‘They are asking me why I am speaking Gagauz’: family language practices and the level of linguistic (in)security of adolescents speaking an endangered language

References

• Abtahian, M. R., C. C. Abigail, and T. Pepinsky. 2016. “Modeling Social Factors in Language Shift.” International Journal of the Sociology of Language 242: 139–170.
   Google Scholar
• Abtahian, M. R., and C. M. Quinn. 2017. “Language Shift and Linguistic Insecurity.” In Documenting Variation in Endangered Languages. Language Documentation & Conservation Special Publication no. 13, edited by K. A. Hildebrandt, C. Jany, and W. Silva, 137–151. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press.
   Google Scholar
• Altman, C., Z. B. Feldman, D. Yitzhaki, S. A. Lotem, and J. Walters. 2014. “Family Language Policies, Reported Language Use and Proficiency in Russian – Hebrew Bilingual Children in Israel.” Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 35 (3): 216–234. doi:10.1080/01434632.2013.852561.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Argunşah, M. 2017. “Is the Gagauz Language Facing Extinction?” In 4th International Symposium on Asian Languages and Literatures: Understanding Culture, edited by S. Azharuddin, 263–284. Aurangabad: Global Art Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Avram, A. 2010. Territorial Autonomy of the Gagauz in the Republic of Moldova: A Case Study. Leipzig: Academos Moldova-Institut.
   Google Scholar
• Baldaquí Escandell, J. 2011. “Relations Between Formal Linguistic Insecurity and the Perception of Linguistic Insecurity: A Quantitative Study in an Educational Environment at the Valencian Community (Spain).” Journal of Multilingual & Multicultural Development 33 (4): 325–342. doi:10.1080/01434632.2011.579129.
   Google Scholar
• Bechir, E. 2008. Assimilation and Dissimilation: Tatars in Romania and Gagauz in Moldova. Budapest: Central European University. Accessed September 13, 2013. www.etd.ceu.hu/2008/bechir_elis.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Blom, E. 2010. “Effects of Input on the Early Grammatical Development of Bilingual Children.” International Journal of Bilingualism 14 (4): 422–446. doi:10.1177/1367006910370917.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blommaert, J. 2019. “Foreword.” In Family Language Policy: Dynamics in Language Transmission Under a Migratory Context, edited by S. Haque, 1–5. Munich: Lincom.
   Google Scholar
• Bodean-Vozian, O., and A. Soltan. 2014. “Language Policy Dimensions for Social Cohesion in Moldova: The Case of Gagauz Autonomy.” Sustainable Multilingualism 4: 25–45.
   Google Scholar
• Bonacina-Pugh, F. 2012. “Researching ‘Practiced Language Policies’: Insights from Conversation Analysis.” Language Policy 11: 213–234. doi:10.1007/s10993-012-9243-x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bridges, K., and E. Hoff. 2014. “Older Sibling Influences on the Language Environment and Language Development of Toddlers in Bilingual Homes.” Applied Psycholinguistics 35: 225–241. doi:10.1017/S0142716412000379.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bucci, W., and M. Baxter. 1984. “Problems of Linguistic Insecurity in Multicultural Speech Contexts.” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 433 (1): 185–200. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1984.tb14767.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Büyükkantarcıoğlu, N. 2013. “Some Socio-Psychological and Socio-Cognitive Notes on the Gagauz Language in ATU of Gagauzia.” Tehlikedeki Diller Dergisi 3 (1): 3–14.
   Google Scholar
• Calvet, L. J. 1996. “Les ‘Edwiniens’ et Leur Langue: Sentiments et Attitudes Linguistiques Dans une Communauté Créolophone.” Revue Québécoise de Linguistique Théorique et Appliquée 13: 9–50.
   Google Scholar
• Calvet, L. J. 2006. Towards an Ecology of World Languages. Cambridge: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Cantarji, V. 2016. “Study of the Level of Integration of the Population in ATU Gagauzia and Taraclia District.” In Moldova Between East and West: Views from Gagauzia and Taraclia, edited by O. Nantoi, 9–43. Chisinau: Institute for Public Policy.
   Google Scholar
• Chinn, J., and S. D. Roper. 1998. “Territorial Autonomy in Gagauzia.” Nationalities Papers 26 (1): 87–101. doi:10.1080/00905999808408552.
   Google Scholar
• Curdt-Christiansen, X. L. 2013. “Family Language Policy: Sociopolitical Reality Versus Linguistic Continuity.” Language Policy 12: 1–6. doi:10.1007/s10993-012-9269-0.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dağdeviren-Kırmızı, G. 2019. “To Be Digitally Alive or Not: The Case of an Endangered Official Language.” Hacettepe Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi 32: 147–162.
