Why does segregation prevent conflict in some regions but not others? Interrogating social distance amid ethnic conflicts in Jos, Nigeria

Bibliography

• Ambe-Uwa, T. N. 2011. “Identity Politics and the Jos Crisis: Evidence, Lessons and Challenges of Good Governance.” African Journal of History and Culture 2 (3): 42–52.
   Google Scholar
• Anckar, C. 2008. “On the Applicability of the Most Similar Systems Design and the Most Different Systems Design in Comparative Research.” International Journal of Social Research Methodology 11 (5): 389–401. doi:10.1080/13645570701401552.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonkat, L. 2014. “Survival Strategies of Market Women and Violent Conflicts in Jos, Nigeria.” Journal of Asia Pacific Studies 3 (3): 281–299.
   Google Scholar
• Bunte, J. B., and L. T. Vinson. 2016. “Local Power-Sharing Institutions and Interreligious Violence in Nigeria.” Journal of Peace Research 53. (1): 49–65. doi:10.1177/0022343315614999.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corvalan, A., and M. Vargas. 2015. “Segregation and Conflict: An Empirical Analysis.” Journal of Development Economics 116: 212–222. doi:10.1016/j.jdeveco.2015.05.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danfulani, U. H. D. 2006. The Jos Peace Conference and the Indigene/Settler Question in Nigerian Politics. Leiden: African Studies Centre, Jos: University of Jos. Accessed March 19, 2020. http://www.ascleiden.nl/Pdf/paper-Danfulani.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Downes, A. B. 2006. “More Borders, Less Conflict? Partition as a Solution to Ethnic Civil Wars.” SAIS Review of International Affairs 26 (1): 49–61. doi:10.1353/sais.2006.0007.
   Google Scholar
• Emelonye, U. 2011. Nigeria: Peace Building through Integration and Citizenship. Rome, Italy: International Development Law Organization.
   Google Scholar
• Enos, R. D., and C. Celaya. 2018. “The Effect of Segregation on Intergroup Relations.” Journal of Experimental Political Science 5 (1): 26–38. doi:10.1017/XPS.2017.28.
   Google Scholar
• Ezcurra, R. 2019. “Group Concentration and Violence: Does Ethnic Segregation Affect Domestic Terrorism?” Defence and Peace Economics 30 (1): 46–71. doi:10.1080/10242694.2017.1315710.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• French, K. N. 2008. “Patterns and Consequences of Segregation: An Analysis of Ethnic Residential Patterns at Two Geographic Scales.” Accessed May 10, 2020. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/geographythesis/2
   Google Scholar
• Higazi, A. 2011. The Jos Crisis: A Recurrent Nigerian Tragedy. Discussion Paper No. 2. Abuja, Nigeria: Friedrich Ebert Stiftung.
   Google Scholar
• Horowitz, M. C., A. Weisiger, and C. Johnson. 2009. “The Limits to Partition.” International Security 33 (4): 203–210. doi:10.1162/isec.2009.33.4.203.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ireland, P. 2008. “Comparing Responses to Ethnic Segregation in Urban Europe.” Urban Studies 45 (7): 1333–1358. doi:10.1177/0042098008090677.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, C. 2008. “Partitioning to Peace: Sovereignty, Demography, and Ethnic Civil Wars.” International Security 32 (4): 140–170. doi:10.1162/isec.2008.32.4.140.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasara, K. 2013. “Separate and Suspicious: Local Social and Political Context and Ethnic Tolerance in Kenya.” The Journal of Politics 75 (4): 921–936. doi:10.1017/S0022381613000777.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaufmann, C. D. 1996. “Possible and Impossible Solutions to Ethnic Civil Wars.” International Security 20 (4): 136–175. doi:10.1162/isec.20.4.136.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klasnja, M., and N. Novta. 2016. “Segregation, Polarization, and Ethnic Conflict.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 60 (5): 927–955. doi:10.1177/0022002714550084.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krause, J. 2011. A Deadly Cycle: Ethno-Religious Conflict in Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria. Geneva: Geneva Declaration.
