Refugee return and fragmented governance in the host state: displaced Syrians in the face of Lebanon’s divided politics

Bibliography

• AFP . 2017. “Hezbollah Urges Lebanon Plan for Syria Refugee Return.” Al-Monitor, February 12. https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/en/sites/almonitor/contents/afp/2017/02/syria-conflict-lebanon-hezbollah-refugee.amp.html.
   Google Scholar
• Al Jazeera . 2019. “Lebanese Leaders Divided on How to Handle Syrian Refugees.” Al Shahid March 22. https://alshahidwitness.com/lebanese-handle-syrian-refugees/.
   Google Scholar
• Alfred, Charlotte. 2018. “Dangerous Exit: Who Controls How Syrians in Lebanon Go Home.” Refugees Deeply, August 8. https://www.newsdeeply.com/refugees/articles/2018/08/08/dangerous-exit-who-controls-how-syrians-in-lebanon-go-home.
   Google Scholar
• Al-Saadi, Yazan. 2014. “Examining Curfews against Syrians in Lebanon.” Lebanon Support. https://civilsociety-centre.org/content/examining-curfews-against-syrians-lebanon-0.
   Google Scholar
• Assi, Abbas , and James Worrall . 2015. “Stable Instability: The Syrian Conflict and the Postponement of the 2013 Lebanese Parliamentary Elections.” Third World Quarterly 36 (10): 1944–1967. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2015.1071661.
   Google Scholar
• Assi, Abbas. 2018. “The Sectarian Dimension of the Syrian Civil War and Lebanese-Syrian Relations.” Middle East Institute, July 16. https://www.mei.edu/publications/sectarian-dimension-syrian-civil-war-and-lebanese-syrian-relations.
   Google Scholar
• Assi, Abbas. 2019. “International Politics of Syrian Refugee Return: The Case of Lebanon.” Middle East Institute, August 20. https://www.mei.edu/publications/international-politics-syrian-refugee-return-case-lebanon.
   Google Scholar
• Astih, Paula. 2019. “New European Aid for Refugees… and ‘FPM’ Considers It Incentive for Stay.” Lebanon Files, July 28. http://www.lebanonfiles.com/news/1489017.
   Google Scholar
• Atallah, Sami , and Dima Mahdi . 2017. “Law and Politics of “Safe Zones” and Forced Return to Syria: Refugee Politics in Lebanon.” The Lebanese Centre for Policy Studies, October. https://www.lcps-lebanon.org/publications/1515749841-lcps_report_-_online.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Azar, Georgi. 2018. “Hezbollah to Initiate Plan for Syrian Refugees to Return.” An-Nahar, July 3. https://en.annahar.com/article/826655-hezbollah-to-initiate-plan-for-syrian-refugees-to-return.
   Google Scholar
• Azhari, Timour. 2019. “Refugee Returns Thrust Syria Ties Issue to the Fore.” The Daily Star Lebanon, February 20. http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2019/Feb-20/476991-refugee-returns-thrust-syria-ties-issue-to-fore.ashx.
   Google Scholar
• Baban, Feyzi , Suzan Ilcan , and Kim Rygiel . 2017. “Syrian Refugees in Turkey: Pathways to Precarity, Differential Inclusion, and Negotiated Citizenship Rights.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 43 (1): 41–57. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2016.1192996.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnes-Dacey, Julien. 2018. “Saudi–Iranian Rivalry and the Impact on the Syrian Conflict.” The London School of Economics and Political Science Middle East Centre Blog, June 22. https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/mec/2018/06/22/saudi-iranian-rivalry-and-the-impact-on-the-syrian-conflict/.
   Google Scholar
• Bertelli, Anthony M. 2016. “Who Are the Policy Workers, and What Are They Doing? Citizen’s Heuristics and Democratic Accountability in Complex Governance.” Public Performance & Management Review 40 (2): 208–234. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/15309576.2016.1180306.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradley, Megan. 2009. “Return in Dignity: A Neglected Refugee Protection Challenge.” Canadian Journal of Development Studies/Revue Canadienne D’études du Développement 28 (3–4): 371–382. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/02255189.2009.9669219.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carpi, Estella , and H. Pınar Şenoğuz . 2019. “Refugee Hospitality in Lebanon and Turkey. On Making ‘the Other.” International Migration 57 (2): 126–142. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.12471
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carpi, Estella. 2019. “Winking at Humanitarian Neutrality: The Liminal Politics of the State in Lebanon.” Anthropologica 61 (1): 83–96. doi:https://doi.org/10.3138/anth.2018-0006.