   Google Scholar
• Dağdeviren-Kırmızı, G. 2020. “Emotional and Functional Speaker Attitudes Towards Gagauz as an Endangered Language.” Bilig 93: 203–222. doi:10.12995/bilig.9309.
   Google Scholar
• Demirdirek, H. 2000. “Living in the Present: The Gagauz in Moldova.” Anthropology of East Europe Review 18 (1): 67–72.
   Google Scholar
• Dilektaşlı, C. 2020. “Gagauzların dil durumu üzerine toplumdilbilimsel bir inceleme.” Unpublished master’s thesis. Hacettepe University.
   Google Scholar
• Dovchin, S. 2020. “The Psychological Damages of Linguistic Racism and International Students in Australia.” International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 23 (7): 804–818.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duursma, E., S. Romero-Contreras, A. Szuber, P. Proctor, C. Snow, D. August, and M. Calderón. 2007. “The Role of Home Literacy and Language Environment on Bilinguals’ English and Spanish Vocabulary Development.” Applied Psycholinguistics 28 (1): 171–190. doi:10.1017/S0142716406070093.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fishman, J. 1979. “Bilingual Education, Language Planning, and English.” English World-Wide 1: 11–24.
   Google Scholar
• Fishman, J. 1991. Reversing Language Shift Theory and Practice of Assistance to Threatened Languages. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
   Google Scholar
• Fishman, J., F. Solano, and G. McConnell. 1991. “A Methodological Check on Three Cross-Polity Studies of Linguistic Homogeneity/Heterogeneity.” In Languages in School and Society: Policy and Pedagogy, edited by M. McGroarty and C. Faltis, 21–30. Berlin/New York: De Gruyter Mouton. doi:10.1515/9783110869132.21.
   Google Scholar
• Francard, M. 1989. “InséCurité Linguistique en Situation de Diglossie. Le cas de L’Ardenne Belge.” Revue québéCoise de Linguistique théOrique et Appliquée 8 (2): 133–163.
   Google Scholar
• Francard, M. 1993. “Trop Proches Pour ne pas être Différents. Profils de L'insécurité Linguistique Dans la Communauté Française de Belgique.” Cahiers de L'Institut de Linguistique de Louvain 19 (3): 61–70.
   Google Scholar
• Goble, R. 2016. “Linguistic Insecurity and Lack of Entitlement to Spanish among Third-Generation Mexican Americans in Narrative Accounts.” Heritage Language Journal 13 (1): 29–54.
   Google Scholar
• Grinevald, C., and M. Bert. 2011. “Speakers and Communities.” In The Cambridge Handbook of Endangered Languages, edited by Peter K. Austin and Julia Sallabank, 45–65. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gueunier, N., E. Genouvrier, and A. Khomsi. 1978. Les Français Devant la Norme: Contribution à une étude de la Norme du Français Parlé. Paris: Editions Honoré Champion.
   Google Scholar
• Güngör, H., and M. Argunşah. 2002. Gagauz Türkleri: Tarih-dil-Folklor ve Halk Edebiyatı. Ankara: Kültür Bakanlığı Yayınları.
   Google Scholar
• Hall, C. J., P. H. Smith, and R. Wicaksono. 2011. Mapping Applied Linguistics: A Guide for Students and Practitioners. Abingdon: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Harris, J. R. 1998. The Nurture Assumption: Why Children Turn Out the Way They Do. London: Bloomsbury.
   Google Scholar
• Haugen, E. 1983. “The Implementation of Corpus Planning: Theory and Practice.” In Progress in Language Planning, edited by J. Cobarrubias and J. Fishman, 269–290. New York: De Gruyter Mouton.
   Google Scholar
• Hoff, E., R. Rumiche, A. Burridge, K. M. Ribot, and S. N. Welsh. 2014. “Expressive Vocabulary Development in Children from Bilingual and Monolingual Homes: A Longitudinal Study from Two to Four Years.” Early Childhood Research Quarterly 29: 433–444. doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2014.04.012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Institute for Public Policy. 2019. Moldova Between East and West: Views from Gagauzia and Taraclia. Accessed October 15, 2021. https://ipp.md/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Moldova-between-East-and-West-Views-from-Gagauzia-and-Taraclia_EN.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Johanson, L. 1998. The Turkic Languages. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Kapalo, J. A. 2011. Gagauz Folk Religion in Discourse and Practice. Leiden: Brill.
