1,719
Views
9
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Cross-cultural insights into Korean and Swedish secondary school students’ willingness to communicate in a second language

ORCID Icon, &
Pages 522-536 | Received 15 Oct 2019, Accepted 15 Dec 2019, Published online: 07 Jan 2020

References

  • Ahn, H. 2014. “Teachers’ Attitudes Towards Korean English in South Korea.” World Englishes 33 (2): 195–222. doi: 10.1111/weng.12081
  • Ahn, H. 2015. “Awareness of and Attitudes to Asian Englishes: A Study of English Teachers in South Korea.” Asian Englishes 17 (2): 132–151. doi: 10.1080/13488678.2015.1036602
  • Al-Murtadha, M. 2019. “Enhancing EFL Learners’ Willingness to Communicate with Visualization and Goal-setting Activities.” TESOL Quarterly 53 (1): 133–157. doi: 10.1002/tesq.474
  • Barraclough, R. A., D. M. Christophel, and J. C. McCroskey. 1988. “Willingness to Communicate: A Cross-cultural Investigation.” Communication Research Reports 5 (2): 187–192. doi: 10.1080/08824098809359822
  • Bernaisch, T. 2012. “Attitudes Towards Englishes in Sri Lanka.” World Englishes 31 (3): 279–291. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-971X.2012.01753.x
  • Burgoon, J. K. 1976. “The Unwillingness-to-communicate Scale: Development and Validation.” Communication Monographs 43: 60–69. doi: 10.1080/03637757609375916
  • Burroughs, N. F., and V. Marie. 1990. “Communication Orientations of Micronesian and American Students.” Communication Research Reports 7 (2): 139–146. doi: 10.1080/08824099009359868
  • Bursalı, N., and H. Öz. 2017. “The Relationship between Ideal L2 Self and Willingness to Communicate Inside the Classroom.” International Journal of Higher Education 6 (4): 229–239. doi: 10.5430/ijhe.v6n4p229
  • Chiba, R., H. Matsuura, and A. Yamamoto. 1995. “Japanese Attitudes Toward English Accents.” World Englishes 14 (1): 77–86. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-971X.1995.tb00341.x
  • Chien, S. C. 2014. “Varieties of English: Taiwanese Attitudes and Perceptions.” Newcastle and Northumbria Working Papers in Linguistics 20: 1–16.
  • Chung, G. H., and J. P. Yoo. 2013. “Using the Multicultural Family Support Centers and Adjustment Among Interethnic and Interracial Families in South Korea.” Family Relations 62: 241–253. doi: 10.1111/j.1741-3729.2012.00754.x
  • Cohen, J. 1988. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. 2nd ed. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Condit, C. M. 2000. “Culture and Biology in Human Communication: Toward a Multi-causal Model.” Communication Education 49 (1): 7–24. doi: 10.1080/03634520009379188
  • Coskun, A. 2011. “Future English Teachers’ Attitudes Towards EIL Pronunciation.” Journal of English as an International Language 6 (2): 46–68.
  • Csizér, K., and J. Kormos. 2009. “Learning Experiences, Selves and Motivated Learning Behavior: A Comparative Analysis Hungarian Secondary and University Learners of English.” In Motivation, Language Identity and the L2 Self, edited by Z. Dörnyei and E. Ushioda, 98–119. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.
  • Dewaele, J.-M. 2019. “The Effect of Classroom Emotions, Attitudes Toward English, and Teacher Behavior on Willingness to Communicate Among English Foreign Language Learners.” Journal of Language and Social Psychology 38 (4): 523–535. doi: 10.1177/0261927X19864996
  • Dewaele, J.-M., and J. McCloskey. 2015. “Attitudes Towards Foreign Accents Among Adult Multilingual Language Users.” Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 36 (3): 221–238. doi: 10.1080/01434632.2014.909445
  • Dewaele, J.-M., and L. Wei. 2014. “Attitudes Towards Code-switching Among Adult Mono- and Multilingual Language Users.” Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 35 (3): 235–251. doi: 10.1080/01434632.2013.859687
  • Dörnyei, Z. 2005. The Psychology of the Language Learner: Individual Differences in Second Language Acquisition. Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Dörnyei, Z. 2009. “The L2 Motivational Self System.” In Motivation, Language Identity and the L2 Self, edited by Z. Dörnyei and E. Ushioda, 9–42. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.
