Revisiting the prevalence of English: language use outside the home in South Africa

References

• Bangeni, B., and R. Kapp. 2007. “Shifting Language Attitudes in a Linguistically Diverse Learning Environment in South Africa.” Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 28: 253–269. doi: 10.2167/jmmd495.0
   Google Scholar
• Borel-Saladin, J., and O. Crankshaw. 2009. “Social Polarisation or Professionalisation. Another Look at Theory and Evidence.” Urban Studies 46 (3): 645–664. doi: 10.1177/0042098008100999
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casale, D., and D. Posel. 2011. “English Language Proficiency and Earnings in a Developing Country: The Case of South Africa.” Journal of Socio-Economics 40: 385–393. doi: 10.1016/j.socec.2011.04.009
   Google Scholar
• Christopher, A. J. 2011. “Questions of Language in the Commonwealth Censuses.” Population, Space and Place 17: 534–549. doi: 10.1002/psp.625
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coetzee-Van Rooy, S. 2012. “Flourishing Functional Multilingualism: Evidence from Language Repertoires in the Vaal Triangle Region.” International Journal of the Sociology of Language 218: 11–21.
   Google Scholar
• Deumert, A. 2010. “Tracking the Demographics of (Urban) Language Shift – An Analysis of South African Census Data.” Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 31 (1): 13–35. doi: 10.1080/01434630903215125
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deumert, A., B. Inder, and P. Maitra. 2005. “Language, Informal Networks and Social Protection: Evidence from a Sample of Migrants in Cape Town, South Africa.” Global Social Policy 5 (3): 303–328. doi: 10.1177/1468018105057414
   Google Scholar
• Dowling, T., and L. Grier. 2015. “‘Mnandi-licious!’ Trends in African Language Usage in South African Television Advertising.” Social Dynamics 41 (3): 555–575. doi: 10.1080/02533952.2015.1107963
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dustmann, C., and A. van Soest. 2001. “Language Fluency and Earnings: Estimation with Misclassified Language Indicators.” The Review of Economics and Statistics 83 (4): 663–674. doi: 10.1162/003465301753237740
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dyers, C. 2008. “Truncated Multilingualism or Language Shift? An Examination of Language Use in Intimate Domains in a New Non-racial Working-class Township in South Africa.” Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 29 (2): 110–126. doi: 10.2167/jmmd533.0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fishman, J. A. 1977. “Language and Ethnicity.” In Language, Ethnicity, and Intergroup Relations, edited by H. Giles, 15–57. New York: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Garcia, O. 2010. “Languaging and Ethnifying.” In The Handbook of Language and Ethnic Identity, edited by Joshua A. Fishman, and Ofelia Garcia, 2nd ed., 519–533. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hibbert, L., and C. van der Walt. 2014. Multilingual Universities in South Africa. Reflecting Society in Higher Education. Bristol-Buffalo-Toronto: Multilingual Matters.
   Google Scholar
• Holmes, C. E. 2015. “Marikana in Translation: Print Nationalism in South Africa’s Multilingual Press.” African Affairs 114 (455): 271–294. doi: 10.1093/afraf/adv001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunter, M. 2019. Race for Education: Gender, White Tone and Schooling in South Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Irvine, J. 2008. “Subjected Words: African Linguistics and the Colonial Encounter.” Language and Communication 28: 323–343. doi: 10.1016/j.langcom.2008.02.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahn, A., N. Branson, and M. Leibbrandt. 2019. “Returns to English Skills in the South African Labour Market.” SALDRU Working Paper Series, no. 251.
   Google Scholar
• Kamwangamalu, N. M. 2000. “A New Language Policy, Old Language Practices: Status Planning for African Languages in a Multilingual South Africa.” South African Journal of African Languages 20 (1): 50–60. doi: 10.1080/02572117.2000.10587412
   Google Scholar
• Kamwangamalu, N. M. 2003. “Social Change and Language Shift: South Africa.” Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 23: 225–242. doi: 10.1017/S0267190503000291
   Google Scholar
• Kamwangamalu, N. M. 2019. “English as a Naturalized African Language.” World Englishes 38: 114–127.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LePage, R. B., and A. Tabouret-Keller. 1985. Acts of Identity: Creole-based Approaches to Language and Ethnicity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lieberson, S. 1965. “Bilingualism in Montreal: A Demographic Analysis.” American Journal of Sociology 71 (1): 10–25. doi: 10.1086/223989
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lytra, V. 2016. “Language and Ethnic Identity.” In The Routledge Handbook of Language and Identity, edited by S. Preece, 131–145. London/New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Makalela, L. 2013. “Black South African English on the Radio.” World Englishes 32 (1): 93–107. doi: 10.1111/weng.12007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Makoni, S., and A. Pennycook. 2005. “Disinventing and (Re)constituting Languages.” Critical Inquiry in Language Studies 2 (3): 137–156. doi: 10.1207/s15427595cils0203_1
   Google Scholar
• Makoni, S., and A. Pennycook. 2012. “Disinventing Multilingualism: From Monological Multilingualism to Multilingual Francas.” In The Routledge Handbook of Multilingualism, edited by M. Martin-Jones, A. Blackledge, and A. Creese, 439–453. London/New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• McLean, D., and K. McCormick. 1996. “English in South Africa: 1940–1996.” In A Post Imperial English: Status Change in Former British and American Colonies 1940–1990, edited by J. Fishman, 303–337. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
   Google Scholar
• Mufwene, S. S., and C. B. Vigouroux, eds. 2008. Globalization and Language Vitality: Perspectives from Africa. London: Continuum Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ndlovu, M. 2011. “The Meaning of Post-apartheid Zulu Media.” Communicatio 37 (2): 268–290. doi: 10.1080/02500167.2011.604172
   Google Scholar
• Nyamnjoh, F. 2016. #RhodesMustFall: Nibbling at Resilient Colonialism in South Africa. Bamenda, Cameroon: Langaa.
