1,533
Views
4
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Complex intersections of language and culture: the importance of an ethnographic lens for research within transnational communities

Intersecciones complejas entre lengua y cultura: La importancia de la perspectiva etnográfica para la investigación en comunidades transnacionales

ORCID Icon
Pages 718-736 | Received 08 Jun 2021, Accepted 21 Mar 2023, Published online: 21 Aug 2023

References

  • Adamson, J., and J. L. Donovan. 2002. “Research in Black and White.” Qualitative Health Research 12 (6): 816–825. doi:10.1177/10432302012006008
  • Andrews, J. 2013. ““It's a Very Difficult Question Isn't it?” Researcher, Interpreter and Research Participant Negotiating Meanings in an Education Research Interview.” International Journal of Applied Linguistics 23 (3): 316–328. doi:10.1111/ijal.12039
  • Andrews, J., R. Fay, and R. White. 2018. “From Linguistic Preparation to Developing a Translingual Mindset: Possible Implications of Plurilingualism for Researcher Education.” In Plurilingualism in Teaching and Learning, edited by J. Choi and E. Ollerhead, 220–237. New York: Routledge.
  • Andrews, J., P. Holmes, R. Fay, and S. Dawson. 2019. Researching Multilingually in Applied Linguistics. London: Routledge.
  • Auer, P. 2007. “Mobility, Contact and Accommodation.” In The Routledge Companion to Sociolinguistics, edited by C. Llamas, L. Mullany, and P. Stockwell, 109–115. London: Routledge.
  • Bailey, B. 2001. “Dominican–American Ethnic/Racial Identities and United States Social Categories.” International Migration Review 35 (3): 677–708. doi:10.1111/j.1747-7379.2001.tb00036.x
  • Balçıkanlı, C. 2017. “The ‘English Café’ as a Social Learning Place.” In Space, Place and Autonomy in Language Learning, edited by G. Murray and T. Lamb, 61–75. Abingdon: Routledge.
  • Barakos, E., and C. Selleck. 2019. “Elite Multilingualism: Discourses, Practices, and Debates.” Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 40 (5): 361–374. doi:10.1080/01434632.2018.1543691
  • Bashiruddin, A. 2013. “Reflections on Translating Qualitative Research Data: Experiences from Pakistan.” International Journal of Applied Linguistics 23 (3): 357–367.
  • Bhopal, K. 2001. “Researching South Asian Women: Issues of Sameness and Difference in the Research Process.” Journal of Gender Studies 10 (3): 279–286. doi:10.1080/09589230120086485
  • Blackledge, A., and A. Creese. 2010. Multilingualism: A Critical Perspective. London: Bloomsbury Publishing.
  • Blommaert, J. 2010. The Sociolinguistics of Globalization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Blommaert, J., and Jie Dong. 2020. Ethnographic Fieldwork: A Beginner's Guide. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.
  • Bucholtz, M. 2000. “The Politics of Transcription.” Journal of Pragmatics 32 (10): 1439–1465. doi:10.1016/S0378-2166(99)00094-6
  • Bucholtz, M., and K. Hall. 2004. “Language and Identity.” In A Companion to Linguistic Anthropology, edited by A. Duranti, 369–394. Oxford: Blackwell.
  • Bucholtz, M., and K. Hall. 2005. “Identity and Interaction: A Sociocultural Linguistic Approach.” Discourse Studies 7 (4-5): 585–614. doi:10.1177/1461445605054407
  • Canagarajah, A. S. 1996. “From Critical Research Practice to Critical Research Reporting.” TESOL Quarterly 30 (2): 321–331. doi:10.2307/3588146
  • Clark, J. B., and F. Dervin. 2014. Reflexivity in Language and Intercultural Education. London: Routledge.
  • Codó, Eva. 2014. “Cosmopolitanism, mobility and multilingualism: New discourses for new identities?” In Ens queda la paraula. Estudis de Lingüística Aplicada en honor a M. Teresa Turell., edited by R. Casesnoves, M. Forcadell, and N. Gavaldà, 153–169. Barcelona: Institut Universitari de Lingüística Aplicada.