   Google Scholar
• Chatty, Dawn. 2017a. “Special Issue Introduction.” International Journal of Middle East Studies 49 (4): 577–582. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020743817000599.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chatty, Dawn. 2017b. “The Syrian Humanitarian Disaster: Understanding Perceptions and Aspirations in Jordan, Lebanon and Turkey.” Global Policy 8 (1): 25–32. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.12390.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chimni, B. S. 2004. “From Resettlement to Involuntary Repatriation: Towards a Critical History of Durable Solutions to Refugee Problems.” Refugee Survey Quarterly 23 (3): 55–73. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/rsq/23.3.55.
   Google Scholar
• Culcasi, Karen. 2017. “Displacing Territory: Refugees in the Middle East.” International Journal of Middle East Studies 49 (2): 323–326. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020743817000095.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahl, Robert A. 2006. On Political Equality . New Haven: Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Dakroub, Hussein. 2017. “Aoun, Hariri Sound Alarm on Syrian Refugee Crisis.” The Daily Star Lebanon, October 21. https://www.pressreader.com/lebanon/the-daily-star-lebanon/20171021/281496456523780.
   Google Scholar
• Danış, Didem , and Dilara Nazlı . 2019. “Faithful Alliance between the Civil Society and the State: Actors and Mechanisms of Accommodating Syrian Refugees in Istanbul.” International Migration 57 (2): 143–157. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.12495.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doraï, Mohamed Kamel , and Olivier Clochard . 2006. “Non-Palestinian Refugees in Lebanon from Asylum Seekers to Illegal Migrants.” In Migration et Politique au Moyen Orient , edited by Françoise de Bel-Air , 27–143. Beirut: IFPO.
   Google Scholar
• El-Gamal, Jasmine M. 2019. “The Displacement Dilemma: Should Europe Help Syrian Refugees Return Home?” European Council on Foreign Relations, March 14. https://www.ecfr.eu/publications/summary/the_displacement_dilemma_should_europe_help_syrian_refugees_return_home#.
   Google Scholar
• Enders, David. 2018. “Pressure to Return Builds on Syrian Refugees in Lebanon.” The New Humanitarian, August 20. https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news-feature/2018/08/20/return-syrian-refugees-lebanon-hezbollah.
   Google Scholar
• Fregonese, Sara. 2012. “Beyond the “Weak State:” Hybrid Sovereignties in Beirut.” Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 30 (4): 655–674. doi:https://doi.org/10.1068/d11410.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geha, Carmen , and Joumana Talhouk . 2018. “Politics and the Plight of Syrian Refugees in Lebanon [Political Brief].” American University of Beirut, August. https://www.aub.edu.lb/Documents/Politics-and-the-Plight-of-Syrian-Refugees-in-Lebanon.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Human Rights Watch . 2019a. “Lebanon: Events of 2018.” Human Rights Watch World Report, https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2019/country-chapters/lebanon.
   Google Scholar
• Human Rights Watch . 2019b. “Syrians Deported by Lebanon Arrested at Home.” Reliefweb, September 2. https://reliefweb.int/report/lebanon/syrians-deported-lebanon-arrested-home.
   Google Scholar
• Içduygu, Ahmet , and Maissam Nimer . 2020. “The Politics of Return: Exploring the Future of Syrian Refugees in Jordan, Lebanon and Turkey.” Third World Quarterly 41 (3): 415–433. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2019.1675503.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Idler, Annette I. , and James J. F. Forest . 2015. “Behavioral Patterns among (Violent) Non-State Actors: A Study of Complementary Governance.” Stability: International Journal of Security and Development 4 (2): 2. https://doi.org/http://doi.org/10.5334/sta.er.
   Google Scholar
• International Crisis Group . 2014. “Hizbollah’s Syria Conundrum.” International Crisis Group, May 27. https://www.crisisgroup.org/middle-east-north-africa/eastern-mediterranean/lebanon/175-hizbollah-s-syria-conundrum.
   Google Scholar
• Jacob, C. 2019. “Debate in Lebanon on Inviting Syria to Arab Economic Summit in Beirut, Normalizing Relations with It.” The Middle East Media Research Institute Inquire & Analysis Series No.1432, January 18. https://www.memri.org/reports/debate-lebanon-inviting-syria-arab-economic-summit-beirut-normalizing-relations-it.
   Google Scholar
• Janmyr, Maja. 2017a. “UNHCR and the Syrian Refugee Response: negotiating Status and Registration in Lebanon.” The International Journal of Human Rights 22 (3): 393–419. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13642987.2017.1371140.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janmyr, Maja. 2017b. “No Country of Asylum: ‘Legitimizing’ Lebanon’s Rejection of the 1951 Refugee Convention.” International Journal of Refugee Law 29 (3): 438–465. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/eex026.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khallaf, Shaden. 2019. “Refugee Movements in the Middle East: Old Crises, New Ideas.” MENARA Working Papers No. 29, January, 1–12. https://www.iai.it/sites/default/files/menara_wp_29.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Koser, Khalid , Martha Walsh , and Richard Black . 1998. “Temporary Protection and the Assisted Return of Refugees from the European Union.” International Journal of Refugee Law 10 (3): 444–461. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/10.3.444.