  • Dörnyei, Z., and A. H. Al-Hoorie. 2017. “The Motivational Foundation of Learning Languages Other Than Global English: Theoretical Issues and Research Directions.” The Modern Language Journal 101 (3): 455–468. doi: 10.1111/modl.12408
  • Freiermuth, M. R., and H. Huang. 2012. “Bringing Japan and Taiwan Closer Electronically: A Look At an Intercultural Online Synchronic Chat Task And Its Effect On Motivation.” Language Teaching Research 16 (1): 61–88. doi: 10.1177/1362168811423341
  • Galloway, N., and H. Rose. 2015. Introducing Global Englishes. New York: Routledge.
  • Gardner, R. C. 1985. Social Psychology and Second Language Learning: The Role of Attitudes and Motivation. London: Edward Arnold.
  • Hair, J., R. E., Anderson, R. L. Tatham, and W. C. Black. 1995. Multivariate Data Analysis. 4th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall Inc.
  • Hashimoto, Y. 2002. “Motivation and Willingness to Communicate as Predictors of Reported L2 Use: The Japanese ESL Context.” Second Language Studies 20 (2): 29–70.
  • Hsu, C.-F. 2007. “A Cross-cultural Comparison of Communication Orientations between Americans and Taiwanese.” Communication Quarterly 55 (3): 359–374. doi: 10.1080/01463370701497831
  • Hundt, M., L. Zipp, and A. Huber. 2015. “Attitudes in Fiji Towards Varieties of English.” World Englishes 34 (4): 688–707. doi: 10.1111/weng.12160
  • Hyltenstam, K. 2004. “Engelskan, skolans språkundervisning och svensk språkpolitik.” In Engelskan i Sverige, edited by B. Lindgren and O. Josephson, 36–107. Stockholm: Svenska Språknämnden.
  • Jenkins, J. 2005. “Implementing an International Approach to English Pronunciation: The Role of Teacher Attitudes and Identity.” TESOL Quarterly 39 (3): 535–543. doi: 10.2307/3588493
  • Jeon, J. 2010. “Issues for English Tests and Assessments: A View from Korea.” In Language Assessment in Asia: Local, Regional or Global? edited by Y.-i. Moon and B. Spolsky, 55–81. Seoul: Asia TEFL.
  • Josephson, O. 2004. “Engelskan i 2000-talets Sverige.” In Engelskan i Sverige, edited by B. Lindgren and O. Josephson, 7–24. Stockholm: Svenska Språknämnden.
  • Kachru, B. B. 1985. “Standards, Codification and Sociolinguistic Realism: The English Language in the Outer Circle.” In English in the World: Teaching and Learning the Language and Literatures, edited by R. Quirk and H. G. Widdowson, 11–30. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Kang, S.-J. 2005. “Dynamic Emergence of Situational Willingness to Communicate in a Second Language.” System 33: 277–292. doi: 10.1016/j.system.2004.10.004
  • Kim, T.-Y. 2009. “Korean Elementary School Students’ Perceptual Learning Style, Ideal L2 Self, and Motivated Behavior.” Korean Journal of English Language and Linguistics 9 (3): 461–486. doi: 10.15738/kjell.9.3.200909.461
  • Kim, T.-Y., and Y.-K. Kim. 2014. “A Structural Model for Perceptual Learning Styles, the Ideal L2 Self, Motivated Behavior, and English Proficiency.” System 46: 14–27. doi: 10.1016/j.system.2014.07.007
  • Kim, T.-Y., and M. Kim. 2018. “Relationships Among Perceptual Learning Style, the Ideal L2 Self, and Motivated L2 Behavior in College Language Learners.” Porta Linguarum 30: 7–22.
  • Korean Educational Statistics Service. 2017. “The Annual Trends of High School Graduates.” Accessed September 4, 2019. http://kess.kedi.re.kr/mobile/kessTheme/zipyoDetail?menuCd=030206andcd=934andsurvSeq=0000anduppCd1=030206anditemCode=03andmenuId=m_02_03_01.