   Google Scholar
• Pavlenko, A., and A. Blackledge. 2004. “Introduction: New Theoretical Approaches to the Study of Negotiation of Identities in Multilingual Settings.” In Negotiation of Identities in Multilingual Contexts, edited by A. Pavlenko and A. Blackledge, 1–33. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
   Google Scholar
• Pennycook, A. 2003. “Global Englishes, Rip Slyme and Performativity.” Journal of Sociolinguistics 7 (4): 513–533. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9841.2003.00240.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pennycook, A. 2017. The Cultural Politics of English as an International Language. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Posel, D. 2017. “Enriching Economics in South Africa: Interdisciplinary Collaboration and the Value of Quantitative-qualitative Exchanges.” Journal of Economic Methodology 24 (2): 119–133. doi: 10.1080/1350178X.2017.1309746
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Posel, D., and D. Casale. 2011. “Language Proficiency and Language Policy in South Africa: Findings from New Data.” International Journal of Educational Development 31: 443–451. doi: 10.1016/j.ijedudev.2010.09.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Posel, D., and J. Zeller. 2011. “Home Language and English Language Ability in South Africa: Insights from New Data.” Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies 29 (2): 115–126. doi: 10.2989/16073614.2011.633360
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Posel, D., and J. Zeller. 2016. “Language Shift or Increased Bilingualism in South Africa: Evidence from Census Data.” Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 37 (4): 357–370. doi: 10.1080/01434632.2015.1072206
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Posel, D., and J. Zeller. 2020. “Language Use and Language Shift in Post-apartheid South Africa.” In English in Multilingual South Africa. The Linguistics of Contact and Change, edited by R. Hickey, 288–309. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rudwick, S. 2004. “’Zulu – We Need [it] for our Culture’: Umlazi Adolescents in the Post-apartheid State.” South African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies 22 (3): 159–172. doi: 10.2989/16073610409486368
   Google Scholar
• Rudwick, S. 2008. “‘Coconuts’ and ‘Oreos’: English-speaking Zulu-people in a South African Township.” World Englishes 27 (1): 101–116. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-971X.2008.00538.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rudwick, S. 2017. “Compulsory African Language Learning at a South African Tertiary Institution.” Language Problems and Language Planning 41 (2): 116–137. doi: 10.1075/lplp.41.2.03rud
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rudwick, S. 2018. “Language, Africanisation and Identity Politics in South African Tertiary Education.” Language, Identity and Education 17 (4): 255–269. doi: 10.1080/15348458.2018.1460207
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slabbert, S., and R. Finlayson. 2000. “‘I’m a Cleva!’: Linguistic Makeup of Identity in a South African Urban Environment.” International Journal of the Sociology of Language 144: 119–136. doi: 10.1515/ijsl.2000.144.119
   Google Scholar
• Southall, R. 2016. The New Black Middle Class in South Africa. London: James Currey.
   Google Scholar
• Swanepoel, C. 2013. “African Languages and the Identity Question in the 21st Century.” South African Journal of African Languages 33 (1): 19–28. doi: 10.2989/02572117.2013.793935
   Google Scholar
• Teer-Tomaselli, R. 2005. “Change and Transformation in South African Television.” In A Companion to Television, edited by J. Wasko, 558–579. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Turner, N. S. 2012. “African Languages as Compulsory Courses in KwaZulu-Natal: Illusory Initiative or Inspired Intervention?” Per Linguam 28 (2): 28–45.
   Google Scholar
• UKZN. 2014. University of KwaZulu-Natal Language Policy. Durban, South Africa: University Language Board.
   Google Scholar
• Van der Walt, C., and N. Klapwijk. 2016. “English-plus Multilingualism as the New Linguistic Capital? Implications of University Students’ Attitudes towards Languages of Instruction in a Multilingual Environment.” Journal of Language, Identity and Education 15 (2): 67–82. doi: 10.1080/15348458.2015.1137475
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verdoodt, A. F. 1997. “The Demography of Language.” In The Handbook of Sociolinguistics, edited by F. Coulmas, 33–43. Oxford: Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Wasserman, H., and M. Ndlovu. 2015. “Reading Tabloids in Zulu: A Case Study of Isolezwe.” Communitias 20: 140–158.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webb, V. 1996. “English and Language Planning in South Africa: the Flip-side.” In Focus on South Africa, (Varieties of English Around the World Vol. 15), edited by V. De Klerk, 175–191. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
   Google Scholar
• Wright, L. 2002. “Why English Dominates the Central Economy.” Language Problems & Language Planning 26 (2): 159–177. doi: 10.1075/lplp.26.2.04wri
   Google Scholar