State apologies, postcolonial resistance and ontological insecurity: the Matabeleland massacre

Bibliography

• BBC. (2000). “Madness of Matabele Deaths.” July 2. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/816129.stm
   Google Scholar
• Bentley, T. 2016. Empires of Remorse: Narrative, Postcolonialism and Apologies for Colonial Atrocity. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Bertrand, S. 2018. “Can the Subaltern Securitize? Postcolonial Perspectives on Securitization Theory and Its Critics.” European Journal of International Security 3 (03): 281–299. doi: 10.1017/eis.2018.3.
   Google Scholar
• Brooks, R. L. 1999. When Sorry isn’t Enough. The Controversy Over Apologies and Reparations for Human Injustice. New York, NY: New York University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bulawayo. 2012. “Police Stop Re-Burial of Gukurahundi Massacre Victims.” August 4. https://bulawayo24.com/index-id-news-sc-regional-byo-18384.html
   Google Scholar
• Bulawayo. 2018. “Cont Mhlanga Enjoys Village Life.” December 9. https://bulawayo24.com/index-id-news-sc-national-byo-151326.html
   Google Scholar
• Çapan, Z. G., and A. Zarakol. 2017. “Postcolonial Colonialism? The Case of Turkey.” In Against International Relations Norms: Postcolonial Perspectives, edited by C. Epstein, 193–210. Abingdon: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• CCJP and LRF (Catholic Commission for Justice and Peace, and Legal Resources Foundation). 1999. Breaking the Silence, Building True Peace: A Report on the Disturbances in Matabeleland and the Midlands 1980 to 1988. Johannesburg, South Africa: Jacana Media.
   Google Scholar
• Catholic Commission for Justice and Peace, and Legal Resources Foundation. 2007. Breaking the Silence: Building True Peace: A Report on the Disturbances in Matabeleland and the Midlands 1980 to 1988. London, UK: Hurst and Company.
   Google Scholar
• Compagnon, D. 2011. A Predictable Tragedy Robert Mugabe and the Collapse of Zimbabwe. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.
   Google Scholar
• Daase, C., S. Engert, M.-A. Horelt, J. Renner, and R. Strassner, eds. 2015. Apology and Reconciliation in International Relations. London, UK: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Delehanty, W. K., and B. Steele. 2009. “Engaging the Narrative in Ontological (in)Security Theory: Insights from Feminist IR.” Cambridge Review of International Affairs 22 (3): 523–540. doi: 10.1080/09557570903104024.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dirsuweit, T. 2007. “Between Ontological Security and the Right Difference: Road Closures, Communitarianism and Urban Ethics in Johannesburg, South Africa.” Autrepart 42 (2): 53–71. doi:10.3917/autr.042.0053.
   Google Scholar
• Du Plessis, M., and J. Ford. 2009. “Transitional Justice: A Future Truth Commission for Zimbabwe?” International & Comparative Law Quarterly 58 (1): 73–117. doi: 10.1017/S002058930800081X.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eppel, S. 2006. “Healing the Dead: Exhumation and Reburials as a Tool to Truth Telling and Reclaiming the past in Rural Zimbabwe.” In Telling the Truths: Truth Telling and Peacebuilding in Post-Conflict Societies, edited by T. A. Borer, 259–288. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gates, H. L., and G. A. Jarrett, eds. 2007. The New Negro: Readings on Race, Representation, and African American Culture, 1892-1938. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Giddens, A. 1984. The Constitution of Society Outline of the Theory of Structuration. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.
   Google Scholar
• Giddens, A. 1991. Modernity and Self-Identity: Self and Society in the Late Modern Age. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gukurume, S. 2022. “Pentecostalism, Ontological (in)Security and the Everyday Lives of International University Students in South Africa.” African Identities, 1–18. doi: 10.1080/14725843.2022.2034598.
   Google Scholar
• Jackson, P. T. 2004a. “Forum Introduction: Is the State a Person? Why Should We Care?” Review of International Studies 30(2): 225–258. doi: 10.1017/S02602105040060474.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Killander, M., and M. Nyathi. 2015. “Accountability for the Gukurahundi Atrocities in Zimbabwe Thirty Years on: Prospect and Challenges.” The Comparative and International Law Journal of Southern Africa 48 (3): 463–487. http://www.jstor.org/stable/26203994.
