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Original Articles

Non-democratic states and political liberalisation in the Middle East: A structural analysis

Pages 63-85 | Published online: 25 Aug 2010

References

  • Crystal , Jill . 1994 . 'Authoritarianism and its adversaries in the Arab world' . World Politics , 46 : 262 – 89 . For a review of some of the recent scholarship on democratisation in the Middle East, see
  • Brynen , Rex , Korany , Bahgat and Noble , Paul , eds. 1995 . Political Liberalization and Democratization in the Arab World , Vol 1 , Boulder , CO : Lynne Rienner . See also, among others
  • Salame , Ghassan , ed. 1994 . Democracy without Democrats: The Renewal of Politics in the Muslim degrees World , London : IB Tauris .
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  • Hinnebusch , Raymond . 1990 . Authoritarian Power and State Formation in Ba'thist Syria: Army, Party and Peasant , Boulder , CO : Westview .
  • Goodwin , Jeff and Skocpol , Theda . 1989 . 'Explaining revolutions in the contemporary Third World' . Politics and Society , 17 : 489 – 509 . Although these labels or their variations appear elsewhere, my usage of them here is inspired by
  • Bebler , Anton and Seroka , Jim , eds. 1990 . Contemporary Political Systems: Classifications and Typologies Boulder , CO For other state typologies, see
  • Harik , Iliya . 1987 . “ 'The origins of the Arab state system' ” . In The Foundations of the Arab State , Edited by: Salame , Ghassan . 19 – 46 . London : Croom Helm . especially Bahgat Korany's chapter, 'Arab political systems', on pp 303-329. See also
  • Al-Naqeeb , Khaldoun Hasan . 1990 . Society and State in the Gulf and Arab Peninsula , 6 London : Routledge .
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  • Palmer , Monte , Leila , Ali and Yassin , El Sayed . 1988 . The Egyptian Bureaucracy , 4 Cairo : The American University of Cairo Press .
  • Ibid.
  • Richards , Alan and Waterbury , John . 1990 . A Political economy of the Middle East: State, Class, and Economic Development , 205 Boulder , CO : Westview .
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  • Ajami , Fouad . 1981 . The Arab Predicament: Arab Political Thought and Practice since 1967 , 90 Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
  • Ibid, pp 100-101.
  • McDermott , Anthony . 1988 . Egypt from Nasser to Mubarak: A Flawed Revolution , 198 London : Croom Helm .
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  • Weber , Max . 1968 . On Charisma and Institution Building , 46 Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
  • Karsh , Efraim and Rausti , Inari . 1991 . Saddam Hussein: A Political Biography , New York : The Free Press . Since its war with Iran and invasion of Kuwait, Iraq fits more appropriately into the inclusionary than the exclusionary category of states. Nevertheless, even Saddam Hussein, who never served in the Iraqi army, was given the rank of general by his then superior, President Bakr. Before the two wars, Saddam often wore civilian suits, although he is now hardly seen not wearing his military uniform
  • Bill , James and Springborg , Robert . 1994 . Politics in the Middle East , 247 New York : Harper Collins .
  • Ibid, p. 267.
  • Scale , Patrick . 1991 . “ 'Asad: between institutions and autocracy' ” . In Syria: Society, Culture, and Polity , Edited by: Antoun , Richard and Quataert , Donald . 107 Albany , NY : SUNY Press .
  • Ansari , Hamied . 1986 . Egypt : The Stalled Society , 212 – 230 . Albany , NY : SUNY Press . For an insightful look at Egypt's Jama'a, see
  • Dunn , Michael Collins . 1994 . “ 'The Al-Nahda movement in Tunisia: from renaissance to revolution' ” . In Islamism and Secularism in North Africa , Edited by: Ruedy , John . 149 – 165 . New York : St Martin's . At best, leaders of al-Nahda, most of whom are in exile in Europe, denounce President Ben Ali through fax transmissions into the country. Personal interview with Western diplomat in Tunis, May 1996
  • Anderson , Lisa . 1991 . 'Political pacts, liberalism, and democracy: the Tunisian National Pact of 1988' . Government and Opposition , Spring : 244 – 260 .
  • Friedman , Thomas . 1989 . From Beirut to Jerusalem , 76 – 87 . New York : Farrar Straus Giroux . For a vivid account of the events at Hama see
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  • Vandewalle , Dirk . 1991 . 'Qadhafi's "Perestroika": economic and political liberalization in Libya' . Middle East Journal , 45 (2) : 217
  • Schahgaldian , Nikola . 1987 . The Iranian Military Under the Islamic Republic, Santa Monica , 34 CA : Rand Corporation .
  • Ehteshami , Anoushiravan . 1995 . After Khomeini: The Iranian Second Republic , 71 London : Routledge .
  • Ibid, pp 27-29.
  • Amirahmadi , Hooshang . 1990 . Revolution and Economic Transition: The Iranian Experience , 89 Albany , NY : SUNY Press .
  • al-Khalil , Samir . 1989 . Republic of Fear: The Inside Story of Saddam's Iraq , New York : Pantheon Books . Referring to alleged plotters within the Ba'th party, Saddam himself is quoted as having once said: 'We are now in our Stalinist era. We shall strike with an iron fist against the slightest deviation or backsliding beginning with the Ba'thists themselves.' Quoted in
  • Karsh and Rautsi . Saddam Hussein: A Political Biography 117
  • Paxton , John , ed. The Statesman's Yearbook, 1988-89, and 1993-94 , New York : St Martin's . Following the Gulf War, this number was reported to have been reduced to 350 000
  • Karsh and Rausti . Saddam Hussein: A Political Biography 176
  • Farouk-Sluglett , Marion and Sluglett , Peter . 1988 . “ 'The Iraqi Ba'th Party' ” . In Political Parties in the Third World , Edited by: Randall , Vicky . 57 – 74 . London : Sage .
  • Vandewalle . “ 'Qadhafi's "Perestroika" ” . 218 – 219 .
  • Al-Khalil , Samir . 1991 . The Monument: Art and Vulgarity in Iraq , Berkeley , CA : University of California Press .
  • Reid , Donald Malcom . 1993 . 'The postage stamp: a window on Saddam Hussein's Iraq' . Middle East Journal , 47 (1) : 77 – 89 .
  • Parvin , Mahoucher and Vaziri , Mostafa . “ 'Islamic man and society in the Islamic Republic of Iran' ” . In Iran: Political Culture in the Islamic Republic Edited by: Farsoun and Mashayekhi . 123 – 124 .
  • Brynen , Rex . 1992 . 'Economic crisis and post-rentier democratization in the Arab World' . Canadian Journal of Political Science , 25 (1) : 70
  • Hourani , Albert . 1991 . A History of the Arab Peoples , 115 Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press .
  • Wilson , Peter and Graham , Douglas . 1994 . Saudi Arabia: The Coming Storm , 20 – 21 . Armonk , NY : ME Sharpe .
  • Smith , Charles . 1992 . Palestine and the Arab-Israeli Conflict , 300 – 301 . New York : St Martin's .
  • Bendourou , Omar . 1996 . 'Power and opposition in Morocco' . Journal of Democracy , 7 (3) : 110 – 111 .
  • Ibid, p. 110.
  • Ibid, pp 113-114.
  • Quoted in ibid, p. 114.
  • Ibrahim , Saad Eddin . “ 'Liberalization and democratization in the Arab world: an overview' ” . In Political Liberalization and Democratization in the Arab World Edited by: Brynen , Korany and Noble . 46 – 47 .

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