Bibliography
- Aburish, Said K. 2004. Nasser: The Last Arab. New York: Thomas Dunne Books, St. Martin’s Press.
- Aiesi, Matthew J. 2019. “The Jus in Bello of White Phosphorus: Getting the Law Correct.” Lawfare. November 26. https://www.lawfareblog.com/jus-bello-white-phosphorus-getting-law-correct.
- Ali Adam, Behzad. 2014. Al-Anfal Court Decision: A Judicial, Political and Historical Document. Preface by Muhammad ‘Uraybi Majid Al-Khalifah. Duhok Governate.
- Al-Maghafi, Nawal. 2018. “How Chemical Weapons have Helped bring Assad Close to Victory.” BBC Panorama. October 14. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-45586903.
- Almukhtar, Sarah. 2018. “Most Chemical Attacks in Syria Get Little Attention. Here Are 34 Confirmed Cases.” The New York Times. April 13. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/04/13/world/middleeast/syria-chemical-attacks-maps-history.html.
- Alvarez, José E. 2001. The Betrothed of Death: The Spanish Foreign Legion during the Rif Rebellion, 1920-1927. Contributions in Comparative Colonial Studies: No. 40. Westport, CT : Greenwood Press.
- Amorín, Alfonso Iglesias. 2016. “La Cultura Africanista en el Ejército Español (1909-1975).” Pasado y Memoria. Revista de Historia Contemporánea 15: 99–122.
- Amnesty International. 2016. “Scorched Earth, Poisoned Air: Sudanese Government Forces Ravage Jebel Marra, Darfur.” September. https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/AFR5448772016ENGLISH.PDF.
- Arslan, Yusuf. 2017. “Militarist Şiddetin Mağduru Olan Kadınlar: 1938 Dersim Olayları.” Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 18 (4): 719–742. doi:10.16953/deusbed.92091.
- Asad, Talad. 2007. On Suicide Bombing. New York: Columbia University Press.
- Baer, G. W. 1976. Test Case: Italy, Ethiopia, and the League of Nations. Stanford: Hoover Institution Press.
- Balfour, Sebastian. 2002. Deadly Embrace: Morocco and the Road to the Spanish Civil War. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Barenblatt, Daniel. 2004. A Plague upon Humanity: The Secret Genocide of Axis Japan’s Germ Warfare Operation. New York : HarperCollins.
- Beaumont, Peter. “Israel reported to have bombed Syrian chemical weapons facility.” The Guardian. September 7, 2017. Accessed June 18, 2018. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/sep/07/israel-airstrike-syria-chemical-weapons-facility.
- Bentley, Michelle. 2016. Syria and the Chemical Weapons Taboo: Exploiting the Forbidden. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
- Butler, Judith. 2009. Frames of War? When is Life Grievable. London: Verso.
- Chapman, Geoffrey, Hassan Elbahtimy, and Susan B. Martin. 2018. “The Future of Chemical Weapons: Implications from the Syrian Civil War.” Security Studies 27 (4): 704–733. doi:10.1080/09636412.2018.1483640.
- Churchill, Winston. 1919. “War Office Memorandum of May 12, 1919.” Available at the National Churchill Museum. https://www.nationalchurchillmuseum.org/churchills-1919-war-office-memorandum.html.
- Clapper, James R. 2016. “Worldwide Threat Assessment of the US Intelligence Community.” Senate Armed Services Committee. February 9. Accessed May 6, 2018. https://www.dni.gov/files/documents/SASC_Unclassified_2016_ATA_SFR_FINAL.pdf.
- Cordier, Andrew W., and Max Harrelson. 1976. Public Papers of the Secretaries-General of the United Nations Volume VII: U Thant, 1965–1967. New York: Columbia University Press.
- Croddy, Eric, Clarisa Perez-Armendariz, and John Hart. 2002. Chemical and Biological Warfare: A Comprehensive Survey for the Concerned Citizen. New York, NY: Springer.
- Cross, Glenn. 2017. Dirty War: Rhodesia and Chemical Biological Warfare 1975-1980. England: Helion and Company.
- Cuncliffe, William H. 2006. “Select Documents on Japanese War Crimes and Japanese Biological Warfare, 1934-2006.” Interagency Working Group, National Archives. https://www.archives.gov/files/iwg/japanese-war-crimes/select-documents.pdf.