   Google Scholar
• Kinnvall, C. 2004. “Globalization and Religious Nationalism: Self, Identity, and the Search for Ontological Security.” Political Psychology 25 (5): 741–767. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3792342. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9221.2004.00396.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krolikowski, A. 2008. “State Personhood in Ontological Security Theories of International Relations and Chinese Nationalism: A Skeptical View.” The Chinese Journal of International Politics 2 (1): 109–133. https://www.jstor.org/stable/48615660. doi:10.1093/cjip/pon003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lind, J. 2008. Sorry States: Apologies in International Politics. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mail and Guardian. 2014. “No Sympathy for Shamuyarira.” June 6. https://mg.co.za/article/2014-06-06-no-sympathy-for-shamuyarira/
   Google Scholar
• Maponga, G. 2015. “Mphoko Maintains Stance on Gukurahundi.” The Herald, May 15. https://www.herald.co.zw/mphoko-maintains-stance-on-gukurahundi/
   Google Scholar
• Mararike, M. 2018. “Theoretical Locations of Mugabeism, Land ‘Terrorism,’ and Third Chimurenga Neo-Coloniality Discourse in Zimbabwe: A Rejoinder of a Revolutionary.” Journal of Black Studies 49 (3): 191–211. doi: 10.1177/0021934717750328.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mashingaidze, M. T. 2005. “The 1987 Zimbabwe National Unity Accord and Its Aftermath: A Case of Peace without Reconciliation?.” In From National Liberation to Democratic Renaissance in Southern Africa, edited by C. Hendricks and L. Lushaba, 82–92. Dakar, Senegal: Codesria.
   Google Scholar
• Mashingaidze, M. T. 2010. “Zimbabwe’s Illusive National Healing and Reconciliation Processes: From Independence to the Inclusive Government 1980–2009.” Conflict Trends (1): 19–28. https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC16072.
   Google Scholar
• Matenga, M. 2021. “War Vets Denounce ED… Expose ZANU PF Terror Campaign.” Zimbabwe Situation, August 31. https://www.zimbabwesituation.com/news/war-vets-denounce-ed-expose-zanu-pf-terror-campaign/
   Google Scholar
• Mavhunga, C. 2019. “Zimbabwe President: Time to Talk about Mugabe-Era Massacres.” Voice of Africa, April 11. https://www.voanews.com/a/president-time-to-talk-about-mugabe-era-massacres/4882744.html
   Google Scholar
• Mbembe, A. 2002. “African Modes of Self-Writing.” Public Culture 14 (1): 239–273. doi: 10.1215/08992363-14-1-239.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitzen, J. 2006a. “Anchoring Europe’s Civilizing Identity: Habits, Capabilities and Ontological Security.” Journal of European Public Policy 13 (2): 270–285. doi: 10.1080/13501760500451709.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitzen, J. 2006b. “Ontological Security in World Politics: State Identity and the Security Dilemma.” European Journal of International Relations 12 (3): 341–370. doi: 10.1177/13540661060673.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mlambo, A. S. 2019. “Racism in Colonial Zimbabwe.” In The Palgrave Handbook of Ethnicity, edited by S. Ratuva, 1–17. Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Mpofu, S. 2016. “Zimbabwe’s State-Controlled Public Media and the Mediation of the 1980s Genocide 30 Years on.” Journal of African Media Studies 8 (2): 145–165. doi: 10.1386/jams.8.2.145_1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mpofu, S. 2018. "Silence Gukurahundi Purveyors." The Herald, January 27. https://www.herald.co.zw/silence-gukurahundi-purveyors/
   Google Scholar
• Mugabe, R. 2001. Inside the Third Chimurenga: Our Land Is Our Prosperity. Harare, Zimbabwe: Department of Information and Publicity.
   Google Scholar
• Murambadoro, R. 2015. “We Cannot Reconcile Until the past Has Been Acknowledged: Perspectives on Gukurahundi from Matabeleland, Zimbabwe.” African Journal on Conflict Resolution 15 (1): 33–57. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/49964
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Musingafi, M., T. Tom, and K. Muranda. 2013. “Imperialism, Neo-Colonialism, and Paranoid Authoritarianism in Zimbabwe: Experiences and Manifestations.” International Journal of Innovative Research in Management 2 (2): 17–28. https://www.academia.edu/2604660/.
   Google Scholar
• Muzondidya, J. 2010. “The Zimbabwean Crisis and the Unresolved Conundrum of Race in the Post-Colonial Period.” Journal of Developing Societies 26 (1): 5–38. doi: 10.1177/0169796X100260010.
   Google Scholar
• Ncube, G., and G. Siziba. 2017. “(Re)Membering the Nation’s ‘Forgotten’ past: Portrayals of Gukurahundi in Zimbabwean Literature.” The Journal of Commonwealth Literature 52 (2): 231–247. doi: 10.1177/0021989415615646.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ndlovu, M. 2021. “Gukurahundi, Media and the ‘Wounds of History’: Discourses on Mass Graves, Exhumations and Reburials in Post-Independent Zimbabwe.” Journal of Literary Studies 37 (2): 115–128. doi: 10.1080/02564718.2021.1923735.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ndlovu-Gatsheni, S. J. 2009b. “Making Sense of Mugabeism in Local and Global Politics: ‘So Blair, Keep Your England and Let Me Keep my Zimbabwe’.” Third World Quarterly 30 (6): 1139–1158. doi: 10.1080/01436590903037424.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ndlovu-Gatsheni, S. J. 2013a. Coloniality of Power in Postcolonial Africa: Myths of Decolonization. Dakar, Senegal: Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa.