  • Cogo, A., and J. House. 2017. “The Pragmatics of ELF.” In The Routledge Handbook of English as a Lingua Franca, edited by J. Jenkins, W. Baker, and M. Dewey, 210–223. London: Routledge.
  • Cortazzi, M., N. Pilcher, and L. Jin. 2011. “Language Choices and ‘Blind Shadows’: Investigating Interviews with Chinese Participants.” Qualitative Research 11 (5): 505–535. doi:10.1177/1468794111413225
  • De Fina, A. 2016. “Linguistic Practices and Transnational Identities.” In The Routledge Handbook of Language and Identity, edited by Siân Preece, 189–204. London: Routledge.
  • De Fina, A. 2019. “The Interview as an Interactional Event.” In Language Analysis for the Determination of Origin, edited by P. Patrick, M. Schmid, and K. Zwaan, 21–20. Cham: Springer.
  • Dewaele, J.-M. 2018. “Why the Dichotomy ‘L1 Versus LX User’ is Better Than ‘Native Versus non Native Speaker’.” Applied Linguistics 39 (2): 236–240. doi:10.1093/applin/amw055.
  • Gallois, C., T. Ogay, and H. Giles. 2005. “Communication Accommodation Theory: A Look Back and a Look Ahead.” In Theorizing About Intercultural Communication, edited by W. B. Gudykunst, 121–148. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
  • Ganassin, S., and P. Holmes. 2013. “Multilingual Research Practices in Community Research: The Case of Migrant/Refugee Women in North East England.” International Journal of Applied Linguistics 23 (3): 342–356. doi:10.1111/ijal.12043
  • Ganassin, S., and P. Holmes. 2020. “‘I was Surprised to see you in a Chinese School’: Researching Multilingually Opportunities and Challenges in Community-Based Research.” Applied Linguistics 41 (6): 827–854. doi:10.1093/applin/amz043
  • Gao, X. 2009. “The ‘English Corner’ as an out-of-Class Learning Activity.” ELT Journal 63 (1): 60–67. doi:10.1093/elt/ccn013
  • Geertz, C. 1973. “Thick Description: Toward an Interpretive Theory of Culture.” In, The Interpretation of Cultures: Selected Essays, edited by C. Geertz, 3–30. New York: Basic Books.
  • Giampapa, F., and S. A. Lamoureux. 2011. “Voices from the Field: Identity, Language, and Power in Multilingual Research Settings.” Journal of Language, Identity & Education 10 (3): 127–131. doi:10.1080/15348458.2011.585301
  • Gibson, B., and Hua Zhu. 2016. “Interviews.” In Research Methods in Intercultural Communication, edited by Hua Zhu, 181–195. Oxford: Wiley.
  • Giles, H., J. Coupland, and N. Coupland. 1991. “Accommodation Theory: Communication, Context, and Consequence.” In Contexts of Accommodation: Developments in Applied Sociolinguistics, edited by H. Giles, J. Coupland, and N. Coupland, 1–68. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Giles, H., D. M. Taylor, and R. Y. Bourhis. 1973. “Towards a Theory of Interpersonal Accommodation Through Speech: Some Canadian Data.” Language in Society 2 (2): 177–192.
  • Hammersley, M., and P. Atkinson. 2007. Ethnography: Principles in Practice. 3rd ed. London: Routledge.
  • Hannerz, U. 1990. “Cosmopolitans and locals in world culture.” Theory, Culture and Society 7 (2-3): 237–251.
  • Hepburn, A., and G. B. Bolden. 2017. Transcribing for Social Research. London: Sage.
  • Holliday, A. 2006. “Native-speakerism.” ELT Journal 60 (4): 385–387.