  • Korean Statistical Information Service. 2019. “Foreign Residents Status.” Accessed November 15, 2019. https://tinyurl.com/KOSIS2019.
  • Kormos, J., and K. Csizér. 2008. “Age-related Differences in the Motivation of Learning English as a Foreign Language: Attitudes, Selves, and Motivated Learning Behavior.” Language Learning 58 (2): 327–355. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9922.2008.00443.x
  • Kormos, J., T. Kiddle, and K. Csizér. 2011. “Systems of Goals, Attitudes, and Self-related Beliefs in Second-language-learning Motivation.” Applied Linguistics 32 (5): 495–516. doi: 10.1093/applin/amr019
  • Kwon, S. K., M. Lee, and D. Shin. 2017. “Educational Assessment in the Republic of Korea: Lights and Shadows of High-Stake Exam-Based Education System.” Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice 24 (1): 60–77. doi: 10.1177/1073191115601518
  • Lee, K. 2009. “Exploring Inservice Teacher Education in Korea.” In English Education in Asia: History and Politics, edited by Y. Choi and B. Spolsky, 9–42. Seoul: Asia TEFL.
  • Lee, J. S. 2019. “EFL Students’ Views of Willingness to Communicate in the Extramural Digital Context.” Computer Assisted Language Learning 32 (7): 692–712. doi: 10.1080/09588221.2018.1535509
  • Lee, J. S., and K. Lee. 2019. “Perceptions of English as an International Language by Korean English-major and Non-English-major Students.” Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 40 (1): 76–89. doi: 10.1080/01434632.2018.1480628
  • Lee, J. S., K. Lee, and J. Chen Hsiegh. 2019. “Understanding Willingness to Communicate in L2 Between Korean and Taiwanese Students.” Language Teaching Research. doi:10.1177/1362168819890825.
  • MacIntyre, P. D., S. C. Baker, R. Clément, and L. A. Donovan. 2003. “Sex and Age Effects on Willingness to Communicate, Anxiety, Perceived Competence, and L2 Motivation Among Junior High School French Immersion Students.” Language Learning 53 (S1): 137–166. doi: 10.1111/1467-9922.00226
  • MacIntyre, P. D., and C. Charos. 1996. “Personality, Attitudes, and Affect as Predictors of Second Language Communication.” Journal of Language and Social Psychology 15 (1): 3–26. doi: 10.1177/0261927X960151001
  • MacIntyre, P. D., Z. n. Dörnyei, R. Clément, and K. A. Noels. 1998. “Conceptualizing Willingness to Communicate in a L2: A Situational Model of L2 Confidence and Affiliation.” The Modern Language Journal 82 (4): 545–562. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-4781.1998.tb05543.x
  • Matsuda, A., ed. 2012. Principles and Practices of Teaching English as an International Language. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.
  • Matsuda, A. 2018. “Is Teaching English as an International Language All About Being Politically Correct?” RELC Journal 49 (1): 24–35. doi: 10.1177/0033688217753489
  • McCroskey, J. C. 1992. “Reliability and Validity of the Willingness to Communicate Scale.” Communication Quarterly 40 (1): 16–25. doi: 10.1080/01463379209369817
  • McCroskey, J. C., and E. Baer. 1985. “Willingness to Communicate: The Construct and its Measurement.” Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Speech Communication Association, Denver, CO, November 7–10.
  • McCroskey, J. C., N. F. Burroughs, A. Daun, and V. P. Richmond. 1990. “Correlates of Quietness: Swedish and American Perspectives.” Communication Quarterly 38 (2): 127–137. doi: 10.1080/01463379009369749
  • McCroskey, J. C., J. M. Fayer, and V. P. Richmond. 1985. “Don’t Speak to Me in English: Communication Apprehension in Puerto Rico.” Communication Quarterly 33 (3): 185–192. doi: 10.1080/01463378509369597
  • McCroskey, J. C., and V. P. Richmond. 1982. “Communication Apprehension and Shyness: Conceptual and Operational Distinctions.” Communication Studies 33 (3): 458–468.