   Google Scholar
• Neumann, I. 2004. “Beware of Organicism: The Narrative Self of the State.” Review of International Studies 30(2): 259–267. doi:10.1017/S0260210504006059
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ngwenya, D., and G. T. Harris. 2015. “The Consequences of Not Healing Evidence from the Gukurahundi Violence in Zimbabwe.” African Journal on Conflict Resolution 15 (2): 23–34. https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ajcr/article/view/128509
   Google Scholar
• Nobles, M. 2008. The Politics of Official Apologies. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Phimister, I. 2012. “Narratives of Progress: Zimbabwean Historiography and the End of History.” Journal of Contemporary African Studies 30 (1): 27–34. doi: 10.1080/02589001.2012.639657.
   Google Scholar
• Phimister, I., and B. Raftopoulos. 2004. “Mugabe, Mbeki & the Politics of Anti-Imperialism.” Review of African Political Economy 31 (101): 385–400. doi: 10.1080/0305624042000295503.
   Google Scholar
• Pswarayi, G. 2012. "Artist Arrested, Genocide Exhibit Closed in Zimbabwe." Global Press Journal, September 12. https://globalpressjournal.com/africa/zimbabwe/artist-arrested-genocide-exhibit-closed-in-zimbabwe/
   Google Scholar
• Rossdale, C. 2015. “Enclosing Critique: The Limits of Ontological Security.” International Political Sociology 9 (4): 369–386. doi: 10.1111/ips.12103.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rumelili, B. 2015. Conflict Resolution and Ontological Security: Peace Anxieties. London, UK: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Rwafa, U. 2012. “Representations of Matabeleland and Midlands Disturbances through the Documentary Film Gukurahundi: A Moment of Madness (2007).” African Identities 10 (3): 313–327. doi: 10.1080/14725843.2012.715458.
   Google Scholar
• Schaafsma, J., and M. Zoodsma. 2021. "Political Apologies Across Cultures – ERC Consolidator Research Project." http://www.politicalapologies.com/
   Google Scholar
• Simmons, A. 2017. “Zimbabwe: Victims of Mass 1980s Killings still wait for Justice.” Aljazeera, December 10. https://www.aljazeera.com/videos/2017/12/10/zimbabwe-victims-of-mass-1980s-killings-still-wait-for-justice/
   Google Scholar
• Steele, B. J. 2005. “Ontological Security and the Power of Self-Identity: British Neutrality and the American Civil War.” Review of International Studies 31 (3): 519–540. doi: 10.1017/S0260210505006613.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Subotić, J. 2016. “Narrative, Ontological Security, and Foreign Policy Change.” Foreign Policy Analysis 12 (4): 610–627. doi: 10.1111/fpa.12089.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tarusarira, J. 2019. “The Anatomy of Apology and Forgiveness: Towards Transformative Apology and Forgiveness.” International Journal of Transitional Justice 13 (2): 206–224. doi: 10.1093/ijtj/ijz006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tendi, B. 2011. “Robert Mugabe and Toxicity: History and Context Matter.” Representation 47 (3): 307–318. doi: 10.1080/00344893.2011.596439.
   Google Scholar
• The Sunday News. 2015. “Gukurahundi Conspiracy of the West: VP Mphoko.” February 15. https://www.sundaynews.co.zw/gukurahundi-conspiracy-of-the-west-vp-mphoko/
   Google Scholar
• The Telegraph. 2008. "Zimbabwe President Robert Mugabe Accuses Britain of Genocide in UN." September 25. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/zimbabwe/3082612/Zimbabwe-president-Robert-Mugabe-accuses-Britain-of-genocide-in-UN.html
   Google Scholar
• Tshuma, A. 2015. “Reframing Post-Mugabe Justice: A Critical Need for a Truth and Reconciliation Commission.” African Journal of Political Science and International Relations 9 (7): 308–320. doi:10.5897/AJPSIR2015.0804.
   Google Scholar
• Untalan, C. Y. 2020. “Decentering the Self, Seeing Like the Other: Toward a Postcolonial Approach to Ontological Security.” International Political Sociology 14 (1): 40–56. doi: 10.1093/ips/olz018.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wendt, A. 2004. “The state as person in international theory.” Review of International Studies 30 (2): 289–316. doi: 10.1017/S0260210504006084.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zarakol, A. 2010. “Ontological (in)Security and State Denial of Historical Crimes: Turkey and Japan.” International Relations 24 (1): 3–23. doi:10.1177/004711780935904.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zvobgo, J. M. 2009. A History of Zimbabwe, 1890–2000 and Postscript, Zimbabwe, 2001–2008. Newcastle upon Tyne, UK: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
   Google Scholar