  • Holmes, P., R. Fay, J. Andrews, and M. Attia. 2013. “Researching Multilingually: New Theoretical and Methodological Directions.” International Journal of Applied Linguistics 23 (3): 285–299. doi:10.1111/ijal.12038
  • Holmes, P., R. Fay, J. Andrews, and M. Attia. 2016. “How to Research Multilingually: Possibilities and Complexities.” In Research Methods in Intercultural Communication: A Practical Guide, edited by Hua Zhu, 88–102. London: Wiley.
  • Holmes, P., J. Reynolds, and S. Ganassin. 2022. The Politics of Researching Multilingually. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.
  • Irvine, F., G. Roberts, and C. Bradbury-Jones. 2008. “The Researcher as Insider Versus the Researcher as Outsider: Enhancing Rigour Through Language and Cultural Sensitivity.” In Doing Cross-Cultural Research, edited by P. Liamputtong, 35–48. Dordrecht: Springer.
  • Jefferson, G. 2004. “Glossary of Transcript Symbols with an Introduction.” In Conversation Analysis: Studies from the First Generation, edited by G. H. Lerner, 13–31. Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins.
  • Kalocsányiová, E., and M. Shatnawi. 2022. “Transcribing (Multilingual) Voices: From Fieldwork to Publication.” In The Politics of Researching Multilingually, edited by P. Holmes, J. Reynolds, and S. Ganassin, 209–228. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.
  • Kamhi-Stein, L. D. 2016. “The non-Native English Speaker Teachers in TESOL Movement.” ELT Journal 70 (2): 180–189. doi:10.1093/elt/ccv076
  • Kiesling, S. 2013. “Constructing Identity.” In The Handbook of Language Variation and Change, edited by J. K. Chambers and N. Schilling. 2nd ed., 448–468. Oxford: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Knowles, S. Y.. 2019. “Researcher-participant Relationships in Cross-Language Research: Becoming Cultural and Linguistic Insiders.” In Critical Reflections on Research Methods, edited by D. Warriner and M. Bigelow, 85–97. Bristol: Multilingual Matters. doi:10.21832/9781788922562-008.
  • Leung, C., R. Harris, and B. Rampton. 1997. “The Idealised Native Speaker, Reified Ethnicities, and Classroom Realities.” TESOL Quarterly 31 (3): 543–560. doi:10.2307/3587837
  • Li, Wei. 2018. “Translanguaging as a Practical Theory of Language.” Applied Linguistics 39 (1): 9–30. doi:10.1093/applin/amx039
  • Li, Wei. 2019. “Ethnography: Origins, Features, Accountability, and Criticality.” In The Routledge Handbook of Research Methods in Applied Linguistics, edited by J. McKinley and H. Rose, 154–164. Abingdon: Routledge.
  • Li, Wei, and Hua Zhu. 2013. “Translanguaging Identities and Ideologies: Creating Transnational Space Through Flexible Multilingual Practices Amongst Chinese University Students in the UK.” Applied Linguistics 34 (5): 516–535. doi:10.1093/applin/amt022
  • Liamputtong, P. 2008a. “Doing Research in a Cross-Cultural Context: Methodological and Ethical Challenges.” In Doing Cross-Cultural Research:Ethical and Methodological Perspectives, edited by P. Liamputtong, 3–20. Dordrecht: Springer.
  • Liamputtong, P., ed. 2008b. Doing Cross-Cultural Research: Ethical and Methodological Perspectives. Dordrecht: Springer.
  • Lipski, J. M. 2008. Varieties of Spanish in the United States. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press.
  • Lorette, Pernelle. 2023. “Opportunities and challenges of positionality in quantitative research: overcoming linguistic and cultural ‘knowledge gaps’ thanks to ‘knowledgeable collaborators’.” Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development: 1–15. doi:10.1080/01434632.2023.2195383.
  • Madoc-Jones, I., and O. Parry. 2012. “Damned if you do and Damned if you Don’t: Language Choice in the Research Interview.” International Journal of the Sociology of Language 2012 (215): 165–182. doi:10.1515/ijsl-2012-0035.
  • Madsen, L. M. 2015. Vol. 5 of Fighters, Girls and Other Identities: Sociolinguistics in a Martial Arts Club. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.
  • Martin-Jones, M., J. Andrews, and D. Martin. 2017. “Reflexive Ethnographic Research Practice in Multilingual Contexts.” In Researching Multilingualism: Critical and Ethnographic Perspectives, edited by M. Martin-Jones and D. Martin, 203–216. London: Routledge.
  • Martin-Jones, M., and D. Martin, eds. 2017. Researching Multilingualism: Critical and Ethnographic Perspectives. London: Routledge.
  • Merriam, S. B., J. Johnson-Bailey, M. Y. Lee, Y. Kee, G. Ntseane, and M. Muhamad. 2001. “Power and Positionality: Negotiating Insider/Outsider Status Within and Across Cultures.” International Journal of Lifelong Education 20 (5): 405–416. doi:10.1080/02601370120490
  • Miyahara, M. 2019. “Methodological Diversity in Emotions Research: Reflexivity and Identities.” Journal for the Psychology of Language Learning 1 (1): 83–105. doi:10.52598/jpll/1/1/6
  • Murray, G., N. Fujishima, and M. Uzuka. 2017. “Social Learning Spaces and the Invisible Fence.” In Space, Place and Autonomy in Language Learning, edited by G. Murray and T. Lamb, 233–246. New York: Routledge.
  • Murray, C. D., and J. Wynne. 2001. “Researching Community, Work and Family with an Interpreter.” Community, Work & Family 4 (2): 157–171. doi:10.1080/713658930
  • Myers-Scotton, C. 1983. “The Negotiation of Identities in Conversation: A Theory of Markedness and Code Choice.” International Journal of the Sociology of Language 1983 (44): 115–136. doi:10.1515/ijsl.1983.44.115
  • Orellana, M. F. 2015. Immigrant Children in Transcultural Spaces: Language, Learning, and Love. New York: Routledge.
  • Paffey, D. 2014. Language Ideologies and the Globalization of ‘Standard’ Spanish: Raising the Standard. London: Bloomsbury Publishing.
  • Pappamihiel, N. E., and C. A. Lynn. 2016. “Adaptations for English Language Learners: Differentiating Between Linguistic and Instructional Accommodations.” TESL-EJ 20 (3): 1–13.
  • Patiño-Santos, A. 2019. “Reflexivity.” In The Routledge Handbook of Linguistic Ethnography, edited by K. Tusting, 213–228. London: Routledge.
  • Pennycook, A. 2005. “Performing the Personal.” Journal of Language, Identity, and Education 4 (4): 297–304. doi:10.1207/s15327701jlie0404_5
  • Pennycook, A., and S. Makoni. 2019. Innovations and Challenges in Applied Linguistics from the Global South. London: Routledge.
  • Pennycook, A., and E. Otsuji. 2015. Metrolingualism: Language in the City. London: Routledge.
  • Pérez-Milans, M. 2017. “Reflexivity and Social Change in Applied Linguistics.” AILA Review 29: 1–14. doi:10.1075/aila.29.01per
  • Perez Inofuentes, D., M. Hundt, J. Kabatek, and D. Schreier, eds. 2021. English and Spanish: World Languages in Interaction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Phipps, A. 2013. “Linguistic Incompetence: Giving an Account of Researching Multilingually.” International Journal of Applied Linguistics 23 (3): 329–341. doi:10.1111/ijal.12042
  • Nuria Polo-Pérez, and Prue Holmes. 2023. “Translanguaging as methodology to study language cafés: implications for managing multilingual data.” Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development.
  • Rampton, B. 1990. “Displacing the ‘Native Speaker’: Expertise, Affiliation, and Inheritance.” ELT Journal 44 (2): 97–101. doi:10.1093/eltj/44.2.97
  • Reilly, Colin, Tracey Costley, Hannah Gibson, Nancy Kula, Mompoloki M Bagwasi, Dikosha Dikosha, Phetso Mmolao, etal. 2023. “Emerging principles for researching multilingually in linguistic ethnography: reflections from Botswana, Tanzania, the UK and Zambia.” Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development: 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2023.2194864.
