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- Clarke and Newman . The Managerial State 141
- Kumar , K . 1995 . From Post Industrial to Post-Modern Society: New Theories of the Contemporary World , Oxford : Blackwell . Indeed, in the immediate post-cold war period, the collapse of socialist states in Eastern Europe and authoritarian regimes of Latin America contributed to changes in hegemonic ideologies regarding marketled economies, liberal democracy and an accountable and effective public administration in Southern aid-recipient countries
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- Jessop , B . 1993 . 'Towards a Schumpeterian workfare state? Preliminary remarks on post-fordist political economy . Studies in Political Economy , 40 : 7 – 39 . Also, it is important to note that many of the problems and issues faced by the UK are increasingly being faced by Third World countries such as Chile, Argentina and South Africa. But there are also many parts of the world that have become poorer and more fragile in terms of civil society and state competence, such as sub-Saharan Africa and Central America. The issues here are more to do with the absence of governance structures per se than with their restructuring or dilution into new forms
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- Clarke and Newman . The Managerial State ix
- Korten , D . 1990 . Getting to the 21st Century: Voluntary Action and the Global Agenda , West Hartford , CT : Kumarian . Ibid. See also
- Clarke and Newman . The Managerial State ix
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- Clarke & Newman, The Managerial State.
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- ]bid, p. 14.
- Clarke and Newman . The Managerial State xiv Gramsci, quoted in
- Jessop, 'Towards a Schumpeterian workfare state?'.
- Polidano, 'New public management, old hat?'.
- Larbi , G . 1998 . 'Institutional constraints and capacity issues in decentralising management in public services: the case of health in Ghana'' . Journal of International Development , 10 (3) : 377 – 386 .
- Ibid, p. 378.
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- May , T . 1994 . Social Research: Issues, Methods, and Processes , 157 Buckingham : Open University Press . Indeed, comparative research can reveal the diversity and differences, the socio-cultural specificities, which underpin contrasting approaches to phenomena like, the development and delivery of health and education services. Revealing such diversity is important if only to challenge ethnocentric assumptions. As May notes, results generated by comparative study 'may permit the importation of different methods of organising a society's affairs', although one has to be cautious about this
- Hay, Re-stating Social and Political Change.
- Manor , J . 1995 . “ 'The political sustainability of economic liberalization in India' ” . In India: The Future of Economic Reform , Edited by: Cassen , R and Joshi , V . 356 New Delhi : Oxford University Press .
- CochraneWhatever Happened to Local Government?; and Jessop, 'Towards a Schumpeterian workfare state?'
- Toye . 1987 . Dilemmas of Development , London : Blackwell .
- Bardhan , P . 1984 . The Political Economy of Development in India , Oxford : Blackwell .
- Moser , C , Herbert , A and Makonen , R . 1993 . Urban Poverty in the Context of Structural Adjustment: Recent Evidence and Policy Responses , Washington, DC : Urban Development Division, World Bank . India seems to have a political and administrative capacity to organise its response. Indeed, India is notable for its extraordinarily low, though stable, per capita social expenditure; Discussion Paper
- Ibid, p. 73;
- Hicks , M . 1991 . 'Expenditure reductions in developing countries revisited' . Journal of International Development , 3 (1) : 29 – 38 .
- Cornia , G , Jolly , R and Stewart , F , eds. 1987 . Adjustment with a Human Face , Vol 1 , Oxford : Clarendon Press . Reform in India is by no means complete. The programme has been characterised by the rapid introduction of stroke-of-the pen reforms, and much slower follow-up in terms of substantive structural adjustment. Its effect, however, has been the reversal of the external liquidity crisis of 1991, and the achievement of an average annual growth rate of 6.5 in the past five years, the highest ever recorded in any quinquennium. Poverty has in recent years declined everywhere except in Bihar and the north eastern region of India. Meanwhile Cornia, Jolly and Stewart demonstrated a somewhat undifferentiated increase in poverty in most countries of Africa and Latin America
- Cochrane, Whatever Happened to Local Government?; and Stewart & Ranson, Management for the Public Domain.