- Day, Jon. 2013. “Syria: Reported Chemical Weapons Use.” Joint Intelligence Organisation. August 29. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/235094/Jp_115_JD_PM_Syria_Reported_Chemical_Weapon_Use_with_annex.pdf
- de Cisneros, Ignacio Hidalgo. 1977. Cambio de Rumbo (Course Change ).Berkeley: University of California Press.
- Deitelhoff, Nicole, and Lisbeth Zimmermann. “Norms under Challenge: Unpacking the Dynamics of Norm Robustness.” Journal of Global Security Studies 4, no. 1 (2019): 2–17. doi:10.1093/jogss/ogy041.
- Del Boca, Angelo. 1969. The Ethiopian War, 1935–1941. Translated by P. D. Cummins. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
- Dell, Robert. 1975. The Geneva Racket 1920–1939. London: Robert Hale Limited.
- Deng, Hongmei, and Peter O’Meara Evans. 1997. “Social and Environmental Aspects of Abandoned Chemical Weapons in China.” The Nonproliferation Review 4 (3): 101–108. doi:10.1080/10736709708436684.
- Dersim, Gazetesi. 2019. “Zehirli gazlar Nazi Almanyası’ndan alınmış.” May 15. https://dersimgazetesi.org/zehirli-gazlar-almanyadan-bombardiman-ucaklari-amerikadan-alinmis/.
- Dodge, Toby. 2009. “Coming Face to Face with Bloody Reality: Liberal Common Sense and the Ideological Failure of the Bush Doctrine in Iraq.” International Politics 46 (2–3): 253–275. doi:10.1057/ip.2008.41.
- Douglas, R. M. 2009. “Did Britain Use Chemical Weapons in Mandatory Iraq?” The Journal of Modern History 81 (4): 859–887. doi:10.1086/605488.
- Downes, Alexander B. 2008. Targeting Civilians in War. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
- Drea, Edward, Greg Bradsher, Robert Hanyok, James Lide, Michael Petersen, and Daqing Yang. 2006. Researching Japanese War Crimes Records Introductory Essays. Washington, DC: Nazi War Crimes and Japanese Imperial Government Records Interagency Working Group.
- Edwards, Brett, and Mattia Cacciatori. 2018. “The Politics of International Chemical Weapon Justice: The Case of Syria.” Contemporary Security Policy 39 (2): 280–297. doi:10.1080/13523260.2017.1410614.
- Evans, Martin. 2013. Algeria: France’s Undeclared War. New York: Oxford University Press.
- Ewumbue-Monono, Churchill. 2006. “Respect for International Humanitarian Law by Armed Non-State Actors in Africa.” International Review of the Red Cross 88 (864): 905–924. doi:10.1017/S1816383107000835.
- Fassin, Didier. 2012. Humanitarian Reason: A Moral History of the Present. Berkeley: University of California Press.
- Ferris, Jesse. 2013. Nasser’s Gamble: How Intervention in Yemen Caused the Six-Day War and the Decline of Egyptian Power. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
- Finnemore, Martha. 1996. “Constructing Norms of Humanitarian Intervention.” In The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World Politics, edited by Peter J. Katzenstein, 153–185. New York: Columbia University Press.
- Finnemore, Martha, and Kathryn Sikkink. 1998. “International Norm Dynamics and Political Change.” International Organization 52 (4): 887–917. doi:10.1162/002081898550789.
- Geis, Anna, and Gabi Schlag. 2017. “The Facts Cannot Be Denied’: Legitimacy, War and the Use of Chemical Weapons in Syria.” Global Discourse 7 (2–3): 285–303. doi:10.1080/23269995.2017.1288488.
- Gibbons, Rebecca Davis, and Keir Lieber. 2019. “How Durable is the Nuclear Weapons Taboo?” Journal of Strategic Studies 42 (1): 29–54. doi:10.1080/01402390.2018.1529568.
- Gilbert, Martin. 1992. Churchill: A Life. London: Macmillan.
- Goner, Ozlem. 2017. Turkish National Identity and Its Outsiders. New York: Routledge.
- González, Mónica. 2011. "Las armas químicas de Pinochet [Pinochet’s Chemical Weapons]. Los archivos del cardenal (in Spanish).” https://web.archive.org/web/20111217040844/http://www.casosvicaria.udp.cl/las-armas-quimicas-de-pinochet/.