   Google Scholar
• Kvittingen, Anna , Marko Valenta , Hanan Tabbara , Dina Baslan , and Berit Berg . 2019. “The Conditions and Migratory Aspirations of Syrian and Iraqi Refugees in Jordan.” Journal of Refugee Studies 32 (1): 106–124. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fey015.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Legal, Agenda. 2019. “On the Decision to Summarily Deport Syrian Nationals Who Entered Lebanon Irregularly.” Position Paper. https://www.legal-agenda.com/uploads/Position%20Paper%20on%20the%20decision%20to%20summarily%20deport%20Syrian%20nationals%20who%20entered%20Lebanon%20irregularly.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Mhaissen, Rouba , and Elena Hodges . 2019. “Unpacking Return: Syrian Refugees’ Conditions and Concerns.” Sawa for Development and Aid, February.
   Google Scholar
• Mourad, Lama. 2017. “Standoffish” Policy-Making: Inaction and Change in the Lebanese Response to the Syrian Displacement Crisis.” Middle East Law and Governance 9 (3): 249–266. doi:https://doi.org/10.1163/18763375-00903005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mourad, Lama. 2019. “Open Borders, Local Closures: Decentralization and the Politics of Local Responses to the Syrian Refugee Influx in Lebanon.” PhD diss., MIT.
   Google Scholar
• Naharnet Newsdesk . 2018. “Report: Refugees Return File ‘On the Horns of a Dilemma.” July 21. http://www.naharnet.com/stories/en/248734.
   Google Scholar
• Naharnet Newsdesk . 2019. “Jumblat: Refugee Return Won’t Happen as Long as Rejected by Regime.” March 18. http://www.naharnet.com/stories/en/257831-jumblat-refugee-return-won-t-happen-as-long-as-rejected-by-regime.
   Google Scholar
• Nassar, Jessy , and Nora Stel . 2019. “Lebanon’s Response to the Syrian Refugee Crisis: Institutional Ambiguity as a Governance Strategy.” Political Geography 70: 44–54. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2019.01.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National News Agency . 2016. “Kabalan: Refugees Should All Return to their Homeland.” April 1. http://nna-leb.gov.lb/en/show-news/59327/Kabalan-refugees-should-all-return-to-their-homeland
   Google Scholar
• Nayel, Mohamad Ali. 2014. “On the Struggle of Syrian Refugees in Lebanon.” Jadaliyya, April 17. https://www.jadaliyya.com/Details/30530/On-the-Struggle-of-Syrian-Refugees-in-Lebanon.
   Google Scholar
• Norman, Kelsey P. 2019. “Inclusion, Exclusion or Indifference? Redefining Migrant and Refugee Host State Engagement Options in Mediterranean ‘Transit’ Countries.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 45 (1): 42–60. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2018.1482201.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Odiaspora.org . 2018. “Minister Bassil Launches the Free Patriotic Movement Refugee Return Committee.” July 14. https://odiaspora.org/2018/07/14/minister-bassil-launches-the-free-patriotic-movement-refugee-return-committee/.
   Google Scholar
• Osseiran, Hashem. 2018. “For Syrians in Lebanon, No Formal Plan for Return.” Syria Deeply, March 1. https://www.newsdeeply.com/syria/community/2018/03/01/for-syrians-in-lebanon-no-formal-plan-for-return.
   Google Scholar
• Reuters . 2018. “Lebanon’s Hezbollah to Work with Syrian State on Refugee Returns.” June 29. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-lebanon-syria-refugees/lebanons-hezbollah-to-work-with-syrian-state-on-refugee-returns-idUSKBN1JP29Q
   Google Scholar
• Rida, Nazeer. 2017. “Lebanon’s Berri Suggests Approach to Negotiate Syrian Refugees’ Return.” Asharq as-Awsat, July 16.
   Google Scholar
• Rose, Sunniva. 2019. “Summit ‘Encourages’ Refugees to Return to Home Countries.” The National, January 21. https://www.thenational.ae/world/mena/summit-encourages-refugees-to-return-to-home-countries-1.815809.
   Google Scholar
• Salem, Paul. 2012. “Can Lebanon Survive the Syrian Crisis?” Carnegie, December. https://carnegieendowment.org/files/lebanon_syrian_crisis.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Salloukh, Bassel. 2017. “The Syrian War. Spillover Effects on Lebanon.” Middle East Policy 24 (1): 62–78.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salloukh, Bassel. 2019. “Taif and the Lebanese State: The Political Economy of a Very Sectarian Public Sector.” Nationalism and Ethnic Politics 25 (1): 43–60. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13537113.2019.1565177.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanyal, Romola. 2017. “A No-Camp Policy: Interrogating Informal Settlements in Lebanon.” Geoforum 84: 117–125. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2017.06.011.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sayigh, Rosemary. 2001. “Palestinian Refugees in Lebanon: Implantation, Transfer or Return.” Middle East Policy Council 8 (1): 94–105.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sewell, Abby. 2019. “In Lebanon, a Push for Refugees to Go Home.” US News, June 27. https://www.usnews.com/news/best-countries/articles/2019-06-27/lebanon-increases-pressure-on-syrian-refugees-to-return-home.