   Google Scholar
• Katchanovski, I. 2010. “Small Nations but Great Differences: Political Orientations and Cultures of the Crimean Tatars and the Gagauz.” Europe-Asia Studies 57 (6): 877–894. doi:10.1080/09668130500199483.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keough, L. 2006. “Globalizing Postsocialism: Mobile Mothers and Neoliberalism on the Margins of Europe.” Anthropological Quarterly 79 (3): 431–461.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kheirkhah, M., and A. Cekaite. 2018. “Siblings as Language Socialization Agents in Bilingual Families.” International Multilingual Research Journal 12: 255–272. doi:10.1080/19313152.2016.1273738.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King, K., and L. Fogle. 2013. “Family Language Policy and Bilingual Parenting.” Language Teaching 46 (2): 172–194. doi:10.1017/S0261444812000493.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King, K. A., and L. W. Fogle. 2017. “Family Language Policy.” In Language Policy and Political Issues in Education. Encyclopedia of Language and Education, edited by T. McCarty and S. May, 315–327. Cham: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-02344-1_25.
   Google Scholar
• Kurt, B. 2017. “Moldova cumhuriyeti Gagauz Yeri özerk bölgesinde Türkiye Türkçesi öğretimi.” Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Gazi Üniversitesi.
   Google Scholar
• Labov, W. 1966. The Social Stratification of English in New York City. Arlington, VA: Center for Applied Linguistics.
   Google Scholar
• Lanza, E., and B. A. Svendsen. 2007. “Tell me who Your Friends are and I Might be Able to Tell you What Language(s) you Speak: Social Network Analysis, Multilingualism, and Identity.” International Journal of Bilingualism 11 (3): 275–300. doi:10.1177/13670069070110030201.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leconte, F. 1997. La Famille et les Langues, étude Sociolinguistique de la Deuxième Génération Africaine Dans L'agglomération Rouennaise. Paris: L’Harmattan.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, T. S. 2007. “If They Want Navajo to Be Learned, Then They Should Require it in All Schools: Navajo Teenagers' Experiences, Choices, and Demands Regarding Navajo Language.” Wicazo Sa Review Spring 22: 7–33.
   Google Scholar
• Liang, S. 2015. Language Attitudes and Identities in Multilingual China. London: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Limin Foo, A., and Y.-Y. Tan. 2019. “Linguistic Insecurity and Linguistic Ownership of English among Singaporean Chinese.” World Englishes 38 (4): 606–629.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lippi-Green, R. 1997. English with an Accent: Language, Ideology, and Discrimination in the United States. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Little, S. 2020. “Whose Heritage? What Inheritance? Conceptualising Family Language Identities.” International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 23: 198–212. doi:10.1080/13670050.2017.1348463.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luykx, A. 2003. “Weaving Languages Together: Family Language Policy and Gender Socialization in Bilingual Aymara Households.” In language Socialization in Bilingual and Multilingual Societies: Language Socialization in Bilingual and Multilingual Societies, edited by R. Bayley and S. R. Schecter, 25–43. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.
   Google Scholar
• Menz, A. 2003. “Endangered Turkic Languages: The Case of Gagauz.” In Language Death and Language Maintenance: Theoretical, Practical and Descriptive Approaches, edited by M. Janse and S. Tol, 143–155. Benjamins: Amsterdam.
   Google Scholar
• Meyerhoff, M. 2006. Introducing Sociolinguistics. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Moseley, C. 2010. Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger. UNESCO Publishing. http://www.unesco.org/culture/en/endangeredlanguages/atlas.
   Google Scholar
• National Bureau of Statistics of the Republic of Moldova. 2019. Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Moldova. https://statistica.gov.md/pageview.php?l=en&id=2193&idc=263.
   Google Scholar
• Owens, T. W., and P. M. Baker. 1984. “Linguistic Insecurity in Winnipeg: Validation of a Canadian Index of Linguistic Insecurity.” Language in Society 13: 337–350. doi:10.1017/S0047404500010538.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paradis, J. 2011. “Individual Differences in Child English Second Language Acquisition. Comparing Child-Internal and Child-External Factors.” Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 1 (3): 213–237. doi:10.1075/lab.1.3.01par.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park, Y. 2006. “Sojourner Families’ Perceptions of Bilingual/Bicultural Development in School-Age Children: An Exploration of the Experiences of Korean Graduate Student Families While Residing in the United States.” Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Indiana University.