  • McKay, S. L. 2002. Teaching English as an International Language: Rethinking Goals and Approaches. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Munezane, Y. 2015. “Enhancing Willingness to Communicate: Relative Effects of Visualization and Goal Setting.” The Modern Language Journal 99 (1): 175–191. doi: 10.1111/modl.12193
  • OECD. 2018. “Population with Tertiary Education (Indicator).” Accessed September 4, 2019. doi:10.1787/0b8f90e9-en.
  • Oscarson, M., and B. Apelgren. 2005. The National Evaluation of Compulsory School (NU-03). Stockholm: The Swedish National Agency for Education.
  • Park, T. 2016. “Examining How Performance Assessment in English is Being Implemented in High Schools and How it is Perceived by Teachers and Students.” Secondary English Education 9 (3): 77–98.
  • Peng, J.-E. 2015. “L2 Motivational Self System, Attitudes, and Affect as Predictors of L2 WTC: An Imagined Community Perspective.” The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher 24 (2): 433–443. doi: 10.1007/s40299-014-0195-0
  • Phillips, G. M. 1965. “The Problem of Reticence.” Pennsylvania Speech Annual 22: 22–38.
  • Safdari, S. 2019. “Operationalizing L2 Motivational Self System: Improving EFL Learners’ Motivation Through a Vision Enhancement Program.” Language Teaching Research: 1–24. doi:10.1177/1362168819846597.
  • Smith, L. 1976. “English as an International Auxiliary Language.” RELC Journal 7 (2): 38–42. doi: 10.1177/003368827600700205
  • Sundqvist, P., and L. K. Sylvén. 2016. Extramural English in Teaching and Learning: From Theory and Research to Practice. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • The Swedish National Agency for Education. 2019. “Curriculum for Upper Secondary School.” Accessed September 4, 2019. https://www.skolverket.se/download/18.4fc05a3f164131a74181056/1535372297288/English-swedish-school.pdf.
  • Sylvén, L. K., and P. Sundqvist. 2012. “Gaming as Extramural English L2 Learning and L2 Proficiency Among Young Learners.” ReCALL 24 (3): 302–321. doi:10.1017/S095834401200016X.
  • Taguchi, T., M. Magid, and M. Papi. 2009. “The L2 Motivational Self System Among Japanese, Chinese and Iranian Learners of English: A Comparative Study.” In Motivation, Language Identity and the L2 Self, edited by Z. Dörnyei and E. Ushioda, 66–97. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.
  • Tan, P. K. W., and D. K. H. Tan. 2008. “Attitudes Towards Non-standard English in Singapore.” World Englishes 27 (3/4): 465–479. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-971X.2008.00578.x
  • Tanghe, S. 2016. “Promoting Critical Racial Awareness in Teacher Education in Korea: Reflections on a Racial Discrimination Simulation Activity.” Asia Pacific Education Review 17: 203–215. doi: 10.1007/s12564-016-9424-y
  • Wang, W. 2015. “Teaching English as an International Language in China: Investigating University Teachers’ and Students’ Attitudes Towards China English.” System 53: 60–72. doi: 10.1016/j.system.2015.06.008
  • Yashima, T. 2002. “Willingness to Communicate in a Second Language: The Japanese EFL Context.” The Modern Language Journal 86 (i): 54–66. doi: 10.1111/1540-4781.00136
  • Yashima, T. 2009. “International Posture and the Ideal L2 Self in the Japanese EFL Context.” In Motivation, Language Identity and the L2 Self, edited by Z. Dörnyei and E. Ushioda, 144–163. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.
  • Yashima, T., P. D. MacIntyre, and M. Ikeda. 2018. “Situated Willingness to Communicate in an L2: Interplay of Individual Characteristics and Context.” Language Teaching Research 22 (1): 115–137. doi: 10.1177/1362168816657851
  • Yung, K. W.-H. 2019. “Exploring the L2 Selves of Senior Secondary Students in English Private Tutoring in Hong Kong.” System 80: 120–133. doi: 10.1016/j.system.2018.11.003

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.