- Grip, Lina, and John Hart. 2009. “The Use of Chemical Weapons in the 1935–36 Italo-Ethiopian War.” Arms Control and Non-proliferation Programmme 8. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/Italo-Ethiopian-war.pdf.
- Grunden, Walter E. 2005. Secret Weapons and World Wars II: Japan in the Shadow of Big Science. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.
- Grunden, Walter E. 2017. “No Retaliation in Kind: Japanese Chemical Warfare Policy in World War II.” In One Hundred Years of Chemical Warfare: Research, Deployment, Consequences, edited by B. Friedrich, D. Hoffmann, J. Renn, F. Schmaltz, M. Wolf. Cham: Springer.
- Haber, L. F. 1986. The Poisonous Cloud: Chemical Warfare in the First World War. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
- Harris, Robert, and Jeremy Paxman. 2002. A Higher Form of Killing: The Secret History of Chemical and Biological Warfare. New York: Random House Trade Paperbacks.
- Hiltermann, Joost R. 2007. A Poisonous Affair: America, Iraq, and the Gassing of Halabja. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
- Human Rights Watch (HRW). 1993. Genocide in Iraq: The Anfal Campaign against the Kurds. New York: HRW.
- Human Rights Watch (HRW). 2009. “Rain of Fire Israel’s Unlawful Use of White Phosphorus in Gaza.” March 25. https://www.hrw.org/report/2009/03/25/rain-fire/israels-unlawful-use-white-phosphorus-gaza.
- Jamison, Matthew. 2011. “Humanitarian Intervention since 1990 and ‘Liberal Interventionism.” In Humanitarian Intervention: A History, edited by Brendan Simms and D. J. B. Trim. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Jefferson, Catherine. 2014. “Origins of the Norms against Chemical Weapons.” International Affairs 90 (3): 647–661. doi:10.1111/1468-2346.12131.
- Jewish Telegraphic Agency. 2017. “Netanyahu, Israeli Lawmakers Call for Removal of Syrian Chemical Weapons.” Jewish Telegraphic Agency. April 4. https://www.jta.org/2017/04/04/israel/netanyahu-israeli-lawmakers-call-for-removal-of-syrian-chemical-weapons.
- Junod, Marcel. 1951. Warrior without Weapons. New York: The Macmillan Company.
- Khalili, Laleh. 2012. Time in the Shadows: Confinement in Counterinsurgencies. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.
- Kunz, Rudibert, and Rolf-Dieter Müller. 1990. Giftgas Gegen Abd El Krim: Deutschland, Spanien Und Der Gaskrieg in Spanisch-Marokko, 1922–1927. Freiburg: Rombach.
- League of Nations. 1938. “The League of Nations Resolution and Report on the Sino-Japanese Dispute.” Adopted in September 1938. Virginia Historical Society: David Nelson Sutton Papers. http://imtfe.law.virginia.edu/collections/sutton/13/59/league-nations-resolution-and-report-sino-japanese-dispute-adopted.
- MacLeod, Iain J., and A. P. V. Rogers. “The Use of White Phosphorus and the Law of War.” Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law 10 (2007): 75–97. doi:10.1017/S138913590700075X.
- Makdisi, Karim, and Coralie Pison Hindawi. 2017. “The Syrian Chemical Weapons Disarmament Process in Context: Narratives of Coercion, Consent, and Everything in Between.” Third World Quarterly 38 (8): 1691–1709. doi:10.1080/01436597.2017.1322462.
- Martinez, Ian. 2002. “The History of the Use of Bacteriological and Chemical Agents during Zimbabwe’s Liberation War of 1965–80 by Rhodesian Forces.” Third World Quarterly 23 (6): 1159–1179.doi:10.1080/0143659022000036595.
- May, Theresa. 2018. “Letter dated 13 March 2018 from the Chargé d’affaires a.i. of the Permanent Mission of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to the United Nations addressed to the President of the Security Council.” United Nations Security Council. March 14. https://undocs.org/pdf?symbol=en/S/2019/236.
- McKeown, Ryder. 2009. “Norm Regress: US Revisionism and the Slow Death of the Torture Norm.” International Relations 23 (1): 5–25. doi:10.1177/0047117808100607.
- Melly, A. John Mesnard. 1937. John Melly of Ethiopia. Edited by Kathleen Nelson and Alan Sulliva. London: Faber & Faber.