  • Rolland, Louise. 2023. “I’m sure at some point we’ll be switching’: planning and enacting an interview language policy with multilingual participants.” Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development.
  • Rolland, L., J. M. Dewaele, and B. Costa. 2020. “Planning and Conducting Ethical Interviews: Power, Language and Emotions.” In The Routledge Handbook of Research Methods in Applied Linguistics, edited by J. McKinley and H. Rose, 279–289. London: Routledge.
  • Rolland, Louise, Hannah M King, and Pernelle Lorette. 2023. “Methodological implications of participant and researcher multilingualism: Making language dynamics visible.” Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development.
  • Rydenvald, M. 2015. “Elite Bilingualism? Language Use among Multilingual Teenagers of Swedish Background in European Schools and International Schools in Europe.” Journal of Research in International Education 14 (3): 213–227. doi:10.1177/1475240915614935
  • Schiller, N. G., L. Basch, and C. S. Blanc. 1995. “From Immigrant to Transmigrant: Theorizing Transnational Migration.” Anthropological Quarterly 68 (1): 48–63. doi:10.2307/3317464.
  • Selleck, C. 2017. “Ethnographic Chats: A ‘Best of Both’ Method for Ethnography.” Sky Journal of Linguistics 30: 151–162.
  • Sharma, B. K. 2021. “Reflexivity in Applied Linguistics Research in the Tourism Workplace.” Applied Linguistics 42 (2): 230–251. doi:10.1093/applin/amz067
  • Talmy, S. 2011. “The Interview as Collaborative Achievement: Interaction, Identity, and Ideology in a Speech Event.” Applied Linguistics 32 (1): 25–42. doi:10.1093/applin/amq027
  • Vakser, S. 2016. “Multilingual Dynamics in the Research Process: Transcribing and Interpreting Interactional Data.” In Researching Multilingualism, edited by M. Martin-Jones and D. Martin, 243–258. London: Routledge.
  • Vertovec, S. 2007. “Super-diversity and its Implications.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 30 (6): 1024–1054. doi:10.1080/01419870701599465
  • Vertovec, S. 2009. Transnationalism. London: Routledge.
  • Warriner, D. S., and M. Bigelow, eds. 2019. Critical Reflections on Research Methods: Power and Equity in Complex Multilingual Contexts. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.
  • Watt, D., C. Llamas, and D. Ezra Johnson. 2010. “Levels of Linguistic Accommodation Across a National Border.” Journal of English Linguistics 38 (3): 270–289. doi:10.1177/0075424210373039
  • Williams, A. 1999. “Communication Accommodation Theory and Miscommunication: Issues of Awareness and Communication Dilemmas.” International Journal of Applied Linguistics 9 (2): 151–165. doi:10.1111/j.1473-4192.1999.tb00169.x
  • Woodin, J. 2016. “How to Research Interculturally and Ethically.” In Research Methods in Intercultural Communication: A Practical Guide, edited by Hua Zhu, 103–119. Chichester: Wiley Blackwell.
  • Wooffitt, R., and S. Widdicombe. 2006. “Interaction in Interviews.” Talk and Interaction in Social Research Methods, 28–49. doi:10.4135/9781849209991.n3
  • Ylänne-McEwen, V., and N. Coupland. 2000. “Accommodation Theory: A Conceptual Resource for Intercultural Sociolinguistics.” In Culturally Speaking: Managing Rapport Through Talk Across Cultures, edited by H. Spencer-Oatey, 191–214. London: Continuum.
  • Zhu, Hua, and Wei Li. 2021. “Acts of Distinction in Multilingual Karate Clubs in London.” In The Routledge Handbook of Translation and the City, edited by T. K. Lee, 225–247. London: Routledge.
  • Zhu, Hua, Wei Li, and D. Jankowicz-Pytel. 2020. “Whose Karate? Language and Cultural Learning in a Multilingual Karate Club in London.” Applied Linguistics 41 (1): 52–83. doi:10.1093/applin/amz014.