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- and Imrie, 'The implications of the "new managerialism" for planning in the Millenium'.
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- Clarke and Newman . The Managerial State 79 The term 'procedural state' denotes the rise of state structures which increasingly subsume substantive concerns and issues to the priorities of management, targets and performance, that is, the procedures of governance
- Ibid, and Imrie, 'The implications of the "new managerialism"'.
- Clarke & Newman, The Managerial State, p. 79.
- World Bank, World Development Report 1989.
- Desai , V . 1998 . “ 'Urban NGO-government relationship: experiences from Bombay' ” . Department of Geography, Royal Holloway, University of London . unpublished paper available for the author
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- Bebbington , A and Thiele , G . 1993 . Non-Governmental Organisations and the State in Latin America: Rethinking Roles in Sustainable Agricultural Development , London : Routledge . Is this strengthening civil society or is it an attempt to shape civil society in ways that external actors believe are desirable?
- V Desai, 'Urban NGO-government relationship'.
- Clarke and Newman . The Managerial State 79
- Ibid.
- Imrie & Thomas, British Urban Policy and the Urban Development Corporations.
- Hadley and Clough . Care in Chars 183
- Desai , V and Howes , M . 1995 . “ 'Accountability and participation: a case study from Bombay' ” . In Non-Governmental Organisations--Performance and Accountability: Beyond the Magic Bullet , Edited by: Edwards , M and Hulme , D . London : Earthscan .
- Cochrane, Whatever Happened to Local Government?, and Keating 'The polities of local economic development'.
- Gordenker , L and Weiss , T . 1997 . 'Developing responsibilities: a framework for analysing NGOS and services' . Third World Quarterly , 18 (3) : 451
- Hadley & Clough, Care in Chaos.
- Clarke and Newman . The Managerial State 111
- Mitlin , D and Satterthwaite , D . 1992 . “ 'Scaling-up in urban areas' ” . In Making a Difference: NGOS and Development in a Changing World , Edited by: Edwards , M and Hulme , D . 169 – 79 . London : Earthscan .
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- Desai , V . 1996 . 'Access to power and participation' . Third World Planning Review , 18 (2) : 217 – 242 .
- Ibid
- Department of the Environment . 1992 . Planning Policy Guidance No. 1 , London : DoE .
- Thomas , H . 1995 . “ 'Public participation in planning' ” . In British Planning Policy in Transition: Planning in the 1990s , Edited by: Tewdwr-Jones , M . 169 London : UCL Press .
- quoted in Imrie, 1999, 'The implication of the "new managerialism"', p. 16.
- Gordenker and Weiss . “ 'Devolving responsibilities' ” . 448
- Ibid, p. 451. See also Desai, Community Participation and Slum Housing; and 'Access to power and participation'.
- Desai, Community Participation and Slum Housing; and 'Access to power and participation'.
- 'Access to power and participation'.
- Desai, Community Participation and Slum Housing.
- Rhodes , R . 1987 . 'Developing the public sector orientation' . Local Government Studies , 13 (1) : 63 – 73 . Also, see Cochrane, Whatever Happened to Local Government?
- Potter . 1994 . “ 'Consumerism and the public sector: how well does the coat fit?' ” . In Public Sector Management: Theory, Critique and Practice , Edited by: McKevitt , D and Lawson , A . London : Sage .
- Clarke and Newman . The Managerial State 108
- Desai, Community Participation and Slum Housing.
- Coulson , A . “ 'Urban development corporations, local authorities and patronage in urban policy' ” . In British Urban Policy and the Urban Development Corporations , Edited by: Imrie , R and Thomas , H . London : Paul Chapman Publishing .
- World Bank, World Development Report 1997.
- Ibid, p. 3.
- Department of the Environment . 1998 . Transport, and the Regions, Modernising Local Government: Local Democracy and Community Leadership , London : DETR .
- Gordenker & Weiss, 'Devolving responsibilities'.
- Amin and Thomas . 1996 . The negotiated economy: state and civil institution in Denmark . Economy & Society , 25 (2) : 25 – 281 . 255
- Kiely . “ 'Neo-liberalism revisited?' ” . 81