The ‘basket case’ and the ‘poster child’: explaining the end of civil conflicts in Liberia and Mozambique

References

• African Women and Peace Support Group (1998) African women and peace: Liberian women's initiatives and actions unpublished proposal
   Google Scholar
• Alden , C . (1995) . The UN and the resolution of conflict in Mozambique . Journal of Modern African Studies , 33 (1) : pp 103–128
   Google Scholar
• Alden C (2001) Mozambique and the Construction of the New African State: From Negotiations to Nation Building (NY: Palgrave)
   Google Scholar
• Alexander , J . (1997) . The local state in post‐war Mozambique: political practice and ideas about authority . Africa , 67 (1) : pp 1–26
   Google Scholar
• Association of Female Lawyers of Liberia and Turshen, M & Twagiramariya, C (1998) Hundreds of victims silently grieving in: M Turshen & C Twagiramariya (eds) What Women Do in Wartime: Gender and Conflict in Africa pp 129–137 (London: Zed Books)
   Google Scholar
• bbc News (2003) Peace march on Liberian frontline, 19 July, at http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/
   Google Scholar
• Carryer B (1997) Femmes rurales dans le Mozambique contemporain: Politique et quotidien, Une émancipation manquée? (Paris: L'Harmattan)
   Google Scholar
• Chingono MF (1996) The State, Violence and Development (Aldershot: Avebury)
   Google Scholar
• Clower RW Dalton G Harwitz M Walters AA (1966) Growth Without Development: An Economic Survey of Liberia (Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press)
   Google Scholar
• De Abreu AA (1998) Mozambican women experiencing violence in: M Turshen & C Twagiramariya (eds) What Women Do in Wartime: Gender and Conflict in Africa pp 73–84 (London: Zed Books)
   Google Scholar
• Ellis S (1999) The Mask of Anarchy: The Destruction of Liberia and the Religious Dimension of an African Civil War (New York: New York University Press)
   Google Scholar
• Enloe C (1995) Feminism, nationalism, and militarism: wariness without paralysis in: C Sutton (ed) Feminism, Nationalism and Militarism pp 13–32 (Arlington, VA: American Anthropological Association/Association for Feminist Anthropology)
   Google Scholar
• Fagin H (2000) Women, war, and peace: engendering conflict in post‐structuralist perspective in: R Munck & P de Silva (eds) Postmodern Insurgencies: Political Violence, Identity Formation, and Peacemaking in Comparative Perspective pp 201–216 (London: Macmillan)
   Google Scholar
• Finnegan W (1992) A Complicated War: The Harrowing of Mozambique (Berkeley, CA: University of California)
   Google Scholar
• Friends of Liberia News Network (2002) http://onliberia.org/folservice.htm, 8 July
   Google Scholar
• Geffray C (1991) A Causa das Armas: Antropologia da guerra contempora˘nea em Moçambique trans A Ferreira, (Porto: Edições Afrontamento)
   Google Scholar
• Geffray , C and Pedersen , M . (1988) . Nampula en guerre . Politique Africaine , 29 : pp 28–39
   Google Scholar
• Gengenbach , H . (1998) . ‘I’ll bury you in the border!' Women's land struggles in post‐war Facazisse (Magude District), Mozambique . Journal of Southern African Studies , 24 (1) : pp 7–36
   Google Scholar
• Hartzell , C , Hoddie , M and Rothchild , D . (2001) . Stabilizing the peace after civil war: an investigation of some key variables . International Organization , 55 (1) : pp 183–208
   Google Scholar
• Hodges T (2001) Angola from Afro‐Stalinism to Petro‐Diamond Capitalism (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press)
   Google Scholar
• Hume C (1994) Ending Mozambique's War: The Role of Mediation and Good Offices (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press)
   Google Scholar
• Hunt , S and Posa , C . (2001) . Women waging peace . Foreign Policy , 124 : pp 38–47
   Google Scholar