   Google Scholar
• Park, S. M., and M. Sarkar. 2007. “Parents’ Attitudes Toward Heritage Language Maintenance for Their Children and Their Efforts to Help Their Children Maintain the Heritage Language: A Case Study of Korean-Canadian Immigrants.” Language, Culture and Curriculum 20: 223–235. doi:10.2167/lcc337.0.
   Google Scholar
• Pavlenko, A. 2008. “Multilingualism in Post-Soviet Countries: Language Revival, Language Removal, and Sociolinguistic Theory.” International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 11: 275–314. doi:10.1080/13670050802271517.
   Google Scholar
• Piccardi, D., R. Nodari, and S. Calamai. 2021. “Linguistic Insecurity and Discrimination among Italian School Students.” Lingua. International Review of General Linguistics. Revue internationale De Linguistique Generale 103201.doi:10.1016/j.lingua.2021.103201.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poedjosoedarmo, G. 2006. “The Effect of Bahasa Indonesia as a Lingua Franca on the Javanese Speech Levels and Their Functions.” International Journal of the Sociology of Language 177 (1): 111–121.
   Google Scholar
• Preston, D. R. 2013. “Linguistic Insecurity Forty Years Later.” Journal of English Linguistics 41 (4): 304–331. doi:10.1177/0075424213502810.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sağlam, N. A. 2019. “Post-Sovyet süreçte Gagauz kimliğinin yeniden üretilmesi üzerine sosyolojik bir araştırma.” Unpublished doctoral dissertation, İstanbul University.
   Google Scholar
• Sağlam, N. A., and Y. Adıgüzel. 2021. “Gagauz Identity in the Post-Soviet Period.” Journal of Economy Culture and Society 63: 279–296. doi:10.26650/JECS2020-0112.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schieffelin, B. B., and O. Elinor. 1986. “Language Socialization.” Annual Review of Anthropology 15: 163–191. doi:10.1146/annurev.an.15.100186.001115.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sevinç, Y., and J. M. Dewaele. 2016. “Heritage Language Anxiety and Majority Language Anxiety among Turkish Immigrants in the Netherlands.” International Journal of Bilingualism 22 (2): 159–179.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shohamy, E. 2006. Language Policy: Hidden Agendas and New Approaches. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Spolsky, B. 2004. Language Policy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Spolsky, B. 2007. “Towards a Theory of Language Policy.” Working Papers in Educational Linguistics 22 (1): 1–14.
   Google Scholar
• Spolsky, B., and E. Shohamy. 2000. “Language Practice, Language Ideology, and Language Policy.” In Language Policy and Pedagogy: Essays in Honour of A. Ronald Walton, edited by R. Lambert and E. Shohamy, 1–41. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
   Google Scholar
• Tabac, T., and O. Gagauz. 2020. “Migration from Moldova: Trajectories and Implications for the Country of Origin.” In Migration from the Newly Independent States. Societies and Political Orders in Transition, edited by M. Denisenko, S. Strozza, and S. M. Light, 143–168. Cham: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-36075-7_7.
   Google Scholar
• Tollefson, J. 2006. “Critical Theory in Language Policy.” In An Introduction to Language Policy: Theory and Method, edited by T. Ricento, 42–59. New Jersey: Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Tsinivits, D., and S. Unsworth. 2021. “The Impact of Older Siblings on the Language Environment and Language Development of Bilingual Toddlers.” Applied Psycholinguistics 42 (2): 325–344. doi:10.1017/S0142716420000570.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ulasiuk, I. 2011. “Legal Protection of Linguistic Diversity in Russia: Past and Present.” Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 32 (1): 71–83. doi:10.1080/01434632.2010.536237.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei, L. 1994. Three Generations, Two Languages, One Family. Language Choice and Language Shift in a Chinese Community in Britain. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
   Google Scholar
• Wolfram, W., and N. Schilling-Estes. 2006. American English. Oxford: Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Wyman, L. 2009. “Youth, Linguistic Ecology, and Language Endangerment: A Yup’ik Example.” Journal of Language, Identity, and Education 8: 335–349.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiang, Q., and V. Makarova. 2021. “Grandparents in Minority Language Maintenance: Mandarin Chinese in Canada.” Open Journal of Modern Linguistics 11: 380–394. doi:10.4236/ojml.2021.113029.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, J. 2014. A Sociophonetic Study on tonal Variation of the Wúxī and Shànghǎi Dialects. Landelijke Onderzoekschool Taalwetenschap.
   Google Scholar
• Zotovici, M. 2020. Moldova'daki Gagauz Türklerinin dil ve eğitim durumları üzerine sosyolojik bir araştırma. Unpublished master’s thesis, Hacettepe University.
   Google Scholar