing , 19 , 63 – 67 .
  • Pal , N. R. , and Bezdek , J. C , 1994 , Measuring fuzzy uncertainty. L.E.E.E. Transactions on Fuzzy Systems , 2 , 107 ‐118.
  • Peddle , D. R. , 1993 , An empirical comparison of evidential reasoning, linear discriminant analysis and maximum likelihood algorithms for land cover classification. Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing , 19 , 31 – 44 .
  • Rhind , D. , and Hudson , R. , 1980 , Land Use ( London: Methuen ).
  • Rosenfield , G. H. , and Fitzpatrick-Lins , K. , 1986 , A coefficient of agreement as a measure of thematic classification accuracy. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing , 52 , 223 – 227 .
  • Rumelhart , D. E. , Hinton , G. E. , and Williams , R. J. , 1986 , Learning internal representation by error propagation. In Parallel Distributed Processing: Explorations in the Microstructure of Cognition , edited by D. E. Rumelhart and J. L. McClelland , ( Cambridge MA : MIT Press ), pp. 318 – 362 .
  • Schalkoff , R. J. , 1992 , Pattern Recognition: Statistical Structural and Neural Approaches, ( New York : Wiley).
  • Srinivasan , A. , and Richards , J. A. , 1990 , Knowledge-based techniques for multi-source classification. Internationa! Journal of Remote Sensing , 11 , 505 – 525 .
  • Story , M. , and Congalton , R. G. , 1986 , Accuracy assessment: a user's perspective , Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing , 52 , 397 – 399 .
  • Thomas , I. L. , Benning , V. M. , and Ching , N. P. , 1987 , Classification of Remotely Sensed Images , ( Bristol: Adam Hilger ).
  • Tom , C. H. , and Miller , L. D. , 1984 ,t:An automated land-use mapping comparison of the Bayesian maximum likelihood and linear discriminant analysis algorithms.| Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing , 50 , 193 – 207 .
  • Townshend , J. R. G. , 1992 , Land cover. International Journal of Remote Sensing , 13 , 1319 – 1328 .
  • Townshend , J. R. G. , 1984 , Agricultural land-cover discrimination using thematic mapper spectral bands. International Journal of Remote Sensing , 6 , 681 – 698 .
  • Townshend , J. R. G. , and Justice , C. O. , 1981 , Information extraction from remotely-sensed data: a user view. International Journal of Remote Sensing , 2 , 313 – 329 .
  • Townshend , J. , Justice , C , Li , Wy , Gurney , C , and McManus , J. , 1991 , Global land cover classification by remote sensing: present capabilities and future possibilities. Remote Sensing of Environment , 35 , 243 – 255 .
  • Wang , F. , 1990 a, Improving remote sensing image analysis through fuzzy informationrepresentation. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing , 56 , 1163 – 1169 .
  • Wang , F. , 1990 b, Fuzzy supervised classification of remote sensing images. I.E.E.E.Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing , 28 , 194 – 201 .
  • Wang , F. , 1994 , The use of artificial neural networks in a geographical information systemfor agricultural land-suitability assessment. Environment and Planning A , 26 , 265 – 284 .
  • Wang , Y. , and Civco , D. L. , 1992 , Post-classification of misclassified pixels by evidential reasoning: a GiS approach for improving classification accuracy of remote sensing data. Proceedings ISPRS Conference 1992 , ( Washington DC : ISPRS), pp. 80 – 86 .
  • Wood , T. F. , and Foody , G. M. , 1989 , Analysis and representation of vegetation continua from Landsat Thematic Mapper data for lowland heaths. International Journal ofRemote Sensing , 10 , 181 – 191 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.