• Hyndman , J . (1998) . Managing difference: gender and culture in humanitarian emergencies . Gender, Place and Culture , 5 (3) : pp 241–260
   Google Scholar
• Jacobson , R . (1999) . Complicating ‘complexity’: integrating gender into the analysis of the Mozambican conflict . Third World Quarterly , 20 (1) : pp 175–187
   Google Scholar
• Kruks S Wisner B (1989) Ambiguous transformations: women, politics and production in Mozambique in: S Kruks, R Rapp & MB Young (eds) Promissory Notes: Women in the Transition to Socialism pp 148–171 (New York: Monthly Review Press)
   Google Scholar
• Landau L (1998) Rebuilding the Mozambique Economy: Assessment of a Development Partnership Country Assistance Review, (Washington, DC: World Bank)
   Google Scholar
• Liebenow JG (1987) Liberia: The Quest for Democracy (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press)
   Google Scholar
• Lieberfeld D (1999) Talking with the Enemy: Negotiation and Threat Perception in South Africa and Israel/Palestine (Westport, CT: Praeger)
   Google Scholar
• Maclean , S . (1999) . Peacebuilding and the new regionalism in southern Africa . Third World Quarterly , 20 (5) : pp 943–956
   Google Scholar
• Manning , C . (1998) . Constructing opposition in Mozambique: Renamo as political party . Journal of Southern African Studies , 24 (1) : pp 161–89
   Google Scholar
• Marshall DR (2000) Women in War and Peace: Grassroots Peacebuilding Peaceworks Report No 34 (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace)
   Google Scholar
• Minter W (1994) Apartheid's Contras: An Inquiry into the Roots of War in Angola and Mozambique (Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Zed Books)
   Google Scholar
• Monrovia Guardian (2001 mru countries discuss security peace, 27 September
   Google Scholar
• Moran MH (1990) Civilized Women: Gender and Prestige in Southeastern Liberia (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press)
   Google Scholar
• Moran MH (1997) Warriors or soldiers? Masculinity and ritual transvestism in the Liberian civil war in: L Lamphere, H Ragone & P Zavella (eds) Situated Lives: Gender and Culture in Everyday Life pp 440–450 (New York: Routledge)
   Google Scholar
• Msabaha I (1995) Negotiating an end to Mozambique's murderous rebellion in: IW Zartman (ed) Elusive Peace: Negotiating an End to Civil Wars pp 204–230 (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution)
   Google Scholar
• Nisbett R (2002) Email communication, July
   Google Scholar
• Nordstrom C (1997a) The eye of the storm: from war to peace—examples from Sri Lanka and Mozambique in: DP Fry & K Björkqvist (eds) Cultural Variation in Conflict Resolution: Alternatives to Violence pp 91–103 (Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum)
   Google Scholar
• Nordstrom C (1997b) A Different Kind of War Story( (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press)
   Google Scholar
• Organization of Mozambican Women (omm) (1991) Seminário sobre a ‘mulher em situação dificil’, Segunda fase, Comunicado final, 12–13 September, mimeo
   Google Scholar
• Pearson , F . (2001) . Dimensions of conflict resolution in ethnopolitical disputes . Journal of Peace Research , 38 (3) : pp 275–287
   Google Scholar
• Pitcher MA (2002) Transforming Mozambique: The Politics of Privatization, 1975–2000 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)
   Google Scholar
• Pitcher, MA with Kloeck‐Jenson, S (2001) Men, women, memory and rights to natural resources in Zambezia province in: R Waterhouse & C Vijfhuizen (eds) Strategic Women, Gainful Men: Gender, Land and Natural Resources in Different Rural Contexts in Mozambique pp 125–152 (Maputo: Eduardo Mondlane University and ActionAid)
   Google Scholar
• Porte W (1991) Liberian Civil War Recipes (Monrovia: Liberia)
   Google Scholar
• Reno , W . (1995) . The reinvention of an African patrimonial state: Charles Taylor's Liberia . Third World Quarterly , 16 (1) : pp 109–120
   Google Scholar
• Reno W (1996) The business of war in Liberia Current History May pp 211–215
   Google Scholar
• Reno W (1998) Warlord Politics and African States (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner)
   Google Scholar
• Richards P (1996) Fighting for the Rainforest: War, Youth, and Resources in Sierra Leone (Oxford: James Currey)
   Google Scholar
• Rothchild D Hartzell C (1995) Interstate and intrastate negotiations in Angola in: IW Zartman (ed) Elusive Peace: Negotiating an End to Civil Wars pp 175–203 (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution)
   Google Scholar
• Rose , L . (2000) . African women in post‐conflict societies: rethinking legal research and program implementation methodologies . PoLAR , 23 (2) : pp 107–126
   Google Scholar
• Saul J (1999) Inside from the outside? The roots and resolution of Mozambique's Un/civil war in: TM Ali & RO Matthews (eds) Civil Wars in Africa: Roots and Resolution pp 122–166 (Ithaca, NY: McGill‐Queen's University Press)
   Google Scholar
• Sawyer A (1992) The Emergence of Autocracy in Liberia: Tragedy and Challenge (San Francisco, CA: Institute for Contemporary Studies)
   Google Scholar
• Sheldon KE (2002) Pounders of Grain: A History of Women, Work and Politics in Mozambique (Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann)
   Google Scholar
• Snyder , A . (2000) . Peace profile: Federation of African Women's peace networks . Peace Review , 12 (1) : pp 147–154
   Google Scholar
• Synge R (1997) Mozambique: UN Peacekeeping in Action (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press)
   Google Scholar
• Taylor R (2002) South Africa: the role of peace and conflict‐resolution organizations in the struggle against apartheid in: B Gidron, SN Katz & Y Hasenfeld (eds) Mobilizing for Peace: Conflict Resolution in Northern Ireland, Israel/Palestine, and South Africa pp 69–93 (NY: Oxford University Press)
   Google Scholar
• The Inquirer (Monrovia) (2001) mru women unhappy over exclusion—as Joint Security Committee meeting begins 27 September
   Google Scholar
• Tripp AM (2000) Women and Politics in Uganda (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press)
   Google Scholar
• Turshen M (1998) Women's war stories in: M Turshen & C Twagiramariya (eds) What Women Do in Wartime pp 1–26 (London: Zed Books)
   Google Scholar
• Utas M (2003) Sweet battlefields: youth and the Liberian civil war, unpublished PhD dissertation, Department of Cultural Anthropology and Ethnology, Uppsala University, Sweden
   Google Scholar
• Vines A (1991) Renamo: Terrorism in Mozambique (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press)
   Google Scholar
• Walter , BF . (1997) . The critical barrier to civil war settlement . International Organization , 51 (3) : pp 335–364
   Google Scholar
• Waterhouse, R & Vijfhuizen, C (eds) (2001) Strategic Women, Gainful Men: Gender, Land and Natural Resources in Different Rural Contexts in Mozambique (Maputo: Eduardo Mondlane University and ActionAid)
   Google Scholar
• West , HG and Kloeck‐Jenson , S . (1999) . Betwixt and between: ‘traditional authority’ and democratic decentralization in post‐war Mozambique . African Affairs , 98 : pp 455–484
   Google Scholar
• Wilson , KB . (1992a) . Cults of violence and counter‐violence in Mozambique . Journal of Southern African Studies , 18 (3) : pp 527–582
   Google Scholar
• Wilson KB (1992b) Internally Displaced, Refugees and Returnees from and in Mozambique Report No 1 (Stockholm: Swedish International Development Authority)
   Google Scholar
• Zartman IW (1985) Ripe for Resolution: Conflict and Intervention in Africa (New York: Oxford University Press)
   Google Scholar
• Zartman, IW (ed) (1995) Elusive Peace: Negotiating an End to Civil Wars (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution)
   Google Scholar