   Google Scholar
• Sewell, Abby. 2020. “As Lebanon Grapples with Economic Collapse and a Coronavirus Outbreak, Refugees Appeal for International Help.” Al Araby, March 11. https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/indepth/2020/3/11/as-lebanon-grapples-with-collapse-refugees-appeal-for-help.
   Google Scholar
• Stel, Nora , and Chris van der Borgh . 2017. “Political Parties and Minority Governance in Hybrid Political Orders: Reflections from Lebanon’s Palestinian Settlements and Kosovo’s Serbian Enclaves.” Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding 11 (4): 490–510. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/17502977.2017.1376948.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stel, Nora. 2014. “Governance and Government in the Arab Spring Hybridity: Reflections from Lebanon.” Contemporary Readings in Law and Social Justice 6 (1): 49–69.
   Google Scholar
• The Daily Star. 2018a. “Hezbollah-Run Centers Open to Refugees Hoping to Return to Syria.” July 4. https://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2018/Jul-04/455358-hezbollah-run-centers-open-to-refugees-hoping-to-return-to-syria.ashx
   Google Scholar
• The Daily Star. 2018b. “Over 1,000 Refugees Registered with Hezbollahs for Return: Former MP.” September 3. http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2018/Sep-03/462190-syrian-refugees-to-return-from-nabatieh-tuesday-nna.ashx
   Google Scholar
• The Daily Star . 2019a. “Rai: Refugees to Go Back to their Countries.” April 15. https://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2019/Apr-15/481153-rai-refugees-to-go-back-to-their-countries.ashx.
   Google Scholar
• The Daily Star. 2019b. “Lebanon’s Refugee Minister to Submit Return Plan to Cabinet ‘Soon’.” April 18. https://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2019/Apr-18/481451-refugees-minister-to-submit-return-plan-to-cabinet-soon.ashx
   Google Scholar
• The Daily Star. 2019c. “Donor Conference Funds Stay, Not Return of Refugees: Bassil.” March 15. http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2019/Mar-15/478896-donor-conferences-fund-stay-not-return-of-refugees-bassil.ashx
   Google Scholar
• Tsourapas, Gerasimos. 2019. “The Syrian Refugee Crisis and Foreign Policy Decision-Making in Jordan, Lebanon, and Turkey.” Journal of Global Security Studies 4 (4): 464–481. nodoi:https://doi.org/10.1093/jogss/ogz016.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UNHCR . 2019a. “2019 Vulnerability Assessment for Syrian Refugees in Lebanon.” https://data2.unhcr.org/en/documents/details/73118
   Google Scholar
• UNHCR . 2019b. “Fifth Regional Survey on Syrian Refugees’ Perceptions and Intentions on Return to Syria.” March. https://data2.unhcr.org/en/documents/download/68443
   Google Scholar
• Uzelac, Ana. 2017. “Unsafe Places: Refugee Politics in Lebanese Government Crisis.” Clingendael, November 23. https://www.clingendael.org/publication/unsafe-places-refugee-politics-lebanese-government-crisis.
   Google Scholar
• Vohra, Anchal. 2019. “A Deadly Welcome Awaits Syria’s Returning Refugees.” Foreign Policy, February 6. https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/02/06/a-deadly-welcome-awaits-syrias-returning-refugees/
   Google Scholar
• Worrall, James. 2017. “(Re-)Emergent Orders: Understanding the Negotiation(s) of Rebel Governance.” Small Wars & Insurgencies 28 (4–5): 709–733.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yahya, Maha , and Marwan Muasher . 2018. “Refugee Crises in the Arab World.” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. https://carnegieendowment.org/2018/10/18/refugee-crises-in-arab-world-pub-77522.
   Google Scholar
• Yusof, Joazrina. 2018. “Voluntary Returns: Examining the Organized Returns of Syrian Refugees from Lebanon.” Respond Migration, November 22. https://www.respondmigration.com/blog-1/2018/11/22/voluntary-returns-examining-the-organised-returns-of-syrian-refugees-from-lebanon.
   Google Scholar
• Zieck, Marjoleine. 2004. “Voluntary Repatriation: Paradigm, Pitfalls, Progress.” Refugee Survey Quarterly 23 (3): 33–54. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/rsq/23.3.33.
   Google Scholar