   Google Scholar
• Krause, J. 2017. “Non-Violence and Civilian Agency in Communal War: Evidence from Jos, Nigeria.” African Affairs 116 (463): 261–283.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krause, J. 2018. Resilient Communities: Non-Violence and Civilian Agency in Communal War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Madueke, K. L. 2018. “From Neighbours to Deadly Enemies: Excavating Landscapes of Territoriality and Ethnic Violence in Jos, Nigeria.” Journal of Contemporary African Studies 36 (1): 87–102. doi:10.1080/02589001.2017.1410529.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madueke, K. L. 2021. “Towards a Sequence of Ethnic Riots: Stages, Processes and Interactions in the Production of Communal Violence in Jos, Nigeria.” Civil Wars 23 (2): 234–256. doi:10.1080/13698249.2021.1906014.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madueke, K. L., and F. F. Vermeulen. 2018. “Frontiers of Ethnic Brutality in an African City: Explaining the Spread and Recurrence of Violent Conflict in Jos, Nigeria.” Africa Spectrum 53 (2): 37–63. doi:10.1177/000203971805300203.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCord, J. A., M. J. McCord, P. T. Davis, M. E. Haran, and S. MacIntyre. 2017. “The Political Cost? Religious Segregation, Peace Walls, and House Prices.” Peace and Conflict Studies 24 (2): 1.
   Google Scholar
• Milligan, M. 2013. “Fighting for the Right to Exist: Institutions, Identity, and Conflict in Jos.” Comparative Politics 45 (3): 313–334. doi:10.5129/001041512X13815255434933.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Leary, B. 2007. “Analysing Partition: Definition, Classification and Explanation.” Political Geography 26: 886–908.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orji, N. 2011. “Faith-Based Aid to People Affected by Conflict in Jos, Nigeria: An Analysis of the Role of Christian and Muslim Organizations.” Journal of Refugee Studies 24 (3): 473–492. doi:10.1093/jrs/fer034.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plotnicov, L. 1972. “Who Owns Jos? Ethnic Ideology in Nigerian Urban Politics.” Urban Anthropology 1 (1): 001–013.
   Google Scholar
• Polgreen, L. 2008. “Dead Nigeria Clashes Subside.” New York Times, November. Accessed March 19, 2020. https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/01/world/africa/01nigeria.html
   Google Scholar
• Robinson, A. L. 2020. “Ethnic Diversity, Segregation and Ethnocentric Trust in Africa.” British Journal of Political Science 50 (1): 217–239. doi:10.1017/S0007123417000540.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sambanis, N. 2000. “Partition as a Solution to Ethnic War: An Empirical Critique of the Theoretical Literature.” World Politics 52 (4): 437–483. doi:10.1017/S0043887100020074.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sambanis, N., and J. Schulhofer-Wohl. “What’s in a Line? Is Partition a Solution to Civil War?” International Security 34, no. 2 (2009): 82–118. doi:10.1162/isec.2009.34.2.82.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Segun, J., and A. E. Jegede. 2013. “Ethnicisation of Violent Conflicts in Jos?” Global Journal of Human, Social Science, Political Science 13 (7): 37–42.
   Google Scholar
• Suzuki, A. 2011. “Partition and Conflict Transformation in India-Pakistan and Cyprus.” Federal Governance 8 (2): 54–62. doi:10.24908/fg.v8i2.4377.
   Google Scholar
• Takacs, K. 2007. “Effects of Network Segregation in Intergroup Conflict: An Experimental Analysis.” Connections 27 (2): 59–76.
   Google Scholar
• Tambo, D. C. 1978. “The "Hill Refuges" of the Jos Plateau: A Historiographical Examination.” History in Africa 5: 201–223. doi:10.2307/3171487.
   Google Scholar
• Tir, J. 2005. “Dividing Countries to Promote Peace: Prospects for Long-Term Success of Partitions.” Journal of Peace Research 42 (5): 545–562. doi:10.1177/0022343305056228.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walter, B. F. 2004. “Does Conflict Beget Conflict? Explaining Recurring Civil War.” Journal of Peace Research 41 (3): 371–388. doi:10.1177/0022343304043775.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weidman, N. B., and I. Salehyan. 2013. “Violence and Ethnic Segregation: A Computational Model Applied to Baghdad.” International Studies Quarterly 57 (1): 52–64. doi:10.1111/isqu.12059.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar