Bibliography
- Arthur. 2021. PhilRights. Interview 23 September. Online.
- Asian Development Bank. 2020. “Social Amelioration Guidelines.” April 13. https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/linked-documents/43407-017-sd-05.pdf.
- Aspinall, E., and A. Hicken. 2020. “Guns for Hire and Enduring Machines: Clientelism beyond Parties in Indonesia and the Philippines.” Democratization 27 (1):137–156. doi:10.1080/13510347.2019.1590816.
- Audrey. 2021. Aid Organisation Leader. Quezon City, Interview 7 October. Online.
- Bekema, J. 2021. “Pandemics and the Punitive Regulation of the Weak: Experiences of COVID-19 Survivors from Urban Poor Communities in the Philippines.” Third World Quarterly 42 (8):1679–1695. doi:10.1080/01436597.2021.1913407.
- Bueza, M. 2021. “COVID-19 Lockdown: The Past Year in Maps and Charts.” Rappler, March 16. https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/data-documents/covid-19-lockdown-charts-maps-past-year-2020-2021/.
- Cepeda, M. 2021. “Robredo Tempted to tell Duterte: Just let me Handle the Pandemic Response.” Rappler, September 3. https://www.rappler.com/nation/robredo-tempted-tell-duterte-just-let-me-handle-covid-19-pandemic-response/.
- Cho, Y., J. Avalos, Y. Kawasoe, D. Johnson, and R. Rodriguez. 2021. “Mitigating the Impact of COVID-19 on the Welfare of Low Income Households in the Philippines: The Role of Social Protection.” COVID-19 Low Income Hope Survey Note No. 1. The World Bank, Australian Aid. https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Mitigating-the-Impact-of-COVID-19-on-the-Welfare-of-Low-Income-Households-in-the-Philippines-The-Role-of-Social-Protection.pdf.
- Deinla, I. B., G. A. S. Mendoza, R. U. Mendoza, and J. K. Yap. 2022. “Emergent Political Remittances During the Pandemic: Evidence from a Survey of Overseas Filipino Workers.” Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 31 (2):141–161. doi:10.1177/01171968221112119.
- Delia. 2021. Community Worker Associated with Vincentian Missionaries. Interview 29 September. Online.
- Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD). 2016. “National Results of Listahanan 2.” DSWD. https://fo1.dswd.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Listahanan-2-National-Profile-of-the-Poor.pdf.
- Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD). 2018. “Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps).” https://car.dswd.gov.ph/programs-services/core-programs/pantawid-pamilyang-pilipino-program-4ps/.
- Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD). 2021. “Listahanan Info Kit.” https://fo1.dswd.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Listahanan-3-Info-Kit.pdf.
- Domagoso, F. M. 2021. Mayor City of Manila. Interview 27 October. Online.
- Duterte, R. R. 2020. “Presidential Televised Address.” CBS News, April 2. https://www.cbsnews.com/video/shoot-them-dead-philippine-president-duterte-threatens-coronavirus-lockdown-violators/.
- Eadie, P. 2021. “COVID-19 and Food Security in Metro Manila: A Slow Moving Disaster.” New Mandala, November 18. https://www.newmandala.org/covid-19-and-food-insecurity-in-metro-manila-a-slow-moving-disaster/.
- Ellen. 2021. Community Worker, Sampaloc, Interview, 9 October. Online.
- Ernest. 2021. Human Right Community Monitor, San Jose del Monte, Bulacan. Interview 19 October. Online.
- Fernandez, D. 2021. “Robredo Office, QC LGU Launch COVID-19 Vaccination Drive-Thru.” Philippines Daily Inquirer, August 12. https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1472834/office-of-vp-robredo-qc-lgu-launch-covid-19-vaccination-drive-thru.
- Gera, W. 2020. “Heightened Contradictions: Duterte and Local Autonomy in the era of COVID-19.” New Mandala, July 5. https://www.newmandala.org/heightened-contradictions-duterte-and-local-autonomy-in-the-era-of-covid-1/.
- Gita-Carlos, R. A. 2021. “Palace Chides Robredo for Politicizing COVID-19 Efforts.” Philippine News Agency, August 11. https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1150145.
- Hapal, K. 2021. “The Philippines COVID-19 Response: Securitising the Pandemic and Disciplining the Pasaway.” Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs 40 (2):224–244. doi:10.1177/1868103421994261.
- Harry. 2021. Relief Foundation Worker. Interview 14 October. Online.
- Hicken, A. 2011. “Clientelism.” American Review of Political Science 14 (1):289–310. doi:10.1146/annurev.polisci.031908.220508.
- Hicken, A., and N. L. Nathan. 2020. “Clientelism’s Red Herrings: Dead Ends and New Directions in the Study of Nonprogrammatic Politics.” Annual Review of Political Science 23 (1):277–294. doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-050718-032657.
- Hutchcroft, P. D. 2017. “Linking Capital and Countryside: Patronage and Clientelism in Japan, Thailand and the Philippines.” Public Policy, XVI and XVII: 52–77. https://cids.up.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/ppj-16-17-hutchcroft-2017.pdf.
- Irene. 2021. United Women’s Blessed Association. Interview 4 October. Online.
- Janier, D. 2021. Unity of Women for Freedom. Interview 10 October. Online.
- Joseph. 2021. Office of Vice President Leni Robredo. Interview 6 October. Online.
- Kitschelt, H., and S. I. Wilkinson. 2007. “Citizen-Politician Linkages: An Introduction.” In Patrons Clients and Policies: Patterns of Democratic Accountability and Political Competition, edited by H. Kitschelt and S. I. Wilkinson, 1–49. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Lande, C. 1967. “The Philippine Political Party System.” Journal of Southeast Asian History 8 (1):19–39. doi:10.1017/S0217781100003446.
- Lemarchand, R., and K. Legg. 1972. “Political Clientelism and Development: A Preliminary Analysis.” Comparative Politics 4 (2):149–178. doi:10.2307/421508.
- Lopez, R. R. 2021. “Internationalizing Pagdamay and Palakasan: A Philippine Perspective on Duterte Foreign Policy.” In International Studies in the Philippines: Mapping New Frontiers in Theory and Practice, edited by A. Cruz and N. Adiong, 86–101. London: Routledge.
- Lopez, V. 2020. “Duterte Doesn’t Want Patronage Politics in Implementation of Relief Assistance.” GMA News Online, April 2. https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/732347/duterte-doesn-t-want-patronage-politics-in-implementation-of-relief-assistance-nograles/story/.
- Luci-Atienza, C. 2020. “Any Complaint Against SAP Distribution? DSWD Is Ready to Respond.” Manila Bulletin, September 26. https://mb.com.ph/2020/09/26/any-complaint-against-sap-distribution-dswd-is-ready-to-respond/
- Mae. 2021. PhilRights. Interview 30 September. Online.
- Mendez, C. 2020. “PACC: 7,601 Complaints Over SAPP Corruption Probed.” The Philippine Star, October 25. https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2020/10/25/2052112/pacc-7601-complaints-over-sap-corruption-probed.
- Meribole, J. 2020. “The State of Homelessness in the Philippines.” The Borgen Project, July 2. https://borgenproject.org/homelessness-in-the-philippines/.
- Mookherjee, D., and A. Nath. 2023. “Clientelist Policies and Pro-Poor Targeting: Rules Versus Discretionary Budgets.” World Development 166:106206. doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2023.106206.
- Nagtalon, S. M. R. 2020. “17.5 Million Families in PH Received SAP Assistance.” OCHA Services Reliefweb, May 30. https://reliefweb.int/report/philippines/175-m-families-ph-received-sap-assistance.
- Parmanand, S. 2022. “Macho Populists versus COVID: Comparing Political Masculinities.” European Journal of Women’s Studies 29 (1_suppl):43S–59S. doi:10.1177/13505068221092871.
- Philippine Statistics Authority. 2021a. “Highlights of the National Capital Region (NCR) Population Census of Population and Housing (2020 CPH).” August 23. https://psa.gov.ph/content/highlights-national-capital-region-ncr-population-2020-census-population-and-housing-2020.
- Philippine Statistics Authority. 2021b. “Highlights of the Population Density of the Philippines 2020 Census Population and Housing (2020 CPH).” July 23. https://psa.gov.ph/content/highlights-population-density-philippines-2020-census-population-and-housing-2020-cph.
- President of the Philippines. 2020. “Executive Order No. 112.” Official Gazette: Malacñan Palace Manila, April 30. https://mirror.officialgazette.gov.ph/downloads/2020/04apr/2020030-EO-112-RRD.pdf.
- Rachel. 2021. Children’s Legal Rights and Development Centre, Quezon City. Interview 8 November. Online.
- Ramos, C. G. 2020. “The Philippines’ Social Policy Response to Covid-19: Troubles with Targeted Social Assistance.” CRC Social Policy Response Series 1342 (36):1–25. https://www.socialpolicydynamics.de/f/ff7174a3a6.pdf
- Ranada, P. 2021. “Duterte Slams Robredo for Calling for HTAV Review of Sinovac Vaccine.” Rappler, March 1. https://www.rappler.com/nation/duterte-slams-robredo-calling-for-htac-review-sinovac-vaccine/.
- Remito, R. 2020. “DSWD explains why millions of families didn’t get their second tranche of SAP.” CNN Philippines, September 22. https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/9/22/dswd-explains-sap-distribution.html.
- Republic of the Philippines. 2020. “Republic Act 11469.” Official Gazette, March 24. https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2020/03/24/republic-act-no-11469/.
- Republic of the Philippines. 2022. “Updates on Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19).” Department of Health. https://doh.gov.ph/2019-nCoV.
- Reyes, C. M., R. D. Asis, A. A. Arboneda, and A. R. P. Vargas. 2020. “Mitigating the Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Poverty.” PIDS Discussion Paper Series, No. 2020–55.
- Rita. 2021. Area Facilitator, Philrights. Interview 10 October. Online.
- Ruby. 2021. San Vicente Ferrer Mission Station. Caloocan City, Interview 11 November. Online.
- Santos, A. 2020. “Ghost Town: Manila Under Coronavirus Lockdown.” Aljazeera, March 15. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/3/15/ghost-town-manila-under-coronavirus-lockdown.
- Sugiyama, N. B., and W. Hunter. 2013. “Whither Clientelism? Good Governance and Brazil’s ‘Bolsa Familia’ Program.” Comparative Politics 46 (1):43–62. doi:10.5129/001041513807709365.
- Swamy, A. R. 2016. “Can Social Protection Weaken Clientelism? Considering Cash Transfers as Political Reform in the Philippines.” Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs 35 (1):59–90. doi:10.1177/186810341603500103.
- Talabanong, R. 2020. “Duterte Chaos Leaves Barangay Officials ‘Helpless’ Amid Lockdown.” Rappler, April 9. https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/in-depth/257497-duterte-chaos-leaves-barangay-officials-helpless-coronavirus-lockdown/.
- Thompson, M. R. 2022. “Brute Force Governance: Public Approval despite Policy Failure during the COVID-119 Pandemic in the Philippines.” Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs 41 (3):399–421. doi:10.1177/18681034221092453.
- UNCTAD. 2021. “The Many Faces of Inequality.” SDG Pulse, July 2. https://sdgpulse.unctad.org/in-focus-inequality/.
- Varcas, M. 2021. “Robredo: Duterte More Focussed on Politics Than COVID-19 Response.” Philstar.com. https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2021/09/06/2125226/robredo-duterte-more-focused-politics-covid-19-response.
- Victor. 2021. Human Rights Information Centre, Interview 1 October. Online.
- World Bank Inequality Database. 2021. “Income and Wealth Inequality, Philippines 1980–2021.” WID.WORLD. https://wid.world/country/philippines/.
- World Bank. 2017. “FAQs About the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps).” https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/philippines/brief/faqs-about-the-pantawid-pamilyang-pilipino-program.
- World Health Organisation (WHO). 2023. “WHO Coronavirus COVID-19 Dashboard, Philippines.” https://covid19.who.int/region/wpro/country/ph.
- Zdanowicz, C., and K. Hunt. 2013. “Are politicians using typhoon aid to their advantage?” CNN, November 22. https://edition.cnn.com/2013/11/22/world/asia/philippines-politicians-typhoon-aid-advantage-irpt/index.html.