- New York Times. 1935. “Topics of the Times: Chemical Too Strong.” New York Times, July 9. Accessed July 19, 2018. ProQuest Historical Newspapers.
- New York Times. 1937. “China Again Charges Foe Uses Poison Gas.” New York Times, October 15. Accessed July 19, 2018. ProQuest Historical Newspapers.
- New York Times. 1938. “Japanese Using Poison Gas, China Tells the League.” New York Times, May 10. Accessed November 2, 2018. ProQuest Historical Newspapers.
- New York Times. 2018. “Statements by Theresa May and Emmanuel Macron on the Syria Strike.” The New York Times. April 13. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/13/world/europe/theresa-mays-statement-on-the-syria-strike.html.
- Orkaby, Asher. 2014. “The International History of the Yemen Civil War, 1962–1968.” PhD diss., Harvard University. https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/12269828/Orkaby_gsas.harvard_0084L_11420.pdf?sequence=4&isAllowed=y.
- Pankhurst, Richard. 1974. “The Italo-Ethiopian War and League of Nations Sanctions, 1935-1936.” Geneve-Afrique 13: 5–29.
- Pérez-Peña, Richard, and Ellen Barry. 2018. “U.K. Charges 2 Men in Novichok Poisoning, Saying They’re Russian Agents.” New York Times. September 5. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/05/world/europe/russia-uk-novichok-skripal.html.
- Pothuraju, Babjee. 2012. “Chemical Weapons Profile of Angola.” Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses. https://idsa.in/cbwmagazine/ChemicalWeaponsProfileofAngola_BabjeePothuraju#footnote5_rpkuz02.
- Press, Daryl G., Scott D. Sagan, and Benjamin A. Valentino. 2013. “Atomic Aversion: Experimental Evidence on Taboos, Traditions, and the Non-Use of Nuclear Weapons.” American Political Science Review 107 (1): 188–206. doi:10.1017/S0003055412000597.
- Price, Richard MacKay. 1995. “A Genealogy of the Chemical Weapons Taboo.” International Organization 49 (1): 73–103. doi:10.1017/S0020818300001582.
- Price, Richard MacKay. 1997. The Chemical Weapons Taboo. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
- Price, Richard. 2019. “Syria and the Chemical Weapons Taboo.” Journal of Global Security Studies 4 (1): 37–52. doi:10.1093/jogss/ogy040.
- Resolution CM/Res. 1207 (L). 1989. “Resolution on South Africa.” https://www.peaceau.org/uploads/cm-res-1207-l-e.pdf.
- Resolution CM/Res. 268 (XIX). 1972. “Resolution On The Portuguese Colonies.” https://au.int/sites/default/files/decisions/9581-council_en_5_12_june_1972_council_ministers_nineteenth_ordinary_session.pdf.
- Reyhani, Roman. 2007. “The Legality of the Use of White Phosphorus by the United States Military during the 2004 Fallujah Assaults.” Journal of Law and Social Change 10: 1–45.
- Rogers, Katie, and Eileen Sullivan. 2018. “Trump and Western Allies Expel Scores of Russians in Sweeping Rebuke Over U.K. Poisoning.” The New York Times. March 26. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/26/world/europe/trump-russia-diplomats-expulsion.html.
- Roosevelt, Franklin D. 1942, June 5. “Statement on Japanese Use of Poison Gas.” The American Presidency Project.http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=16266.
- Russell, Richard L. 2005. “Iraq’s Chemical Weapons Legacy: What Others Might Learn from Saddam.” The Middle East Journal 59 (2): 187–208. doi:10.3751/59.2.11.
- Sbacchi, Alberto. 1974. “Legacy of Bitterness: Poison Gas and Atrocities in the Italo-Ethiopian War, 1935-1936.” Geneve-Afrique/Geneva-Africa 13: 30–53.
- Schmidt, Dana A. 1968. Yemen: The Unknown War. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.
- Sellström, Åke, Scott Cairns, and Maurizio Barbeschi. 2013. “Report of United Nations Mission to Investigate Allegations of the Use of Chemical Weapons in the Syrian Arab Republic on the Alleged Use of Chemical Weapons in the Ghouta Area of Damascus on 21 August 2013.” United Nations. September 13. https://undocs.org/A/67/997.
- Seth, Rohit, D. Chester, and Naiem Moiemen. 2007. “A Review of Chemical Burns.” Trauma 9 (2): 81–94. doi:10.1177/1460408607083960.
- Shadid, Anthony. 2012. “Syrian Leader Vows ‘Iron Fist’ to Crush ‘Conspiracy.’” New York Times. January 10. https://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/11/world/middleeast/syrian-leader-vows-to-crush-conspiracy.html.
- Shannon, Vaughn P. 2000. “Norms Are What States Make of Them: The Political Psychology of Norm Violation.” International Studies Quarterly 44 (2): 293–316. doi:10.1111/0020-8833.00159.
- Shoham, Dany. 1988. “The Evolution of Chemical and Biological Weapons in Egypt.” ACPR Policy Paper No. 46. http://www.acpr.org.il/pp/pp046-shohame.pdf.
- S.J.Res.21. 2013. 113th Congress (2013–2014). Senate – Foreign Relations. September 6. https://www.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/senate-joint-resolution/21.
- Steer, George L. 1937. Caesar in Abyssinia. Boston: Little, Brown and Co.
- Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI). 1971. The Problem of Chemical and Biological Warfare. Vol. 1, The Rise of CB Weapons. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell.
- Tanaka, Yuki. 1988. “Poison Gas: The Story Japan Would like to Forget.” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 44 (8): 10–19. doi:10.1080/00963402.1988.11456210.
- Tessier, Joseph D. 2007. “Shake & Bake: Dual-Use Chemicals, Contexts, and the Illegality of American White Phosphorus Attacks in Iraq.” Pierce Law Review 6 (2): 323–363.
- The White House. 2013. “Government Assessment of the Syrian Government’s Use of Chemical Weapons on August 21, 2013.” Office of the Press Secretary. August 30. https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2013/08/30/government-assessment-syrian-government-s-use-chemical-weapons-august-21.
- Tannenwald, Nina. 2007. The Nuclear Taboo: The United States and the Non-Use of Nuclear Weapons since 1945. New York: Cambridge University Press.
- Terrill, W. Andrew. 1991. “The Chemical Warfare Legacy of the Yemen War.” Comparative Strategy 10 (2): 109–119. doi:10.1080/01495939108402836.
- Tucker, Jonathan B. 2001. “The “Yellow Rain” Controversy: Lessons for Arms Control Compliance.” The Nonproliferation Review 8 (1): 25–42. doi:10.1080/10736700108436836.
- Tucker, Jonathan B. 2006. War of Nerves: Chemical Warfare from World War I to Al-Qaeda. New York: Pantheon Books.
- United Nations Security Council (UNSC). 1988. “Resolution 620.” August 26. Accessed June 19, 2020. https://undocs.org/S/RES/620(1988).
- United Nations Security Council (UNSC). 2013. “Resolution 2118.” United Nations Security Council. September 27. http://unscr.com/en/resolutions/2118.
- UN Web TV. 2018. “Briefing on the Attack in Salisbury on March 4 - Security Council, 8203rd meeting.” UN Web TV: S/PV.8203. March 14. http://webtv.un.org/meetings-events/security-council/watch/briefing%C2%A0on-the-attack-in-salisbury-on-march-4-security-council-8203rd-meeting/5751636825001.
- Van Courtland Moon, John Ellis. 1984. “Chemical Weapons and Deterrence: The World War II Experience.” International Security 8 (4): 3–35. doi:10.2307/2538560.
- Vitalis, Robert. 2000. “The Graceful and Generous Liberal Gesture: Making Racism Invisible in American International Relations.” Millennium: Journal of International Studies 29 (2): 331–356.doi:10.1177/03058298000290020701.
- Wheeler, Nicholas. 2002. Saving Strangers: Humanitarian Intervention and International Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Woolman, David S. 1968. Rebels in the Rif: Abd El Krim and the Rebellion. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
- Yonette, Joseph, and Christina Caron. 2018. “Burning Eyes, Foaming Mouths: Years of Suspected Chemical Attacks in Syria.” The New York Times, April 8. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/08/world/middleeast/syria-chemical-attacks-assad.html.
- Yoshiaki, Yoshimi. 2004. Dokugasu Sen to Nihongun [Chemical Warfare and the Japanese Military]. Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten.
- Zanders, Jean Pascal. 2003. “International Norms against Chemical and Biological Warfare: An Ambiguous Legacy.” Journal of Conflict and Security Law 8 (2): 391–410. doi:10.1093/jcsl/8.2.391.